Universal Access to Information & Communication Technology in the Asia Pacific Region
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1 Universal Access to Information & Communication Technology in the Asia Pacific Region The Asia and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the World Telecommunication Development Conference Bali, Indonesia, 25 to 27 April /18/2001 1
2 Topics Asia Pacific Digital Divide! Measurement! Reasons Initiatives to enhance access! National! Regional! International 2
3 Some definitions Access to ICT! Physical ownership / availability! Affordability! Skills There will always be segments of any society that will not want to avail themselves of technology In essence, the real difference between the info-poor and the info-rich is the inequality of physical and financial access to ICT and in the actual usage of sources of information in a particular society. Source: 3
4 ICT Gap in the Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific. Per 100 people. January x Developing Developed x Difference between developed and developing x Telephones Mobile Internet Note: Developed refers to Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Hongkong SAR, Korea (Rep.), Singapore and Taiwan-China; developing are all others. Source: ITU. 4
5 ICT Gap within countries Internet penetration in Malaysian states, 2000 KL Selangor Penang Melaka MALAYSIA Johor Sarawak Negeri Sembilan Perak Kedah / Perlis Pahang Terengganu Sabah Kelantan 11.3% 8.9% 5.9% 4.6% 4.4% 3.7% 3.2% 2.7% 2.0% 1.4% 1.1% 0.9% 0.5% 19.2% Source: ITU adapted from NITC. 5
6 Obstacles to bridging the Digital Divide 25% 20% N. America Europe S. America Africa Asia-Pacific 15% 10% 5% 0% Protectionism Corruption Infrastructure Language Bureaucracy Poverty Culture Source: Global Information Infrastructure Commission 6
7 Income barrier Internet Penetration 100.0% R 2 = % 1.0% 0.1% 1'000 10' '000 GDP per capita 7
8 Tariff barrier Thirty hours of Internet access, October 2000, US$ Kiribati Maldives Cambodia New Caledonia Solomon Japan PNG ASIA-PACIFIC Indonesia Guam Lao P.D.R. Fiji Nepal New Zealand Malaysia Singapore ISP Telephone $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 Source: ITU 8
9 Socio-cultural barrier Singapore. Never use Internet (by language). 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% English only Chinese only Malay only English & Chinese Source: ITU adapted from CABSAT/NETWATCH. 9
10 National policies National ICT plans Liberalization PC ownership subsidies Universal access Skills development Digital legislation Local content 10
11 National ICT Plans Elevate ICT to top of agenda Specify policies and actions that are relevant to country Roadmap 11
12 Liberalization Open up infrastructure and services market Allow full service operators Liberalization of the VSAT market in Nepal has led to a sharp drop of Internet tariffs and consequent rise in users 12
13 Personal Computer (PC) Ownership Reduce or eliminate tariffs on PCs Provide incentives for purchasing PCs! Republic of Korea! Singapore! Malaysia 13
14 Universal access: Diversity of models 14
15 Skills development Most effective way of developing ICT skills is to wire schools ICT human resource requirements Private sector 15
16 Digital legislation Acceptance of electronic forms Security, confidence Crime, copyright Convergence 16
17 Local content: Pondicherry, India Knowledge Centre staff at Embalam village explaining use of RealAudio Weather reports Fish stocks Entitlement, nutrition, job, women databases Agricultural info Entertainment 17
18 Regional initiatives APT AII - Asia-Pacific Summit on the Information Society e-asean e-apec 18
19 Global Initiatives G-8 DOT Force UNDP Digital Opportunity Initiative 19
20 Next Steps What should ITU Development Sector role be in reducing the Digital Divide? 20
21 What does Digital Divide Mean? Asia-Pacific Africa S. America Business Opportunity ICT Access Developed-Developing Urban-Rural Europe N. America 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Percentage of Responses by Region 21
22 Needed Public Policy 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% N. America Europe S. America Africa Asia-Pacific 22 Percentage of Responses by Region Independent Regulator Privatization Deregulation Open Investment Policies Basic Education IT Skills-Building Consumer Protection Rules Open Access Mandates
23 Digital Bridge Applications 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Electronic Commerce Distance Education Telemedicine E-Government 0% 23 Percentage of Responses by Region N. America S. America Europe Africa Asia-Pacific
24 Who Should Bridge the Digital Divide? 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 24 Private Sector Government Foreign Aid Development Organizations NGOs Civil Society Philanthropy Percentage of Responses by Region N. America Europe S. America Africa Asia-Pacific
-2SD +2SD -3SD -2SD -3SD -2SD
Local 1980 RURAL 0. -5.99 462 0.2 4.7 1.3 14.1 43.9 3.9 37.0 Poor rural kampungs 00322 RURAL 0. -0.99 73 1.4 2.7 8.2 6.9 26.0 0.0 13.7 Poor rural kampungs RURAL 1 94 0.0 6.4 0.0 12.8 37.2 1.1 33.0 Poor
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