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1 I ; : Chapter 5* } MQJSJ^^ 118* The followng acton ed trerch-mortars» trench-mortar wllbe bombs,. taken regardng capturhand and rfle grenades, ncludng blnd trench-mortar fred nto our lnes* bombs and projectles that are s.[ 119» A bref descrpton of all captured trench-mortars and trench -morfcar bombs wllbe forwarded to the dvsonal school authortes who, f they requre any or all of them for examnaton, wllmake drect arrangements for brngng them n* When a new type Qf trench-mortar or trench-mortar j bomb s obtaned, a descrpton of twll be forwarded by the dvsonal school authortes to corps headquarters the nformaton may be crculated to all concerned* so that 120; A full descrpton of any blnd gwt 6-r howtzer n V shells of st"hev. type that are found wll be (fc:n..red,by corps * to army headquarters, whch wll ssue nstructons as to whether they are requred or not*.typss of nfe^us^s. grenades or fragments of shells wll nvarably be forwards 1* Smlar acton wllba taken regardng bombs of a new pattern that may be - droppd from hostle arplanes, J : ; I m4 *! 121, It s djnpcrtant th&t a full descrpton of«all. new types of shells found should be.forwarded to the army ntellgence offeer- wthoat delay. The report should be headed "Report on New Pattern Shell" and shoul cover the followng ponts: A "rough sketch of shell shewng ts dlxnens ons» Ths cals.be r, the nature of the shell {hgh explosve j ( or shrapnel), date fred andwherts found, colorng, markngs on shell body (these usually gve ~the place and year of man u^ facture); length wthout fuse, thckness of walls, thckness of base, materal, number and poston of drvng bands j, dameter of fuse hole at top and of the threaded porton, 44

2 fse, ts markngs and materal (partculars of the fuse should always te gven f possble,. as t- 4s very desrable to complete our nformaton regardng the partcular fuses employed wth the varous patterns of shell} the dameter of the fuse hole wdl frequently assst n deter* mnng ths when the fuse cannot be found; varatons n the materals of fuses are also of nterest), nature of charge,, remarks*, , It a desrable to obtan as much nformaton as possble regardng new patterns of shells used by the enemy, f and ftuch can.be obtaned from a casual nspecton of "blnds", wthout ne cc ssarly. hand! ng them } and frbrtr port ons of partally exploded shells* The most mportant means of deht- I fyng^ shells, are (1) calber, (2) length, (wthout fuse;> (5) partculars of pantng (colorng), (4) numbef of dffng bands. Many shells have a paper-mache lnngs whch contans the charge* The labels on these lnngs should nvarably ) be forwarded wth the report on the. shell. *45 <

3 46 Chapter?* V OBSERVATION.. 123» The purposes of observaton are to determne the hostle 0 and frendly front lnes and to gather nformaton whch wll be of assstance follows; n formng an estmate of the enemys ntentons* l#4t The nformaton to b collected majr be classfed as 1. Enemys order of battle, changes n whch may be ndcated by changes n unforms % jabts^ customs and Actvty. 2. Enemys defensve- organatdr such as trenchesj obstacles, observaton posts, post o of cbtnmahd, sgal statdns, bllets and ktchens. 3t Enemys artllery. Accurate reports wllbe made» of the number of thel enemys, shells fallrjg n an area assgned to an observaton group by the ntellgence offcer* These reports wll nclude the nature of the projectles (shrapnel,, explosve, percusson, tme fuse, tear shells, gas. shells, or > new types) the calbre, the pont at whch the shells fall, the hour and the general drecton of..tfye. source of fre f possble... The nature and calbre pan often be determned by collectng fuses", rotatng bands or fragments of pro jectleg and t s the duty of the Regmental Intellgence Offcer $0 dentfy these ad to collect and forward types. The hours of s. frng and general drecton wll,enable the ntellgence Servce by comparson wth reports from other sources, such as sound and flash rangng, to dentfy the batteres whch ars frng. 4# The locaton of machne guns, trench mortars and lght artllery wllhe. determned and ther type» act* vty, zone of acton, objectves, and the hour of fre noted,r 7 t

4 f whenever possble, " 5# The movements of hostle arcraft crculatng e thef wthn ther om or over our lnes wll foe observed and recorded wth ttf,course of flght, type and apparent # Msson. In order to do ths observers must be famlar r hot only wth the dfferences between frendly and hostle planes and ther, dstnctve markngs but also wth the r dfferent knds of host l planes and ther mssons, as evdenced I%y ther movements. ascenson wllalso be reported* u0084 Hostle Walloons and hours of 6V Movements -on paths, reacts, ralroads or anywhere wthn the enemy? s lnes wll be studed and reported both wth a vew to detectng.-the enemy f s organsaton, such as posts of command, and wth a vew to establshng normals of crculaton for the front* Abnormal movements as promptly as possble* wllbe reported ) 7. The enemys sgnals wll be closely wachect as nvexl as, Ms acton followng them n order that the egn.fca.nce of the sgnal may be determned* Observers must,..» be famlar wth types used by the enemy 4nd tne, place;, and type flu t be noted. Ordnary lghtng devces wll be recorded by approxmate number durng gven perods of tme* 8«JNoses wthn the enemys lnes may frequently gve valuable nformaton. Movement^ of trans, eblumns and of tanks may be detected; the sound of hammerng may ndcate the nstallaton of gas projectors* Any unusual noses wll be located and reported* #V Any new form of operaton» ruse, prexjaut on or devce, on the part of the enemy wll b& reported to the Hegmenta^ Intellgence. Off^fer, who, Mter nvestgaton, wll prepare -. a descrpton. submsson to the s regmental commander, to- hgher headquarters* V, of t* - whch descrpton,... after wll be forwarded 47."?"=

5 48 > 125. There wll,n addton, be tmes?hen observers wllbe taled upon to make specal observatons of our own front lne, ether n ther own- or adjacent sectors durng an attack, or to note and report certan agreed! operatons agnals from our own troops. These wll generally be made.the subject of specal n- A afflctons., requrng prompt report, but the absence of such n : " :,. -.:... ". ; -.* >. strupt ons wll not releve the observers from ncludng n ther regular reports any nformaton n regard to our own or the enemys front lne or from reportng mmedately any unusual occurrences of mportance effectng our own or the enemys actvtes. Sutable artllery objectves* especally fleetng targets, wll be reported to the nearest headquarters or artfllery observaton post or both; r! Observers may proftably be drected to mantan specal watch on doubtful or suspected ponts n aeral photographs or nterrogatons of prsoners. «( 126For* the purpose of carryng out observaton work two f observaton groups are normally mantaned n the nfantry battalon, mach»e«-gun battalon, nfantry regment and dvson and army» The army corps wll normally have three or more posts -, and all artllery observaton posts wll also report ther nformaton through ther ntellgence and nformaton offcrs # 127 «Ihe posts are so located as to gve, as far aa possble» I a feld of vew to the requred depth wthn the enemy *c sector for Vj^j. - taa> the observaton of whch the unt, s responsble, posts under the control of the- dvson observe n general the mmedate- front to a depth" of entjnle, corps to a depth of fve mles and army to the l^flt ) of vsual observaton fthe equpment provded s h) proporton to.the depth of observaton requred. Battalons,ar<* prdvde-d wth feld glasses and, where necessary, wth a lght telescope. The nfantry regment has a lght telescope wth an aldade for measurng horson* tal angles; the dvson, a mob 3l,e telescope of hgh p6 wer wth aldade} the corps and army y telescopes of approprate powers for long range work.)

6 49 Panoramc photographs or sketches wll, when possble, be *$a#e from posts. These photographs, fmarked wth a degree scale correspondng to that of the aldade, and havng the promnent features named, are of great -assstance to observers* 128> Jtyportant oecurene^a. observed n other sectors wll be reported and n some eases responsblty for oblque observatons over an adjacent sector majf be fxed by orders*.-dnerva* tlon groups of hgher unte may also be located n the same post Wth groups from lower unt$.. 3ft s mportant,however, that spheres of observaton be assgned and understood and that responsblty for the satne be defntely fxed* Observers wllnorraally be- employed n pars one man usng the telescope or feld glass whle the other acts as a recorder and rests Js eyes. - ;(..." 129. The amount of nformaton receved from the front wll depend upon )he tranng and dlgence of the observers.. They roust be traled to recognze thevarous knds of equpment and unforms worn by the enemy and to report ther observatons ntellgently. They must be thoroughly traned n map readng and be famlar wth the names and locatons of all promnent objects, vllages, farms, etc., on ther front. Report 9 from posts sfust gve dfate and hour of observaton, wth accurate map r references or a bearng, ether true or wth reference to some promnent pont (See Appendx A). 130* observers must therefore possess all of the tranng and qualfcatons of the scout and, n addton, must have exceptonally good eyesght, be free from color blndness and must b of patent and ndustrous dspostons and not men nt nervous and restless temperament.. At no tjue wll&r observer... -u ;. Hs tranng must be contnuous!, due to be completely traned^ changng condtons of warfare and even the new developments occurrng wthn any gven campagn.

7 50 ( 131. In stablzed -warfare of long duraton observaton posts become almost permanent fxtures* They may be more or, lee ".:. 1 elaborately constructed and are provded wth all methods of communcaton to battalon headquarters and to the artllery* The # greatest care s exercsed n selectng and concealng the observaton po t so as to prevent ts exstence- from becomng known to the enemy who wllcertanly destroy t upon dscovery* v., 132* In war of movement» or n offensve operatons, the dutes of observers are the name but the method of ther employment s necessarly Changed* fxed post dsappears advance For he.^ower v unts, partcularly* the and s replaced by groups whch follow the by the "leap-frog" system, one remanng n. observaton whle a new post s beng establshed n advance, Xn marches n the presence of the enemy these groups accompany flartk elements* * After contact has been establshed, defnte nformaton n regard ( to the enemy f s stuaton &n& ntentons wllbe reported to the Battalon or teg mental Intellgence Offcer, observaton "beng 1 meantrhlle mantaned. As soon as a frng lne 1 s formed the groups wall establsh temporary observaton poets and wll follow advance byhe "leap-frog" metho^d These operatons requre that group be moble &.ns. that the observere be traned to act on ther own ntatve* tthey should be able to select rapdly the best observaton ponts and should have the good scouts knowledge of terran and vsblty. The range of Observaton must be, wder than n stablzed warfare 3 j n. and less detal can be covered* The sost sgnfcant nformatpn must be sought and recognzed* The frequent absence of fxe4lnes of wre communcatons makes the problem of gettng nformaton back to the ntellgeace offcer more dffcult.;tho equpment ^llf be the same but the tracng must be drected toward %k& development. of ntatve, judgment of the relatve value of ntellglace n ) -.. < formaton and sp^ed x reportng*.. j:

8 51 Ohapt^r I«INDICATIONS OF RELIEFS AND WITHDRAWAL g ", OF KKgMY f S UNITS. 134 u2666 It s hghly mportant, not only that prompt nformaton should be secured Of any change of enemys unts oppo ste the front of the army, but also that new unts be quckly dentfed Ifc order to detect changes n the front, relefs, or complete wthdrawals of enemys unts, the followng outlne of ndcatons has been compled for the nformaton and gudance of y scouts and patrols,, and of observers ACTIVITY OF FftOWT,LINE FIRE, TC. n the front lne system; 1 A. Unform ncrease of rfle and machne-gun fre may md cat ether? (a) A coverng far a relef n progress, or (b) The characterstcs of a new unt, whch may be more aggressve or perhaps more nervous. >.... B. Increase of trench-mortar fre and bombng; (a) In trench-mortars, tmay mean new regstraton, or the employment of these nstead of artllery, whch may have been wthdrawn or be savng ammunton* (b) Bombng wthout apparent cause, especally at. nght, may ndcate a new unt of nervous characterstcs, e.g., frequent ca?es have occurred of the enemy bombng nto hs own wre. Frequently ths has been the practce of 7 some unte whch have been contnuously engaged long tme. for a C. Increase n the number of flares sent up by the enemy along a battalon front (not locally) wll,other thnge beng equal, usually ndcate a relef, ether: (a) To cover the relef movement, (b) A characterstc or of new unt unacquanted vdtth the localty, and possbly nervous.. Conversely, the decrease n fre, bombng, flares, etc, may ndcate a

9 52 l--j new unt of more, quet characterstcs or purposely que to avod retalaton, partcularly fthas been recently n mvefw fghtng and wants a..q&f&t "tmer. lltlgf^oykment. A. Increase of the number or change n the atttude of patrols n front, of enemys wre may ndcate a new unt ether (a) By aggressveness 121 keepng patrol contact r or (h) By nervousness- or apparent reluctance to venture over toward our lnes or «(c) By the sze of the patrol, larger patrols may ndcate false feelng of securty by "safety n numbers. 1 On the other hand a large patrol, f aggressvely handled, may ndcate a determnaton to obtan contact n a degree approachng a rad, or, «"». (d) By coverng the operatons of a unt partcularly actve n?ork ng partes on the front lne. B. A local ncrease of ralway, narrow gauge, and trans por- X taton actvty, frequently ndcates a relef. Often the drect on of the movement can be seen or heard and, dependng upon the tme of day or ngm, the movement A* It s dffcult to deduce n or out can be surmsed. -,ACTIVITY, -, OF WORKING.^.,,, PARTIES 1 y-;., V. the presence >. of a new unt by ts actvty n trorkng.unless by comparson wth ts predecesso* as to metlodr sze of partes, etc.: The localty n whch work fr beng done may or may not ndcate a new unt.. B«The relef of a unt from the front s generally paned by a cessaton of"workng partes for at least one nght and usually a day w^le gettng settled do4n; ths can only be detected by contnuous observaton u2666

10 IQISES DM FftQfff j, AND APPROACHES, r A* A close study of noses comng from enemys trenches, as dscovered by patrols, wll usually ndcate the nature of r movement*. B Experenced observers j wll frequently be able to re* cognze the noses ma4 by an ordnary relef. A relef by troops t nss to a localty toll nvarably be noser than one by those to whom&t s famlar. Th^re wllbe consderable talkng and shufflng Of feet, or puttng on or taeng off of equpment; after t ffteen or twenty mnutes the movement. from the lne may be heard* of the releved troops.- -;. C» Lstenng posts and scouts are often of the greatest a-w&y# V ) value and A* should be constantly mantaned* APFEAtj^NCE OF HEW TftOOPS. Observers frequently send n reports ndcatng new I types of unfortas n the trenches, usually of a dfferent color* It s not safe to rely on ths means for the detecton of new troops, snes all unforms of fghtwg unts are now so nearly alke and fade readly or may be dusty or nraddy. ) ) B. The actons of new troops, however, are often ndcatve.-.). : of s ther gnorance of the localty. They wllmake more freqant < use of perscopes and wllmore often show ther heads than older unts* actvty of ART&my<. -.,! A* The eneßy* 9 artllery, such as dvsonal, maybe wholly [ releved (both personnel and materel.),.the change % ally by localtes, or the personnel only mw& -be beng made gradt releved* In <«s ether there s sur to be some cessaton and some apparently arratc frng. $n ether case also there wllbe re-*regstraton and more or ess»r#,ejce n puttng do-vm karrag& etfc*, both of ytheh; can be readly detected practce Ye closely observed* f the targets ) and the nature of the y

11 *. 54 I.:.: ;,.. ; ,. and projectles are techncal edbasedon B* The dsduotlons to fefe made from the nature of gums wth the enemy -s projectles, etc. -- a large a^lkntanoe < > r r ;

12 CHESTER 8. - MEANS Of,pjSSgMINAtION., ;.-,r Mltary Intellgence to be of value must be put nto the proper hands n convenent form and fath th least passble delay. It must be fully, clearly and concsely stated, and accompaned by t, logcal conclusons or estmates of the enemy *s stuaton arrved at * n the lght of full knowledge of all factors on both sdes* A mere ~] rectal of a seres 6f more or less connected facts, even though t be put nto the proper hands at the proper tme, does not consttute Mltary Intellgence, N 137. Mltary nformaton may be transmtted orally, graph.- :. ) cally or- n wrtten form The Assstant Chef of ptaff, 0-2, at all headquarters, wll frequently ba calle^ v y. upon, at staff conferences and meetngs, to gve orally hs estmate of the enemy *s stuaton or ntentons? and hs reasons therefor* le should be n full possesson of all nformaton of the enemy that has been receved and should constantly be consderng ths n connecton wth %he complete nformaton of our owl troops that s suppled hra* 139. graphs, sketched and dagrams should be made and kept up-to-date of all nformatjon of the enemy that s susceptble of beng so represented. -These wllform the bass for maps and sketches 4». Whch wll,be reproduced and dssemnated for the purpose -of-conveyt ng ntellgence data Among the documents of ths knd are the Enemy Stuaton Map, Enemy Works Map, Artllery Objectve Map, Ardrome Map and Artllery Actvty Map, whch are ssued perodcally or as the occason may demand. < T 141. The Enemy Stuaton Map s ssued by all ntellgence sectons at such fmervals as changng condtons render necessary. ( V It wllbear, n such detal as may be approprate for the headquarter 55 ; <?

13 56 and troops to whom t s ssued, data smlar to the followng: " X. The enejnys^frprt lne,".. -., - 2. the enemy *e order of,battle. Ths ncludes, besdes the locaton and lknts of the unt, the date of dentfcaton, date of engagement,- - estmated strength, morale and fghtng value.. : ~ " " " : ; - > Z* The enemy 1 nfantry or patrol actvty* V 4»- the enemys batteres located, ther drecton- of fre -and objeetvee,. 5* or gashed areas.» $ fv 6» Explosons, fres or other unusual events occurrng wthn > the enemy* lnes* 7^ Hostle arplanes and balloons shot dom 142. When r wrt"fen fom> mltary nfomaon and ntel* gonce occur n formal, prnted or mseographfd Sunma^es of In-: tellgence, n typewrtten estpatbd, studes and reports* and n messages*.all of these, together wth oral reports and. graphc representatons, are used by ntellgence offcers for keepng the coßhanders,staffs, and troops 6f ther own unts ans the- hgher ) and lower headquarters nformed on matters pertanng to- the enemy. j When nformaton of mportance or requrng mmedate acton nas been receved and $ accepted by an ntellgence offcer as relable, hs frst duty s o notfy the cgkmander pf hs^otyn unt;concurrently wth ths» ot as soon thereafter as possble he wllnotfy the unt concerned; fnally, f the matter Iequree such acton, he wll notfy adjacent unts and hgher he^dquarfters. 7,f,v gumnary of Intfellgejace 144. The daly Summary of Intellgence should present a complete ntellgence pcture of the day. %% shoald be a. lve document, possessng mmedate end vtal mportance to all concerned, by reason of the relablty and completetess of the facts s6t fbrth»* It s a confdental paper and those for whom : t s -ntended are enttled to know real condtons, nsofar as they can be ascertaned.

14 145. Whle the Summary of Intellgence should recte the facts accurately and completely* t should not be con* fned to a bald statement of uncoordnated facts* It s the duty of ntellgence* aot only to set forth the facts, but also to nterpret them, to make logcal deductons from them «u«to apply thsse. to exstng condtons. > Ths should.be done n as succnct a manner as possble «A short Swtanary wth deduct on should be. at the head of each paragraph* 146» Summares of Intellgence wll always be dstrbu.- _. _..... u0084. Ed to hgher and 1oter unts, and to.untff on ether flank*. 147, There wllbe two man parts to each susnary* Jtert -X-wllcontan all nformaton recetred from the front ojf the unt ssung the sumnaryt l^rt IIwllcontan nformaton receved from other sources*.. * When t s desred to publsh statements of prsoners, or other authorsed papers > they wllbe made an appendx to the summary* For. the forte of the Summary of Intellgence see Appendx»..." the followng wllact as a gude aa to the subject matter that should be publshed n the several paragraphs.!.. GEMSRAL 2MHffSSIONS-QF-:THS ;»^Y. Ths paragraph should be thtj personal work of the Assstant Chef of Staff &~3. An effort "-ohduld. be made to gve pcture of the day wthout descendng nto;detals. The object of the paragraph s to enable, t to be determned at a glanco whether the day mks of specal mportance or not; n the former case, how mportant* set forth* The man events, should therefore be brefly 57 I

15 58 <L tt.... ENEMY FRONT LINE. y.. The man object of ths paragraph s to show where the enemys front lne s at,a stated hour durng the day. The determnaton of the enemys front lne at any f moment should be arrved at after a careful cons derat on <, of all avalable data receved darng the day ENEMY ORDER OF BATTLE*. The object of ths paragraph -s to lst clearly and concsely the dentcatems determned upon from the., - lv I V evdence receved durng the perod covered by the summary, and to set forth such other matter concernng the «t enemy f s forces.as may have been deduced from the dentfcatons, : or as may: otherwse have been secured*... Ths paragrapfe^ß sub-dvded as follows-; (a) Identfcatons; (b) presumed enemy order of battle; (c) comment of enemy reserve 6n enemy unts; (d) stuaton _ IV. EI MY INFANTRY ACT XVI2Y, Ths paragraph should be prepared by the Assstant Chef of Staff G«-2. In t? essence 1 t s an nqury -**, nto the. nature of the enemys tactcal operatons of the day and cannot properly ba pre.pared "wthout, at least, some knowledge of the enemy vs tactcs. A mere statement of the c... facts.as that the enemy -fred here or there wth trench mortars, machne guns or rfles, or reconnotred vth patrols or executed a local counter attack, s an Ydcaton of nablty to understand the enemy l s nfantry actvty a#d of falure to fulfllthe msson of ntollgonco* The facts must be nterpreted and the lessons nvolved theren deduced and set d&m* v It s wthn the scope of the duty!

16 59 of the Assstant Chef of Staff fr*2 to ncte general attenton heren to new methods evolved by the enemy and to sug- gest ways and :means of meetng, hemw V* ENEMY ARTILLERY ACTIVITY* Ths paragraph s Ordnarly prepared by the ntellgence offcer n^ charge of artllery nformaton* B s prepared on the same prncple as the paragraph, on enemy nfantry actvty* VI. J»*Y AERBI* ACTIVEX As n the cases of the enemy *s nfantry and, artllery 1. actvty, the enemys aeral actvty s generally f not nvarably conducted accordng to a plan havng a close relaton to the exstng mltary stuaton* 3Eh ths paragraph y then should Be statement of ths plan, nsofar as poesble, Ths paragraph refer^ to tho actvty of both the enemy^s arplanes? and balloons* v,.-., %mn mm m* ; The condtons as, to vsblty for ground observaton should bo stated. Ths paragraph should ho confned to movement and orculaton or ndcatons thereof; the character of the traffc and the drecton a treysbeng vx..-. enewy wms, stated. In ths paragraph should be presented the latest developments as obtaned from all sources* It should not be confned to a mere lstng of n w features* The matter should > as n all other case?, be nterpreted* Interest ftg and mportant comparsons should be set down.

17 60 IX-. JfISSCKUxUSKOUS. Ths paragraph should -e.o&tah.-lnport ant nforaaton whch does not legtmately appear n any other paragraph, Such as a succnct dscuss- on 6f new tactcal formatons or; met hods employs d by the enemy; data concernng shell V fuses and new devces,; mportant nformaton dscovered on arplane photographs may also well bo stated he ran < X. EN&MY-INTENTIONS. Ths paragraph should be prepared by the Assstant Chef of -Staff &*-%. It-mu^fr not be used as a means of..... settng forth prognostcatons cr propheo.es, nor fof t the purpose of gvng estmates of hostle plans or n tent ons, cr apprecatons of the enemys stuaton* > Statements of prsoners as to what the enemys plans and ntentons, are or are.rumered t o be or vh.s~, acton s requred by the tactcal orders -under whch they have feen operatng, are pertnent; also ll a proper to state "hers- ay fadta terdkg to-thrfw Lght on the enemy 5 s plans and ntentons and tc gve -whatever reasonable and logcal deductons are thus affordod a bass- In ths manner an bppprtunty s afforded -the Assstant Chsf of Staff 0-2 to go over the whole ntellgence stuaton for the and to recast t for the specfc purpose of settng forth the enemys plans and ntentons* XI. ACTIVOTY OF CUR 0!N TROOPS* Yhs paragraph should be prapared after.ponst^-tktlon wth the Assstant Chef of Staff G-3«. lhl-e the actvtes of our own troops are not wthn th& scope Qf the legtmate feld of ntellgence, some consderable

18 ,--, 0 ( I reference thereto s essental n order to afford an understandng of much that the enemy s 4ong as well j as to complete the recorded pcture.. descrptve statements of a secret nature should be nserted Whle only general are desrable and wh.l nothng», th&.trend of V the paragraph tself should be to.!lx;4^..nate the paragraph^ on the enemys nfantry, artllery,and aeral actvty. It should therefore be closely coordnated therewth*,....,, ^ Appendx t there, s shown a lst of subjects sutable for ncluson n the S^Sary of Intellgence* 61 1 r;.h-±. f U--V-F fa R^ntf.wS., $

19 62 c, Chapter 9, V r CORPS INTELLICB^gE^ 150* The organ afa-u on and dutes of the ntellgence personnel, of an army cfetps. wall fee as follows: (a) A general staff offcer wth rank of colonel or» leutenant colonel as Assstant Chef of Staff, G-2«An experenced offcer wth rank of major as hs p*assstant. (b) Three offcers wth dutes as follows* Enemys order of battle y collecton cx all nform- merts, dspos tons. losses, tact cs, morale u0084 at on regardng the enemys personnel, e*g., movev. organzaton and strength, «.nd the enemys plans and ntentons*.% («) Informat on deal ng wth topography and techncal features n,the enemys area, locaton of machne, guns, dugouts, emplacements, trenches, ralroads. Interpretaton of arplane photographs; arplane - actvty, balloons* - Artllery: locaton of the.enemy *s batteres, feld^ of fre of same, actvty, artllery targets n host ale terrtory, localtes n our lnes habtually shelled by the enemy. Each offcer wll he charged wth specfc durtes, but all wll be traned so as to be capable of performng all of the.above menton &d dutes, as n actual warfare thfre are perods of weeks at a tme when army corps are engaged. Snce at least one offcer must be on duty both nght and day, all offcers belongng to ntellgence cset on must be suffcently famlar wth the dutes of the ther offcers to T&e capable of takng ntellgent acton en any matter that may come up. was th.9 organzaton found necessary n the A»E.F»

20 63 (c) One offcer, -wth two sergeant necessary lngustc qualfcatons. assstants, all wth the ; Dutes : Classfcaton 1 of prsoners, examnaton of prsoners* examnaton of documents* (d) Ofle offcer attached to corps aeral recdnnassance group (known as Branch Jfrfcellgenc Offcer, S#s*o») a captan or leutenant* dutes * Examnaton of plots and observers and dssemnaton of ths nformaton, and ssue of arplane photographs, nterpretaton. explanaton to plots and observers of mssons specfed fey the Assstant Chef of Staff, G-2. Ths offcer s the representatve of.the Assstant Chef of Staff, G-2, wth the corps avaton servce* He w j.l be statoned at tf».. corps avaton feld* He wll have as assstants s 1; -.. :..-;-,...,.. : : 1 clerk, 3 draftsmen and I.orderly. (c) One offcer* one sergeant three corporals and eghteen prvates, frst class as corps observers. Dutes: To report all movements seen by them wthn the enemys lnes, ncludng troops, trucks * wagons, " narrow and standard gauge ralroad trans, smoke, host He arpane s and cvefythng that s pf ml.tar y mportance. (f) G«*2-C» topography v two offcers, One wth rank of major or captan, the other a captan or leutenant, on^ plerk;, eleven draftsmen, four lthographers, fyp chauffeurs and two orderles* P^es; (l) Preparaton of correcton he^s for. V - Rattle tnaps and forwardng these to the army ntell-^ gence secton* These sheets are made up from tracngs receved from dvsonal ntellgence. sectons, aeral photographs, engneer surveys and all other - sources of nformaton*

21 64 > (2) Preparaton, reproducton and dstrbuton of f staff sectons u2666 specal maps, plans and sketches for all corps- general - (3) Requston and dstrbuton of all maps receved... or prepared by the v eorps>. (4) Correcton and keepng up to date of maps re qured by the corps commander and staff. v (5) Supervson of transfer of maps, record 3 and materal bevteen dvson ntellgence sectons when.. relefs are effected. (6) Under the supervsbn of the- army ntellgence ).secton, the corps ntellgence secton exercses such.,.,. techncal drecton over the methods and work of the etyson ntellgence sectons a3 wll nsure a un A...- form system of maps and geodetc control through the 1 army. For ths purpose, the topographcal offcer wll hold such conferences of the dvson topographcal >N X... - ".[ -. : V. offcers and wll attend such conferences of the % arrcy topographcal offcers as may be-necessary (g) In offce of Assstant Chef of Staff, G-2,-fve * feld clerk 3and three orderles I.151. Assstant Chef of Staff, G*2, s charged wth, keepng the corps commander, chef of staff, and the other general staff sectons suppled wth all nformaton regardng the enemy, - no matter what ts character may be, and of dssemnatng such -of ths nformaton as s pertnent to lower, flank and hgher unts., He ^ the expert advsor of hs commandng general and staff on all matters pertanng to the enemy and hs stuaton.. ;He must have a keen apprecaton of the tactcs, strategy, modes.-.. mltary methods, organzaton and systems of the enemy of thought, tn ( J

22 65! 152. Besdes supervsng the general work of hs secton, the Assstant Chef of Staff, Gr~2, wllgve the closest personal attenton to the preparaton of the corps ) Summary, of Intellgence, The most %. mportant personal duty of the Assstant Chef of Staff, -2, s the preparaton ot hs "Apprecaton of ; the Enemy f s Stuaton" and hs Estmate of Enemy Plans and Intentons." 153. The army corps wllbe responsble for collectng and tabulatng nformaton coverng a zone behnd "... the enemys lne* to a dstance of -fve mles. Ths nforma* toj? wllbe obtaned from all avalable sources* ncludng statements made by refugees, statements made by prsoners and deserters, the examnaton of documents, such as captured Orders, maps, letters and post cards. Photographs taken l»y * our avators, megsages from our rado statons and telephonc lstenng sets, ground observaton, reconnassance by arplanes, rads, patrols, reports from sound and flash rangng sectons through the Artllery Informaton Offcer wll also -.- ~. ) furnsh nformaton* 154. Informaton from any one source taken by tself should rarely be accepted; as a rule t s necessary to check nformaton receved from several sources, one aganst the other, n order to obtan relable deductons, 155* AH nformaton tllbe fled by sub ject, kep up to date and accompaned "by a seres of maps, each map beng reserved for a separate subject, such as the enemy *s 2f batteres, dumps, roads, ralroads, headquarters, systems, rado statons, and the stuaton map. defensve The corps ntellgence offcer wll keep a complete record of ths nformaton* 156. When any hostle tmt s releved from the.*. corps front ts record wllbe forwarded to army headquarters V

23 Corps ntellgence offcers wll arrange that, at the frst ad and1 dressng statons, all documents and; equpment on wounded prsoners, or brought n by our. own wonded, are retaned -untl examned..* "" ntellgence Secton v >. by an offcer from the» k 158. Corps ntellgence offcers wll examne C captured documents and maps for data of mmedate tactcal mportance to. the corps staff) but wll forward them n the V shortest possble tme to army headquarters It s mportant that the Assstant Chef of Staff* G-2, of the corps Be known personally to dvson, brgade and regmental staffs.." 150. All mportant nformaton, partcularly, dentfcatons of hostle uns by prsoners, dead, or others.wse, wll be mmedately reported to army headquarters* of dentfcatons made durng the nght wll reach array-headquarters at such hour as may be prescrbed. -Reports of dentfcaton wllgve map references s well as co-ord-* I nates* ~ 161. Corps ntellgence offcers wll transmt to» army headquarters from tne to tme th:roughout the day, messages gvng short reports of all occurrences of mportance from an ntellgence vewpont observed or ther front.., The, mportance of mmed lately reportng sgnfcant front lne nformaton by a!ll unte 5 cannct be emphaszed too strongly* Informaton of lesser urgency wll be reported by means of the corps Summary of Intellgence..; -..-* 162..A Summary of Intellgence wll be prepared and! publshed at each corps headquarters coverng a perod specfed by army, headquarters. It.>?ll be -a confdental ) document (not secret), wll not be ssued Helow regmental headquarters, and wll not. be taken further front than

24 ,-. 67 { > ttalon headq vsbsh ers» Ifotoe d ths c ffeet wllbe prnted daly at the head of the> summary. The summary wl be dvded nto two man parts; he frst contanng all nformaton from the corps front, the second that from other sources «, The corps summary wll,-to a large extent, obvate the necessty of corps makng separate reports to^army head- I quarters on ntellgence matters, but t must be remembered that the army corps ntellgence secton s nevertheless responsble for the forwardng of all mportant nformaton I receved n the quckest marn&r possble. For forms of y Summares of ntellgence see Appendx "E". 163* Corps summares, whch wllbe compled from reports transmtted from dvsons and other sources, and from nformaton gven n the army Sanmary of Intellgence, wll be lmted to matter that s of value from an ntellgence pont of vew. must be remembered that covps,it,... ".. *. summares are ntended prncpally for Ve nformaton of fghtng troops of all arms* They should, therefore, be short, and consderable dscreton should be exercsed n ncludng extracts from the a^my summary, both because corps summares-, although confdental documents, are always subject to capture by th enemy, and because the ncluson of,..., ", I. : ; " nformaton whch does not ntmately. affect the fghtng troops tends to obscure that whch does* The army summary, whch s necessarly longer than the corps summary because! ts prncpally ntended for t>>e use o^f the ntellgence staffs of ower J format ons, s ssued to dvson and to corps heavy artllery as well as to corps headquarters. OCt s, however, moßt mportant that full nformaton should " be gven n corps summares regardng work of every sort that.. : _..;...., the enemy s carryng out wthn hs lnes. Such nformaton^

25 There 68 f well arranged, s most useful to army headquarters. Extracts from newspapers wll not be publshed. 164, All nformaton regardng new work n progress behnd the enemys lnes, whch s obtaned the study of arplane photographs, wll be fcserted from n corps. Summares of.intellgence, ths s mportant, not only to render the?qrss summary a complete record of nformaton obtaned, but also to assst subordnate unts n ther stdy of these photograjs by posng out nformaton that has been obtaned from those whch mmedately concern them. Ths nformaton s most convenently ssued perpdsally and t js generally advantageous to ssue, n addton, a sketch showng all work revew. carred out When such <a by the sketch enemy durng the s ssued a copy perod under. of t wll be forwarded to army headquarters. 1.65* must be a close contact mantaned between the cprp& ntellgence secton and 9 lery nforma-ton.servce* J^Ll nformaton the corps arm.l receved bythe ntellgence secton s exchanged wthout delay, 166 v Allar reconnassance and ar photography! wllbe carred suant to orders out by corps aeral reconnassance group pur -* ssued through the Assstant Ghef of Staff, o* ( E>u?" ng actve operatons -tlere. wll be a daly conference held n the offce of the Assstant C hef of Staff, v G-2, presded over by hm, and aendect by the Artllery Informaton Offcer, Chef of Corps Ar Servce, or hs representatve, Branch Intell^erce Offcer, Chef of Balloon Servce, Observaton Offcer, Topographcal Offcer, and an x offcer from th operatons secton* >At ths conference the nformaton receved durng the day wllbe dscussed and & dgested, and plans prepared for obtanng nformaton durng - the followng day, ;

26 Durng actve operatons a daly stuaton map wll be prepared, and dstrbuted down to nclude regmental commanders. Ths map wll show he enemys order of battle, hs front lne and the mportant actvtes of the enemy that have taken place durng the prevous twenty-four hours. Durng stablzed mr-f^re a smlar - map -wll be ssued l as often as mpsrtant changes warrant 169. The corps ntellgence offcer, after consultng wth the Artllery Informaton Of cer, wll, as often an t s deemed necessary, prepare maps, showng the locaton, feld of fre and calbre of the enemys artllery. These maps wll be ssued to corps and dvsonal commanders and staffs, to artllery, arplane and other unts concerned- Copes wllbe forwarded to army headquarters. In lke 7 manner j7j maps of artllery objectves wll be prepared and ssued by corps ntellgence sectons. WE GENERAL SER^c sots

27 > 70 ; ) <* Chapter 10. j ARMY-INmLIG.ENSB< 170. The Assstants Chef of Staff, G-2, of an arsy! asssts n, the preparaton of all plans for operatons and feljd orders and at all tmes ketf^b the army commander and >) staff fully nformed on matters pertanng to the enemy. The ntellgence secton > under hs supervson, serves the army troops and the corps and dvsons composng the army by transmttng to them wthout delay mportant tems callng for mmedate acton and by furnshng them f#tll nformaon V perodcally or as the occason may demand, Informaton of partcular value or mmedate mportance s transmtted to the next hgher headquarters and to the adjacent unt or unts concerned wth as lttle delay as possble and perodc re-. ports are furnshed unts and such hgher heatguajrters as requre them*. -( The ntellgence.secton of ah army supervsss the preparaton and dstrbuton of all maps " the army« : for use wthn 171. The^ army ntellgence secton^ concefn^ tself wth. the enemy and the terran opposte the front of the army "to a depth lmted^ only by a radus of operaton of -the army aeral L reconnassance groups, by the lmts of vsblty from ground observaton posts" and balloons a,nd by the amount and knd of nformaton that can be obtaned through careful examnaton of, ( ". large numbers of prsoners and documents* * The dutes of the army ntellgence secton -afe somewhat dfferent n character from those performed by the ntellgence sectons -at lower headquarters. It has only very lghted agences for the drect collecton of nformaton and must depend to a large extent on the reports from lower head- quarters.. ; "... - V

28 ..: 17$* All nformaton receved, so matter from what source, s classfed, studed n the lght of our own actvtes and all other condtons affectng the stuaton, co-ordnated :... and nterpreted. Conclusons are then drawn and general and - } specal est&ates of the enemy x & stuaton, are made If the lower ntellgence sectons are effcent n the performance of the"r "dutes and mantan a flow to the rear. of nformaton carefully selected from the mass that comes nto ther hands» accompaned by such opnons or deductons, as may have been made, the army ntellgence secton wll never be unnformed on the locaton, actvtes and probable ntentons Of the enemy and there wll be dssemnate^ as Intellgence complete nformaton accompaned by the conclusons arrved at n the lght of a fullknowledge of all matters affectng the stuaton. J 175 The Assstant Chef. of Staff, ~2, of an army s a general staff offcer of approprate rank. ) Hs prndpal assstant s a genera,l staff offcer of feld rank who asssts and understudes hm, relevng hm of the detal work and the I techncal supervson and coordnaton of army and corps n* tellgence sectons. The detaled ctstrbuton of dutes among the techncal assstants s shown, n Appendx OV 176, The work of the ntellgence falls nto four man classes; secton of an arnw 1 > 1, Mltary nformat on* 2. Count er-e sponage * 3 u2666topography^, and map supply u2666 Press and censdrshstp. 177 u2666 Allgereral?ork, correspondence and admnstratve dutes are performed n the admnstratve and executve offce «( under the drecton bf the prncpal assstant to the chef of the secton* - 71

29 178 k.message room s establshed for the purp-crse M handlng all communcatons der ths offce. seht or *ect;ve>d; whether "through. the (message center" or-not;. 1?9 * Al nf6rmat on that s rece ved s class fed. tt.s then studed anl nterpreted, recorded n convenent form and fled by specalsed bffoers pe results of ths work 1 are submtted to the chef, of the assstnat chef, of the sec + j ton who pertnent coordnates them and, based on a data, arrves at eonclßgons or consderaton estms-tes o$ of all the stuaton*,180. The Summary -of Intellgence of an army s -based prncpally on the summares submtted by the several army corps, supplemented by summares and reports receved from hgher headquarters and the collectng agences under the drect control of the army ntellgence secton and by fragmentary nformaton receved throughout the day from all sources. It conforms to the general rules for summares of ntellgence and dffers from those of lower unts n the scope of nformaton presented, the extent and depth of terran covered* and the consequently broader y conclusons or estmates arrved at Drectons from hgher headquarters qurem nts of the operatons secton wll gude and theren the deter^ ranaton of the hour of closng the Summary, of Intellgence each I day. Based oh ths decson, r the hour of closng of corps, orders wll be ssued governng. summares and the rendton, of reports from the army collectng agences and servces. All of the r se should close at the same hour. 102, The techncal procedure lad dotm for the explotaton of mltary nformaton at lotrer unts governs at the army, due Regard "be ng had to the ncreased cope of nformaton obtaned and the gr^at extent ajad depth of terran kept. under survellance. u

30 73 183, The followng ponts of dfference n the treatment of ntellgence at the army and corps are to be noted* (a) Battle Order. The enemys order of battle s mantaned at the array, not only n detal for the front of the army proper, but also n a more general way for the entre theatre. r *. of oferatons, The fnal decson on mportant changes n the order of battle rests rath General Headquarters. v (b) Ground Observaton. The army ntellgence secton mantans two or store* ground observaton, posts,, as the crcumstances way demand. These posts are equpped wth the hghest power telescopes provded wth aldades for the measure- 1 menjtof horzontal angles u2666 aeral reconnassance (c) Aeral Reconnassance. The army mantans "over all of the terran opposte ts front* beyond the lmt kept under survellance by the corps. Ths reconnassance s both vsual and photographc* The prncpal dfference, however, between the army and reconnassance aeral work s that the army conducts nght r&conh&s*. sance by means of a specal aeral nght reconnassance group* (d) Rado Intellgence* Kado ntellgence s conducted at army and hgher headquarters and e based on the ntercepton of the enemys wreless messages by means of feld and hgh power ntercept statons. Lstenng-n sets are made use of tor rado ntellgence. They are used for lstenng to the enemy*s telephonc conversaton and are of value manly n stablzed warfare, lstenng- n sets and ntercept statons are made use of also for the purpose of checkng and controllng nfractons of regulatons n our own sgnal traffc. (c) Examnaton of prsoners. At the army prsoners^ deserters and all persons cpmng from wthn the, enemy *s lnes

31 are examned much. more n detal than at any lower headquarters. Spec allst s -and men who have techncal knowledge -are questoned for the purpose of ganng nformaton en ther specaltes. The former statements of prsoners are checked up -by re~.x~ tt amnator* Men who are suspected of concealng- or gvng msleadng nformaton are gven specal examnatons. Examnatons for the purpose of ganng nformaton on matters of poltcal or economc nature are conducted n accordance wth the drectons of -hgher headquarters* (f) Examnaton of captured documents. Allcaptured documents pass through the army ntellgence secton and none are forwarded from there -unexamned* Every possble use s { made of the nformaton conveyed by these documents. Mattbrs of general nterest are publshed n the StwKary of Intellgence; nformaton on matters of specal nterest, s furnsh^ ed to those concerned; orgnals of maps whch are valuable to the servces are temporarly put at ther dsposals :_ The subjects and dute that come under topography map and dstrbuton are : (a ) Trangula bon 1. For the control of art.11,1.6rjfre 2, As a bass for the preparaton of battle maps, (b) Surveys for fro or.; anzaton and the. Pr eparat on. publcaton and dstrbuton of the data a (c.) Surveys,for and the preparaton of battle* maps on varous scales* (d) Reproducton of maps, specal maps^ plans- sketches for the army commander servces and all unts, wthn the army. * and staffs, sectons* ( ) Hap regustons and %h& dstrbuton of all maps receded or prepared by the army. (f) The drecton of the.transfer of topographc <c<. data by corps ntellgence sectons when requred by crcumstances* v 74

32 A tt (g) the techncal supervson of the topographc ( work of corps ntellgence sectons. XBs* It s necessary that the trangulat on control throughout the. Ar^ny be unform and that the maps prepared by V all unts conform* The offcal.battle map prepared by the army wllgovern n regard to nas^es, topography and locaton of the enemy 1 s defensve organzaton. 186, In-order to assst n preparng ths map and n correctng errors, correcton sheets wll be prepared by the ) ntellgence sectons of lower unts and 1 forwarded by the f chef of the secton to array headquarters* Each secton ml comple and combne the nformaton from lower unts. JUX a- lower unts may ssue sach. correcton sheets as nformaton, r but the changes wllnot become offcal untl they appear on the army battle map. : 187 The relatons wth the artllery nformaton servce at the army wll n general conform to those outlned lor the v corps* The artllery must frequently rely on the army topo* graphc battalon for specal reconnassances, surveys, tr^ angulaton, and other techncal fd&d, as vmll as for the preparaton of specal cartographc documents dealng wth the organzaton of artllery fre and artllery objectves,.. N 188. Close relatons are mantaned wth the artllery nformaton servce n the preparaton of artllery frng data, n the determnaton of locaton of hostle artllery r r from resttuton of ar photographs specal cartographc documents dealng wth the organzaton of artllery fre*.. IB9v The same and n th producton of prncple appled n:";deal ng wth all servces and staff sectons, snce all are dependent on the army topographc battalon for the preparaton of specal maps 75

33 76 and the reproducton- of all maps and doccnents. The topographc battalon xxsor yes all sectons and servces, under s the supervson of the, Assstant Chef of Staff - -2, Who assgns general work rather.than, an undue amount on for :uatellgep.ee* of; re.product* : 190 Cbunter-ssponage wthn the army s conduft-ed under the drecton of ths Assstant Chef of Staff, G-2, of the army n accordance wth nstructons -receved from hgh* or headquarters. He has at hs dsposal for ths purpose personnel from the corps of ntellgence polc n Kmbers dependent ujpon^ varyng^^ crcumstajces,, Press fepresentalrtyes, and censorshp wmn the army are un<e* the supervson of the Assstant Chef of Staff Q"Z* The followng dutes are perfoxmed n ths connecton: (a) To recave, advse and conduct adored ted correspon dents. ; (b) To facltate the work of correspondents and censor at press feld headquarters by sendng by wre a daly resume of the events of the proceedng twenty-fdur hours* (c) $o pupervse the detrsntton of propaganda 16 the enemy. X92, The dutes of ah Assstant Chef of Staff, 6-2] and the personnel of an army ntellgence secton are performed n accordance wth the proceedurs lad down for the htollgendo sectons of 10-^er headquarters# 193«faly conferences presded over by the Assstant Chef of Staff 0-2, a,re held wth; the Chef of Ar Servce. or hs representatve, the Artllery Informaton Off oer, Branch Intellgence Offcer, Chef Ballcon Offcer, Observaton Offcer, topographc Offcer and an offcer from the operatons secton of the general staff* At ths conference

34 J the nformaton receved, darng the day wll be dscussed am dgested and plans prepared f >r obtanng nformaton durng the followng day,...":,.. 194, Durng the perod of preparaton for an operaton the army ntellgence secton makes specal and general.. * studes of the terrapn and all matters fallng wthn the ; scope of ntellgence for use of the army staff n. arrvng at a decson* :. t Ths ncludes workng out aeral reconnassance... plans to be put nto effect gpror to and durng, the acon; assstng n the preparaton of arplane bombg plans wth detaled data concernng targets; artll^rxbombardment object* ves ncludng detals such as the locaton 6f senstve ponts m the enemys crculaton system, the va,lue of the. ejeray% defensve organzaton and the calbre of shell necessary to r destroy strong ponts, and matters of a smlar na ture : ; the recaptulaton by means of maps and Summares of Int.ellgen.ce of all nformaton of the enemy affectng the stuaton n -,aay=degree*.-. ; :-:.-. u0084,:."" Durng an acton ths work s Contnued, >ut under v the pressure of greater necessty for speed, snce the nforma* ton to be^ of value» must reach those concerned mth the mnmum of delay. t- :*" 77 ~