OMEGA TRAINING GROUP, INC. MOUT ACTD HANDBOOK #2 EXPERIMENTAL COLLECTIVE TASKS FOR THE INFANTRY RIFLE PLATOON AND SQUAD IN URBAN COMBAT

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1 Ω OMEGA Training Group, Inc. MOUT ACTD MOUT ACTD PROGRAM HANDBOOK #2 EXPERIMENTAL COLLECTIVE TASKS FOR THE INFANTRY RIFLE PLATOON AND SQUAD IN URBAN COMBAT SUBMITTED TO: U.S. ARMY Distribution authorized to Department of Defense (DOD) and DOD contractors only. Reason: To protect technical or operational data or information. Other requests for this document shall be referred to Project Manager Destruction Notice: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of this document. NOTE: THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT OFFICIAL US ARMY DOCTRINE. IT IS A TRAINING PRODUCT FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY 1 APRIL 1999 OMEGA TRAINING GROUP, INC. Copyright UNPUBLISHED WORK- This material may be reproduced by or for the U.S. Government pursuant to the Copyright License under the clause at DFARS (OCT 1988)

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3 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this introduction is to provide a brief background explanation of the front-end analysis process. This process has led to the rewrite of selected collective tasks and to the creation of additional collective tasks. This Introduction also explains the technology insertion aspects of this document and the format. This document is for use as a training product for the Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (MOUT ACTD) experimentation only. These proposed tasks are not meant to replace anything in ARTEP 7-8-MTP but to augment it with specific information for urban combat. The collective tasks presented in this document are a result of a review of the current ARTEP 7-8-MTP and the most recent version of the MOUT ACTD Handbook #1, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad in Urban Combat, as well as tactics, techniques, and procedures gleaned from many other sources. There are other areas in ARTEP 7-8-MTP which might be changed to accommodate more MOUT information. This draft only addresses T&EOs to be revised or added for use during combat in urban areas. Additionally, this product has taken into account the customer feedback received and technology insertion information from Army Experiments #1 through #5 and from USMC Experiments #1 through #3. Army Experiment #6 and USMC Experiment #4 technology information has been incorporated in this document where appropriate. This document is designed to be a reference/resource for base line MOUT information for the MOUT ACTD experimentation for Army Experiment #6, where it is envisioned that the technology will have military utility. A description of the information provided for each technology used to date during the ACTD is included at Appendix A. Note that all appendices are provided under separate cover and are not included in the basic document. The information provided for each technology was the basis for inclusion throughout this text. The format we used to distinguish the addition of technology insertion information to separate it from base line TTP was to place a text box with the information in the appropriate paragraph throughout the document. Example: R8, Remote Marking Munitions: Remote-marking munitions (shotgun and M203) could be used to mark known or suspected enemy sniper positions/locations. The results of the technology selections from the experimentation to date are also included at Appendix A along with a list of sample technology insertions. iii

4 A list of the technology insertions in this document by page number is located at Appendix B. Writing collective tasks for urban combat is a continuing process. There will be several iterations. The paper/electronic files are numbered by version. This is Version 7; produced for Army Experiment #6 after including observations from Army Experiments #1 through #5. This document will be adjusted for each experiment based on: a. The feedback from the soldiers conducting the experiment. b. The feedback from the customers (DBBL, DOT, CATD). c. The observations of the Omega personnel in the field observing the experiments. These observations are included in bullet format at Appendix C. This document has been closely coordinated with the Omega Training Group personnel writing similar training products for the Marine Warfighting Lab at Camp Lejeune, so the experimental doctrine/ttps included are suitable for Joint Operations with the Marine Corps. iv

5 CONTENTS Page Introduction Preface... iii... ix TRAINING AND EVALUATION OUTLINES REWRITTEN TASKS These tasks were the only MOUT-specific tasks in the current ARTEP 7-8-MTP and were revised based upon MOUT ACTD Handbook #1, Experimental Doctrine for the Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad. 7-3/ ASSAULT A BUILDING (PLT) / DEFEND A BUILDING (PLT/SQD) / MOVE TACTICALLY (PLT/SQD) (URBAN ENVIRONMENT PORTION ONLY) NEW TASKS These tasks are new tasks that were developed based upon MOUT ACTD Handbook #1, Experimental Doctrine for the Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad. 7-3/4-XXX2 CLEAR A ROOM (SQD) /4-XXX4 CONDUCT MOVEMENT THROUGH A HALLWAY OR SUBTERRANEAN PASSAGEWAY (SQD) /4-XXX6 CLEAR A STAIRCASE (SQD) /4-XXX7 7-3/4-XXX9 7-3/4-XX15 ESTABLISH A FOOTHOLD IN A BUILDING (SQD) CONDUCT SUBTERRANEAN CLEARING OPERATIONS IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) CONDUCT DEFENSIVE SUBTERRANEAN OPERATIONS IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) v

6 7-3/4-XX10 7-3/4-XX11 7-3/4-XX12 7-3/4-XX13 7-3/4-XX14 7-3/4-XX16 7-3/4-XX17 REACT TO SNIPER IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) MOVE TACTICALLY IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) PERFORM ACTIONS AT AND CROSS A DANGER AREA IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) HANDLE NONCOOPERATIVE NONCOMBATANTS DURING OPERATIONS IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) EVACUATE COOPERATIVE NONCOMBATANTS DURING OPERATIONS IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (PLT/SQD) CLEAR A ROOM (TEAM/ASSAULT ELEMENT) ESTABLISH A FOOTHOLD IN AN UPPER STORY OF A BUILDING (PLT/SQD) GLOSSARY...Glossary-1 vi

7 OMEGA TRAINING GROUP APPENDICES TO THE HANDBOOKS The following appendices are designed to provide further explanation to the MOUT ACTD handbooks for experimentation purposes only. They are not designed to be part of any ARTEP manual. They are published separately from this handbook since they are applicable to all the handbooks. Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C MOUT ACTD Technologies Results of Technology Experimentation Sample Technology Insertions...A-1 List of Technology Insertions in the Handbooks...B-1 Omega Training Group TTP Observations Through Army Experiment #5...C-1 vii

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9 PREFACE This handbook provides commanders and leaders with descriptive, performanceoriented Training and Evaluation Outlines (T&EOs) to assist in training infantry rifle platoons and squads for combat in urban areas. This handbook contains the tasks that support the unit s missions outlined in MOUT ACTD Handbook #1, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad in Urban Combat. This handbook focuses solely on combat in urban areas and assumes a working knowledge of the current ARTEP 7-8-MTP. The information in these proposed tasks deals only with infantry forces in combat situations in built-up areas. It does not include tasks for operations other than combat in built-up areas. Those operations that may be conducted by infantry forces in Stability Operations and Support Operations that are not strictly combat operations are covered in FM 7-98, Operations in a Low-Intensity Conflict; FM , Peace Operations; and FM 90-8, Counterguerrilla Operations. However, many tasks included here are applicable in other than combat operations. We have concentrated on the conditions under which infantry rifle platoon and squad combat tasks are conducted rather than on the larger view of the overall operation being conducted in an urban environment by a higher echelon unit. We have included the widest range of collective tasks available. In FM , dated 3 Oct 95, on page 1-1, paragraph 1-2, the terms Surgical MOUT and Precision MOUT are used. These terms, as well as the term High- Intensity MOUT, are further explained in Appendix G, page G-1, paragraph G-1. Abbreviated definitions of these terms follow: MOUT under high-intensity conditions : These conditions are combat actions against a determined enemy occupying prepared positions or conducting planned attacks. An Infantry unit s mission is normally to seize, secure, clear, or defend urban terrain, engaging and defeating the enemy by the use of whatever force is necessary. It represents the high end of the combat spectrum. The full, integrated firepower of the joint combined arms team is brought to bear on the enemy. MOUT under precision conditions : Conventional forces conduct these operations to defeat an enemy that is mixed with noncombatants. They conduct these operations carefully to limit noncombatant casualties and collateral damage. Either the enemy is thoroughly mixed with the noncombatants or political considerations require that the Rules of Engagement (ROE) be significantly more restrictive than under high-intensity MOUT conditions. MOUT under surgical conditions : Joint special operation forces usually conduct these operations which include special-purpose raids, small precision strikes, or small-scale ix

10 personnel seizure or recovery operations (for example, hostage rescue). They may closely resemble US police operations by Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams. They may even involve cooperation between US forces and host nation police. A look at recent history demonstrates that conventional Infantry forces have performed and will continue to perform missions and tasks in urban environments under all three conditions: high-intensity, precision, and surgical. Surgical conditions might be the least frequent required of conventional forces but recent operations in Bosnia, Somalia, and Panama have all required conventional Infantry forces to perform some surgical tasks. Infantry units of all types must routinely expect to conduct missions in urban terrain under precision conditions. In an urban environment, most tasks required of conventional Infantry forces will most likely fall in the realm of precision conditions. High-intensity conditions appear to be the least likely conditions for conventional forces to see in future operations. MOUT tasks, as currently described in FM 7-8 and ARTEP 7-8-MTP, deal solely with high-intensity conditions. We have therefore inserted the terms high-intensity conditions and precision conditions into the MOUT tasks to differentiate between the different conditions that the platoon and squad may face. The actual conditions during combat will be determined by the ROE. x

11 ELEMENT: PLATOON OMEGA TRAINING GROUP, INC. TASK: ASSAULT A BUILDING (7-3/4-1110) (MOUT ACTD Handbook #1, FM 7-8, FM ) ITERATION M (circle) TRAINING STATUS T P U (circle) CONDITIONS: The platoon is operating as part of a company in an urban environment. The platoon identifies enemy of unknown size in a building and is directed to assault the building. Some iterations should be performed in MOPP 4. The platoon is specifically told whether it is operating under high intensity or under precision conditions. It is given restrictive Rules Of Engagement (ROE) that match the conditions. The Infantry platoon is supported only by the company s organic weapons. Civilians, government organizations, nongovernment organizations, private organizations, and the international press may be present on the battlefield and in the building. The presence of civilians can restrict the use of fires and can reduce the combat power available to a platoon leader. His platoon may have to operate with no fire areas. ROE can prohibit the use of certain weapons until a specific hostile action takes place. NOTE: Unit commanders developing situational training exercises must base the standards on the conditions (high intensity or precision) chosen and select the appropriate performance measures. TASK STANDARDS: The platoon kills, captures, or forces the withdrawal of all enemy forces in the building. The platoon occupies the building. The platoon maintains a sufficient force capable of repelling an enemy counterattack and conducting further combat operations. The platoon suffers no casualties from friendly fire. Leaders must include the precise use of weapons in their planning for missions in urban terrain. Urban terrain requires precise application of firepower under any conditions. Collateral damage is limited to the extent necessary to accomplish the mission. The platoon complies with the ROE. *+1. The platoon leader conducts troop leading procedures. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1605, Develop and Communicate a Plan.) The platoon leader: a. Must include the precise use of weapons in his planning. b. Identifies and designates: The target building. 1

12 R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: Consider the use of the M203 TPT round as a remote marking munition to facilitate fire control, distribution, and target designation to aid the support element. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. Any obstacles. An assault element. A support element, if required. The support element may be provided by the company. A separate breaching element, if appropriate. The breaching element may also be organized within the support element or the assault element. Type of breaching technique (explosive, mechanical, or ballistic) based on METT-T and the ROE. R-27, Man Size Hole: Leaders should consider the use of the Beast or Explosive Cutting Tape (ECT) for creating man sized breaches both on the exterior and interior of buildings allowing soldiers access for assaulting and movement in and through buildings. R-30A, Breaching Devices: When explosives cannot be used or are not appropriate or available for breaching, the assault element should consider the use of devices such as the Hooligan s Tool, axes, sledgehammers etc, to force open doors, windows, and to create mouseholes. R-30B, Rifle Launched Entry Munition: The assault element should consider the Rifle Launched Entry Munition (RLEM) to breach/force open doors, windows, and to create mouseholes. 2

13 Size of enemy forces engaging the platoon (the number of enemy automatic weapons, the presence of vehicles, and the employment of indirect fires are indicators of enemy strength.). A primary and alternate breach (entry) point. The platoon should attempt to enter the building at the highest level possible and enter the first floor only when forced to do so. A covered and concealed route to the breach (entry) point. Location and duration of obscurants should be planned for. R-5A, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for overflight mapping and reconnaissance of a objective area. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. R-5B, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) for reconnaissance of the inside of tunnel systems, buildings, and other objective areas. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. The order of march to the breach (entry) point. Support by fire positions for the support element, if applicable. *c. The platoon leader directs and supervises active and passive sniper countermeasures. *+2. The platoon leader ensures that the platoon prepares for its mission IAW T&EO 7-3/4-1606, Prepare for Combat. In particular, all leaders in the platoon must vigorously: Ensure that all soldiers are aware of the ROE. Enforce the ROE. 3

14 Determine the soldier's load based on the mission. In addition to standard equipment such as protective vests, Kevlar helmets, and weapons, additional ammunition, grenades, and water must be carried. Leaders need to consider reducing the overall load due to the extreme physical requirements of the urban battlefield. R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, the use of a NLOS radio for improved communication capabilities should be considered. This type of radio may also be able to provide the user with hands off capabilities, minimum body movement for operation, and remote channel/frequency changing. If fielded to each soldier, it may provide the capability of a unit intercom. Leaders should ensure their NLOS radios are checked and serviceable prior to conduct of the mission. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. R-11, Clearly ID Friendlies: To prevent the possibility of fratricide, all soldiers should wear and/or carry means of identification that clearly distinguish them to other friendlies while not signaling them to the enemy. R-12, Personal Protection Equipment: To reduce the high rates of injury to elbows and knees due to hard surfaces encountered in built up areas, all soldiers are encouraged to wear Personal Protection Equipment. CAUTION Prolonged use of elbow and knee protection may cause discomfort to soldiers. 4

15 R-14C, Personal Protection Kit Version C: Before entering and clearing buildings, all soldiers should use special protective gloves and sleeves to protect against cuts and abrasions. R-21, Hands-Free Sling: Consider the use of the hands-free sling for the M-16 series, M4, and the M-249 which allows soldiers to remove one or both hands from the weapon and still have the weapon pointed towards the enemy and easy to get to. Conduct rehearsals. Prepare explosive charges or acquire appropriate breaching materials as required. R-27, Man Size Hole: Leaders should consider the use of the Beast or Explosive Cutting Tape (ECT) for creating man sized breaches both on the exterior and interior of buildings allowing soldiers access for assaulting and movement in and through buildings. R-30A, Breaching Devices: When explosives cannot be used or are not appropriate or available for breaching, the assault element should consider the use of devices such as the Hooligan s Tool, axes, sledgehammers etc, to force open doors, windows, and to create mouseholes. R-30B, Rifle Launched Entry Munition: The assault element should consider the Rifle Launched Entry Munition (RLEM) to breach/force open doors, windows, and to create mouseholes. 3. The assault element is organized into an order of march to the breach point based upon the method of breaching and the intended actions at the breach point. It is organized into room clearing teams. The exact number and size of clearing teams is based on the factors of METT-T. The assault element carries as much ammunition as possible, especially extra grenades or distraction devices depending on the ROE. 5

16 +4. The support element moves into position to provide fire support for the assault element (M60s or M240s should normally be positioned with the support element). The support element isolates the building with direct and indirect fires and provides suppression and obscuration for the movement of the assault element. 5. The platoon leader ensures that the support element is in place. The assault element conducts movement only after the support element is in place. 6. The assault element maneuvers to the last covered and concealed position prior to the breach (entry) point. The assault element maintains three-dimensional and 360 degree security during movement. (See T&EO 7-3/4-XX11, Move Tactically in Urban Terrain.) 7. The platoon leader moves with the element where he can best command and control the platoon. 8. The platoon leader directs the breaching and assault element(s) to breach and enter the building and to begin clearing. R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: Consider the use of the M203 TPT round as a remote marking munition to facilitate fire control, distribution, and target designation to aid the support element. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. 9. The breaching and assault element(s): a. Prepare to move in the last covered and concealed position prior to the breach (entry) point in the correct order for the selected breaching technique (explosive, ballistic, or mechanical). Use nonverbal signaling techniques when appropriate to indicate readiness to conduct the breach. b. Conduct movement to the breach (entry) point IAW T&EO 7-3/4- XX11, Move Tactically in Urban Terrain. 6

17 Use covered and concealed routes (moves along underground passages, through or behind buildings, along walls, and over rooftops; avoid streets, alleys, and other open areas unless necessary); and exploit limited visibility conditions whenever possible. Conduct movement only after enemy defensive fires are suppressed or obscured. Move along routes that do not mask friendly suppressive fires. Cross danger areas. (See T&EO 7-3/4-XX12, Perform Actions at and Cross a Danger Area in Urban Terrain.) c. Arrive at the breach (entry) point undetected if conducting a stealthy breach. d. Maintain 360-degree and three-dimensional security during movement and in the vicinity of the breach point. *10. If there is a support element, the platoon sergeant controls the actions of the support element. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1108, Perform Overwatch/Support by Fire.) He: a. Assigns each soldier and key weapon a target or area to cover. b. Ensures suppression of enemy gunners within the objective building and adjacent buildings. 7

18 R-24, Frangible Ammunition: Leaders should consider the use of 5.56-mm and 7.62-mm Controlled Penetration Ammunition (CPA) Soft Rounds which will penetrate human bodies/walls and then stop either in the body or in the wall thus preventing the possibility of fratricide or collateral damage to noncombatants. WARNING Because frangible ammunition disintegrates upon impact with any surface harder than the projectile itself, eye protection should be worn to protect against fragments. NOTE: The use of frangible ammunition can and will prevent firing through objects (furniture, walls, etc.). This could place the unit at a severe disadvantage against an enemy not so equipped. c. Ensures isolation of the objective building with precise direct and indirect fires to prevent enemy withdrawal, reinforcement, or counterattack. R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, leaders should consider the use of the NLOS radios to communicate coordination between the assault and support elements. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. d. Uses direct fire weapons to destroy known enemy positions. e. Increases the support element's rate of fire just before the assault element enters the building. Under precision conditions, fires only at known enemy positions. 8

19 f. Shifts supporting fires to the upper windows, and then shifts to adjacent buildings as the assault element enters the building from ground level, or shifts to lower windows when the assault element enters through an upper story. Under precision conditions, fires only at known enemy positions. R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: Consider the use of the M203 TPT round as a remote marking munition to facilitate fire control, distribution, and target designation to aid the support element. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. g. Provides replacements and ammunition to the assault element, as required. When possible, evacuates casualties A breach is conducted by the designated breaching element. If at all possible, the breach is conducted so that the assault element does not have to pause at the breach (entry) point. R-27, Man Size Hole: Leaders should consider the use of the Beast or Explosive Cutting Tape (ECT) for creating man sized breaches both on the exterior and interior of buildings, allowing soldiers access for assaulting and movement in and through buildings. R-30A, Breaching Devices: When explosives cannot be used or are not appropriate or available for breaching, the assault team should consider the use of devices such as the Hooligan s Tool, axes, sledgehammers etc, to force open doors, windows, and to create mouseholes. R-30B, Rifle Launched Entry Munition: The assault team should consider the Rifle Launched Entry Munition (RLEM) to breach/force open doors, windows, and to create mouseholes. 9

20 +12. The assault element under the platoon leader's control assaults the objective building. (See T&EO 7-3/4-XXX7, Establish a Foothold in a Building.) It: a. Approaches from enemy flank or rear when possible. Enters the building at the highest level possible. Enters the first floor only when forced to do so. Checks for booby traps when forced to enter through a door or window. Throws (cooked off, if needed) grenades or distraction devices of appropriate type through openings prior to entry if the ROE permit. The ROE and the platoon leader s decision-making process will determine the type of grenade or distraction device thrown. R-34, Stun Grenade: Leaders and soldiers should consider throwing a nonlethal stun grenade rather than fragmentation grenades inside the openings to prevent the possibility of fratricide or injury to friendly inhabitants. b. Moves through the breach (entry point) as quickly as possible. c. Secures the entry point and covers staircases and other routes leading to upper and lower stories once inside the building. (See T&EO 7-3/4- XXX6, Clear a Staircase and T&EO 7-3/4-XXX4, Conduct Movement Through a Hallway or Subterranean Passageway.) +13. The assault element clears each room in the objective building IAW FM 7-8, Battle Drill 6, Clear a Room (Squad). It: a. Clears the rooms first that overlook the friendly approaches to the building. (See T&EO 7-3/4-XXX2, Clear a Room.) b. Marks the cleared rooms (IAW the unit SOP). The platoon leader directs the assault element(s) to locate, mark, bypass, and/or clear obstacles and booby traps. 10

21 *c. Consolidates and continues the attack. The platoon leader determines when to rotate assault elements during the assault. d. Positions teams, as directed by the assault element leader, to secure entry points, hallways, stairs, and cleared rooms from enemy infiltration. R-24, Frangible Ammunition: Leaders should consider the use of 5.56-mm Soft Rounds while clearing rooms. These rounds will penetrate human bodies/walls and then stop either in the body or in the wall thus preventing the possibility of fratricide or collateral damage to noncombatants. WARNING Because frangible ammunition disintegrates upon impact with any surface harder than the projectile itself, eye protection should be worn to protect against fragments. NOTE: The use of frangible ammunition can and will prevent firing through objects (furniture, walls, etc.). This could place the unit at a severe disadvantage against an enemy not so equipped The platoon consolidates and reorganizes in the cleared building to repel an enemy counterattack as necessary. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1607, Perform Consolidation and Reorganization.) a. Positions personnel to cover enemy routes of counterattack and infiltration into the building. b. Redistributes ammunition and requests resupply, as required. c. Marks the building to show that it has been cleared IAW the unit SOP. d. Marks entry points IAW the unit SOP The platoon treats and evacuates casualties IAW T&EO 7-3/4-4505, Treat and Evacuate Casualties. 16. The platoon secures and evacuates EPWs and noncombatants as necessary. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1503, Process Enemy Prisoners of War/Captured Materials and T&EO 7-3/4-XX13, Handle Noncooperative 11

22 Noncombatants During Operations on the Urban Battlefield and T&EO 7-3/4-XX14, Evacuate Cooperative Noncombatants During Operations on the Urban Battlefield.) R-35, Personnel Restraints: Soldiers can carry and use small and easily portable (in a pocket) restraint devices, to secure and control captured military personnel or civilian detainees. 17. The platoon establishes hasty defensive positions, if required. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1115, Execute Defense and T&EO 7-3/4-1118, Defend a Building.) 18. The platoon continues its mission. *A leader task step. +A critical task step. TASK PERFORMANCE SUMMARY BLOCK ITERATION M TOTAL TOTAL TASK STEPS EVALUATED TOTAL TASK STEPS "GO" 12

23 TASK: DEFEND A BUILDING OPFOR TASKS AND STANDARDS CONDITIONS: The OPFOR element is ordered to occupy a defensive position in a built-up area. The element is operating separately or as part of a larger force. The OPFOR has indirect fire available. STANDARDS: The OPFOR prevents the platoon/squad from clearing the building by: a. Retaining forces in the building. b. Counterattacking, regaining, and maintaining a foothold in the building (at least one room). 13

24 ELEMENT: PLATOON/SQUAD TASK: DEFEND A BUILDING (7-3/4-1118) (MOUT ACTD Handbook #1, FM 7-8, FM ) ITERATION M (circle) TRAINING STATUS T P U (circle) CONDITIONS: The platoon/squad is operating as part of a company in an urban environment. The platoon/squad is ordered to defend a building. Some iterations should be performed in MOPP 4. The platoon/squad is specifically told that it is operating under high intensity conditions. It is given restrictive Rules Of Engagement (ROE) that match the conditions. Civilians, government organizations, nongovernment organizations, private organizations, and the international press may be present on the battlefield. The presence of civilians can restrict the use of fires and can reduce the combat power available to the platoon/squad leader. His platoon/squad may have to operate with no fire areas. ROE can prohibit the use of certain weapons until a specific hostile action takes place. TASK STANDARDS: The platoon/squad completes all specified defensive preparations NLT the time specified in the order. The enemy does not surprise the platoon/squad main body. The platoon/squad prevents the enemy from gaining a foothold or penetrating its position; or prevents enemy units of company-size or smaller from moving through the area; or destroys attacking enemy units of company-size or smaller; or forces the enemy to withdraw. The platoon/squad continues follow-on operations. The platoon/squad suffers no casualties from friendly fire. Leaders must include the precise use of weapons in their planning for missions in urban terrain. Urban terrain requires precise application of firepower under any conditions. Collateral damage is limited to the extent necessary to accomplish the mission. The platoon/squad complies with the ROE. *+1. The platoon/squad leader conducts troop leading procedures IAW T&EO 7-3/4-1605, Develop and Communicate a Plan. Specifically, the platoon/squad leader: Must include the precise use of weapons in his planning. Directs and supervises active and passive sniper countermeasures. 14

25 R-5A, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for overflight mapping and reconnaissance of an objective area. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. R-5B, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) for reconnaissance of the inside of tunnel systems, buildings, and other objective areas. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. *+2. The platoon/squad leader ensures that the platoon/squad prepares for its mission IAW T&EO 7-3/4-1606, Prepare for Combat. In particular, all leaders in the platoon/squad must vigorously: Ensure that all soldiers are aware of the ROE. Enforce the ROE. R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, the use of a NLOS radio for improved communication capabilities should be considered. This type of radio may also be able to provide the user with hands off capabilities, minimum body movement for operation, and remote channel/frequency changing. If fielded to each soldier, it may provide the capability of a unit intercom. Leaders should ensure their NLOS radios are checked and serviceable prior to conduct of the mission. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. 15

26 R-11, Clearly ID Friendlies: To prevent the possibility of fratricide, all soldiers should wear and/or carry means of identification that clearly distinguish them to other friendlies while not signaling them to the enemy. R-12, Personal Protection Equipment: To reduce the high rates of injury to elbows and knees due to hard surfaces encountered in built up areas, all soldiers are encouraged to wear Personal Protection Equipment. CAUTION Prolonged use of elbow and knee protection may cause discomfort to soldiers. R-14C, Personal Protection Kit Version C: Before conducting a defense of a building, platoon/squad members should use special protective gloves and sleeves to protect against cuts and abrasions. R-21, Hands-Free Sling: Consider the use of the hands-free sling for the M-16 series, M4, and the M-249 which allows soldiers to remove one or both hands from the weapon and still have the weapon pointed towards the enemy and easy to get to. Conduct rehearsals. *3. The platoon/squad leader conducts a leader s reconnaissance of the battle position. R-5A, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for overflight mapping and reconnaissance of an objective area. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. 16

27 R-5B, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) for reconnaissance of the inside of tunnel systems, buildings, and other objective areas. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. a. Issues a contingency plan to appropriate personnel before the reconnaissance party departs. b. Approaches the position from the rear and conducts the reconnaissance. The platoon leader may have with him the FO, RATELO, squad leaders, and security elements. Squad leaders should determine who will conduct the reconnaissance with him. c. Ensures the security elements establish local security during the reconnaissance and battle position occupation. d. Confirms and/or modifies the platoon/squad tentative positions and fire plans. e. Ensures the position is free of enemy, mines, and obstacles. *f. Develops a tentative direct fire and indirect fire engagement plan IAW T&EO , Employ Direct-fire Weapons Systems and T&EO , Employ Fire Support. g. Assigns squad/fire team sectors and OP locations (plans for OPs to have multiple methods of communications, if available). 17

28 R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, the use of a NLOS radio for improved communication capabilities should be considered. This type of radio may also be able to provide the user with hands off capabilities, minimum body movement for operation, and remote channel/frequency changing. If fielded to each soldier, it may provide the capability of a unit intercom. Leaders should ensure their NLOS radios are checked and serviceable prior to conduct of the mission. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. *h. Designates the location for the platoon early warning system (if available), the chemical-alarm system (if available), and the platoon CP. *+i. Selects initial key weapons and crew-served weapon positions to cover likely enemy mounted and dismounted avenues of approach. j. Recommends to the company commander the best use of obstacles and supporting fires. NOTE: It is important to reconnoiter the position from the enemy perspective to know how the position should be defended (if possible). *4. The platoon/squad leader ensures the position is free of noncombatants or removes them (if necessary) from the area of operations before occupation of the position. (See T&EO 7-3/4-XX13, Handle Noncooperative Noncombatants During Operations on the Urban Battlefield and T&EO 7-3/4-XX14, Evacuate Cooperative Noncombatants During Operations on the Urban Battlefield..) R-35, Personnel Restraints: Soldiers can carry and use small and easily portable (in a pocket) restraint devices to secure and control noncombatants such as civilian detainees. 18

29 5. The platoon/squad leader returns to the platoon/squad position or calls the platoon/squad forward. a. Moves the platoon/squad on covered and concealed routes IAW T&EO 4-3/4-4134, Move Tactically and T&EO 7-3/4-XX11, Move Tactically in Urban Terrain. b. Enforces camouflage, noise, light, and litter discipline. c. Maintains security during movement IAW T&EO 4-3/4-4134, Move Tactically. d. Directs the squads/teams to occupy designated positions at the same time, if possible. *+6. The platoon/squad occupies the position. The platoon/squad leader: a. Establishes security (to include OPs, hasty perimeter, or security patrols). Emplaces at least one OP with communications within five minutes of occupation so that the main body is warned before an enemy attack. R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, leaders should consider use of NLOS radios to enhance communication capabilities of the unit while defending a building. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. 19

30 R-5A, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for overflight mapping and reconnaissance of an objective area. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. R-5B, Intelligence Collection/Dissemination: Leaders should consider the use of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) for reconnaissance of the inside of tunnel systems, buildings, and other objective areas. This will allow reconnaissance of the objective area without the enemy learning the strength, location, or intentions of the main element. b. Determines and confirms the engagement area (where he plans to kill the enemy) and determines the decision point. +c. Assigns sectors of fire, engagement priorities, and other fire control measures IAW T&EO , Employ Direct-Fire Weapons Systems. R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: The M203 TPT round may be used as a remote marking munition to facilitate fire control and designate sectors of fire. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. d. Develops an obstacle and direct-fire plan (digitally, if applicable). e. Emplaces the platoon early warning system or devices before dark or any other period of other limited visibility. f. Sets up the chemical alarm system for monitoring within five minutes of occupying the position. *+7. The leaders position crew-served weapons and special weapons. a. Position antiarmor weapons to cover enemy armored avenues of approach. 20

31 b. Position antiarmor weapons inside buildings with adequate space and ventilation for backblast (on upper floors, if possible, for long-range shots). c. Position MGs/SAWs to cover enemy dismounted avenues of approach. (Place them near ground level to increase grazing fires. If ground rubble obstructs grazing fires, MGs/SAWs are placed in the upper stories of the building). d. Ensure weapons are mutually supporting and are tied-in with adjacent units. 8. The platoon leader establishes leader positions. a. Places the platoon/squad CP in a covered and concealed location where he can view and control the battle. b. Establishes communications from the platoon CP to all squad positions. The CP should have multiple means of communication. R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, leaders should consider use of NLOS radios to enhance communication capabilities of the unit while defending a building. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. 9. The squad/team leaders position remaining squad/team members. a. Assign each member a position with primary and secondary sectors of fire. 21

32 R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: The M203 TPT round may be used as a remote marking munition to facilitate fire control and designate sectors of fire. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. b. Make sure positions permit interlocking fires. *10. The gunners prepare range cards. Squad leaders prepare sector sketches and submit a copy to the platoon leader. *+11. The platoon leader prepares a platoon sector sketch and sends a copy to the company commander The platoon members prepare fighting positions. Hasty positions are improved as time permits. a. Physically reconnoiter in front of the position to become familiar with the terrain and to locate dead space. b. Make physical contact with adjacent positions and select covered and concealed routes to these locations. c. Clear fields of fire. d. Prepare loopholes. R-30A, Breaching Devices: When explosives cannot be used or are not appropriate or available for creating loopholes, soldiers should consider the use of devices such as the Hooligan s Tool, axes, sledgehammers etc, to create loopholes. e. Prepare range cards, aiming stakes, sector stakes, and TRP markings. f. Identify and secure subterranean avenues of approach (sewers, basements, staircases, and rooftops). g. Construct overhead cover for fighting positions (inside and outside). 22

33 h. Camouflage positions. i. Stockpile ammunition, food, fire-fighting equipment, and drinking water. j. Mark the engagement area (engagement lines, TRPs) IAW T&EO , Employ Direct-Fire Weapons Systems. R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: The M203 TPT round may be used as a remote-marking munition to mark the engagement area. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. *+13. The platoon/squad leader conducts rehearsals with key leaders. *14. The platoon/squad leader continues coordination with adjacent units. a. Establishes responsibility for overlapping enemy avenues of approach between adjacent squads and platoons. b. Exchanges information on OP locations, unit signals, and passage points. 15. The platoon/squad installs wire communications as time permits. a. Lays wire between the platoon CP and the squads. b. Employs switchboards or hot loops as appropriate. 16. The platoon/squad constructs barriers and obstacles to deny the enemy access to streets, underground passages, and buildings, and to slow his movement (including rooftops and in all buildings) IAW the platoon or company obstacle plan. (See T&EO , Construct an Obstacle.) a. Integrates barriers and/or obstacles with the platoon/squad s key weapons. 23

34 b. Covers all barriers and obstacles by fire (direct and indirect) and/or observation. c. Conceals the obstacle from enemy observation as much as possible. d. Erects the obstacle in an irregular pattern. e. Employs the obstacle in depth (if possible). f. Ties the obstacle in with existing obstacles. *17. The platoon leader revises the fire support plan (with the platoon FO) to ensure that the direct and indirect fire plan support the concept of the defense, to include FPF and fires used to support repositioning the platoon to alternate or supplementary positions (digitally, if applicable). a. Covers likely avenues of approach. b. Covers obstacles. c. Covers the enemy avenues of approach. d. Covers known or likely enemy positions. e. Covers final protective fires (if applicable). f. Covers counterattack plan. 18. The platoon/squad improves movement routes between platoon/squad positions and to alternate and supplementary positions. a. Improves routes by digging trenches, using sewers and tunnels, creating mouseholes, and emplacing ropes for climbing and rappelling. R-27, Man Size Hole: Leaders should consider the use of the Beast, Entry Frame Munition (EFM), or Explosive Cutting Tape (ECT) for creating man sized breaches both on the exterior and interior of buildings, allowing soldiers access for assaulting and movement in and through buildings. 24

35 R-30A, Breaching Devices: When explosives can t be used or aren t appropriate or available for breaching, leaders should consider the use of breaching devices to create mouseholes and loopholes. b. Marks routes between positions. *19. At the platoon level, the platoon leader develops a counterattack plan for each likely enemy course of action. a. Designates the counterattack force. b. Ensures the counterattack force is allocated demolitions, antiarmor assets, and extra grenades. R-34, Stun Grenade: Leaders and soldiers should consider the use of nonlethal stun grenades rather than fragmentation grenades to prevent the possibility of fratricide or injury to noncombatants. c. Designates and, if appropriate, marks routes for counterattack. d. Ensures the plan is rehearsed during day and at night. *20. The platoon/squad leader prepares and rehearses the withdrawal plan. a. Ensures that subordinate leaders plan and disseminate primary and alternate withdrawal signals. b. Designates and, if appropriate, marks primary, alternate and supplementary withdrawal routes. R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: The M203 TPT round may be used as a remote-marking munition to mark withdrawal routes. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. c. Ensures the withdrawal plan is rehearsed during day and at night. 25

36 +21. The platoon/squad defends against an assault. a. The platoon leader reports the situation to the company commander (digitally, if applicable). b. The platoon leader calls in OPs (The platoon leader may decide to leave an OP in place if the personnel manning it can provide effective flanking fires, their position affords them adequate protection, or their return will compromise the platoon position). R-3, NLOS Radio: Due to the line of sight (LOS) nature of unit TO&E FM radios and the decentralized nature of combat in urban terrain, leaders should consider use of NLOS radios to enhance communications between the CP and OP. NOTE: Because of their lack of secure capability, transmissions on these radios must be considered to be monitored by enemy forces, news media, and any entity with a minimum of technology. Transmissions must be characterized by the use of call signs, authentication, and prowords to transmit data. c. Calls for and adjusts indirect fire when the enemy is at the greatest range. d. Initiates direct fire engagement of the attacking enemy IAW the company or platoon fire plan. Antiarmor weapons conduct initial engagement simultaneously, if possible. R-8, Remote Marking Munitions: The M203 TPT round may be used as a remote-marking munition to mark withdrawal routes. WARNING The M203 TPT round has a metal projectile body that can ricochet and cause injuries. e. Uses direct and indirect fire to separate the enemy fighting vehicles from the infantry who are providing security for the vehicles. 26

37 R-24, Frangible Ammunition: To prevent the possibility of fratricide or injury to noncombatants, leaders should consider the use of 5.56-mm and 7.62-mm Controlled Penetration Ammunition (CPA) Soft Rounds which will penetrate human bodies/walls and then stop either in the body or in the wall. WARNING Because frangible ammunition disintegrates upon impact with any surface harder than the projectile itself, safety glasses should be worn to protect eyes from fragments. NOTE: The use of frangible ammunition can and will prevent firing through objects (furniture, walls, etc.). This could place the unit at a severe disadvantage against an enemy not so equipped. f. Executes the company or platoon barrier plan to impede and canalize enemy vehicles and personnel into planned fires. g. Employs smoke to blind the vehicles. h. Executes counterattack plans, if required. i. The platoon leader moves elements between primary, alternate, and supplementary positions to complete the destruction or expulsion of the enemy force. 22. The platoon consolidates and reorganizes during lulls in the fighting. a. The platoon consolidates and reorganizes squads and other elements as necessary. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1607, Perform Consolidation and Reorganization.) b. The platoon treats and evacuates casualties as necessary. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1504, Treat and Evacuate Casualties.) c. The platoon secures and evacuates EPWs and noncombatants. (See T&EO 7-3/4-1503, Process Enemy Prisoners of War/Captured Material and T&EO 7-3/4-XX13, Handle Noncooperative Noncombatants During Operations on the Urban Battlefield and T&EO 7-3/4-XX14, Evacuate Cooperative Noncombatants During Operations on the Urban Battlefield.) 27