1863: Shifting Tides. Cut out the following cards and hand one card to each of the pairs.
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1 Cut out the following cards and hand one card to each of the pairs. Attack on Fort Sumter April 12 13, 1861 Summary: On April 12, 1861, after warning the U.S. Army to leave Fort Sumter, which guarded the port of Charleston, South Carolina, the Confederate Army fired upon the fort. At 2:30 p.m. the next day, the fort surrendered. There were no casualties during the bombardment; however, when leaving the fort, a salute was fired and one man was immediately killed and three others were wounded; one to die later. With this attack the war began, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a period of 90 days. Principal Commanders: Maj. Robert Anderson [USA]; Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard [CSA] Estimated Casualties: None First Manassas, Virginia a.k.a. Bull Run July 21, 1861 Summary: The first major land battle of the Civil War occurred at Manassas Junction, about 20 miles west of Washington, DC. The Union Army attacked the Confederate Army, but soon became disorganized. The Union Army broke offand retreated hastily to the safety of Washington. This battle demonstrated that the war would not be short. Principal Commanders: Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell [US]; Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard [CS] Casualties: USA 2,950; CSA 1,750 2
2 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Mississippi February 1862 Summary: Ulysses S. Grant gained control over Forts Henry and Donelson in February 1862, earning him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. The fall of Forts Henry and Donelson was a tremendous victory for the Union, opening up the Union war effort in Tennessee and Alabama. Principal Commanders: Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant [US]; Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd [CS] and Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman [CS] Casualties: USA 3,730; CSA 13,925 3 Shiloh, Tennessee a.k.a. Pittsburg Landing April 6 7, 1862 Summary: Camped at Pittsburg Landing along the Tennessee River, the Union Army, under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, was attacked by Confederate forces under generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard. Ultimately, the Confederates were forced to retreat in the bloodiest battle in United States history up to that time, ending their hopes that they could block the Union advance into northern Mississippi. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant [US]; Gen. Albert Sydney Johnston [CS]; Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard [CS] Estimated Casualties: 23,746 total (USA 13,047; CSA 10,699) 4
3 Jackson s Valley Campaign, Virginia March June 1862 Summary: The Shenandoah Valley was considered the Breadbasket of the Confederacy, and it was essential that it be kept as such. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson and his troops, moving up and down the Valley, kept Union forces on the run and nervous with uncertainty. His successes boosted the morale of the Confederacy and increased Jackson s fame and notoriety. (Overall) Principal Commanders: Gen. Stonewall Jackson [CS] and various Union generals Estimated Casualties: 2,441[CS] 5,735 [US] 5 Second Manassas, Virginia a.k.a. Second Bull Run August 28 30, 1862 Summary: The Second Battle of Bull Run was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Robert E. Lee against Union general John Pope. Led by Lee, Stonewall Jackson and James Longstreet outmaneuvered Pope, who was driven from the field back to Washington, DC. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. John Pope [USA]; Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson [CSA] Estimated Casualties: 22,180 total (USA 13,830; CSA 8,350) 6
4 Antietam, Maryland a.k.a. Sharpsburg September 17, 1862 Summary: Hoping to gather new troops from Confederate sympathizers and to leae the devastated fields of Virginia, General Lee invaded the Union state of Maryland. The battle was fought along Antietam Creek, and September 17, 1862, became the single bloodiest day in American history. The day ended as a draw, but since Lee left the field to return with his army to Virginia, the battle is considered a strategic and morale win for the Union. It also gave Lincoln the win he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation from a position of strength. (strategic win, CSA left the field) Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee [CS] Estimated Casualties: 23,100 total (U.S.A 12,401; C.S.A 10,316) 7 Perryville, Kentucky a.k.a. The Battle of Chaplin Hills October 8, 1862 Summary: This battle seemed at first to be going well for the Confederacy; but as the Union Army continued to be reinforced, it became clear that the Confederates could not hold it off. As the Confederates withdrew, they allowed the Union to claim victory and control of Kentucky for the rest of the war. Some historians consider this battle a turning point in the war. (strategic win, CSA left the field) Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell [US]; Gen. Braxton Bragg [CS] Estimated Casualties: 7,407 total (USA 4,211; CSA 3,196) 8
5 Fredericksburg, Virginia December 13, 1862 Summary: Attempting to attack from across the Rappahannock River, the Union Army faced a smaller Confederate Army. Newly appointed Gen. Ambrose Burnside needed pontoon bridges to cross the river. By the time the bridges arrived, the Confederates had been reinforced and were entrenched on high ground. The Union attempted a bloody uphill attack, but was forced back. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee [CS] Estimated Casualties: 17,929 total (USA 13,353; CSA 4,576) 9 Stones River, Tennessee a.k.a. Murfreesboro December 31, 1862 January 2, 1863 Summary: After the Confederate defeat of Perryville, Kentucky, the South needed to gain a foothold in the Tennessee area. The result of three days of fighting in the Stones River Valley, was the largest percentage of casualties in one battle of the war. The Confederates left the field, and the Union Army gained control of Kentucky. This was a needed morale boost to the North after the loss at Fredericksburg. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans [US]; Gen. Braxton Bragg [CS] Estimated Casualties: 23,515 total (US 13,249; CS 10,266) 10
6 Chancellorsville, Virginia April 30 May 6, 1863 Summary: At Chancellorsville, Robert E. Lee was at his most brilliant, outmaneuvering Union leader Joseph Hooker. Lee took a great risk and divided his army against the much larger Union force. By doing so, he deceived the Union Army and forced it back. This is considered Lee s greatest victory. However, it also cost him his great general, Stonewall Jackson, who was mortally wounded by his own men. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson [CS] Estimated Casualties: 24,000 total (US 14,000; CS 10,000) 11
7 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1 3, 1863 Summary: Attempting to strike into the north again after his failed attempt at Antietam, General Lee brought his army into Pennsylvania. Gathering at a crossroads where 10 roads met, the Confederate and Union armies battled for three days around the small town of Gettysburg. After attempts on the left and right flanks of the Union line, on the third day Lee attacked the Union center. The Union held a strong position however, and engaged a tighter battle line, known as the fish hook, which enabled the Union forces to move more quickly. Lee left the field and never truly invaded the North again. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. George G. Meade [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee [CS] Estimated Casualties: 51,000 total (US 23,000; CS 28,000) 12
8 Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi May 18 July Summary: In an attempt to take control of the Mississippi River, the Union Army, under General Grant, attacked the areas around Vicksburg and held the Confederate Army, under General Pemberton, under siege. Pemberton waited for reinforcements from Gen. Joseph Johnston s Army of the Tennessee, but was forced to surrender the city on July 4 when reinforcements did not arrive. With the loss of Pemberton s army and the vital area on the Mississippi, the Confederacy was now split in half. The combined wins at Gettysburg on July 3 and Vicksburg on July 4 gave the Union a major morale boost and much-needed control of the Mississippi River. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant [US]; Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton [CS] Estimated Casualties: 19,233 total (US 10,142; CS 9,091) 13
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