Standard Syllabus for Postgraduate Educational Courses in Radiation Protection and the Safe Use of Radiation Sources

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1 Standard Syllabus for Postgraduate Educational Courses in Radiation Protection and the Safe Use of Radiation Sources Argentine Adoption and Adaptation Arias, C.; Biaggio, A.L. and Nasazzi, N.B. Presentado en: 11 th International Congress on the International Radiation Protection Association. Madrid, España, mayo 2004

2 Standard Syllabus for Postgraduate Educational Courses in Radiation Protection and the Safe use of Radiation Sources Argentine Adoption and Adaptation Arias, C. 1, Biaggio, A.L. 2 and Nasazzi, N.B. 2 1 Universidad de Buenos Aires carias@fi.uba.ar 2 Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear abiaggio@cae.arn.gov.ar nnasazzi@cae.arn.gov.ar Abstract. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) published the Standard Syllabus for Post Graduate Educational Courses in Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources in Along more than two decades, Argentina has obtained valuable experience on building professional knowledge at postgraduate level in Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety. Such experience made advisable to review the IAEA Standard Syllabus and to modify it accordingly. The whole content of the Standard Syllabus is included in the syllabus developed for the Argentinean Regional Post Graduate Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources. But a few additional topics were incorporated and changes were introduced in the sequence of subjects. The paper describes those modifications and explains the pedagogic motivations that induce them. 1. Introduction The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) published the final version of a Standard Syllabus for Post Graduate Educational Courses in Radiation Protection and the Safe Use of Radiation Sources in 2002 [1]. This IAEA Standard Syllabus (SS) is considered to be the model for developing national or regional Post Graduate Courses in the world. This remarkable task started after publication of Safety Series 115 and related Safety Guides includes extensive references and a comprehensive list of practical exercises. The SS consists of a list of minimum contents in a proposed sequence. It seems that the structure of IAEA Safety Series 115 Publication has influenced the SS conception somehow. It is understood that in adopting the SS the educational institutions would have enough flexibility to determine the most convenient sequence of subjects and, to some extent, their relative relevance. Argentina has a long tradition in running a Regional Postgraduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety. Significant experience on building professional knowledge at postgraduate level for both national and foreign professionals, coming mainly from other Latin America countries, has been obtained along more than two decades. However, the SS was a convenient input for reconsidering the whole training policy in Argentina. The last Post Graduate Course in Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety was run in Buenos Aires in the year 2002, and the SS was directly applied -as it was published by IAEA - to the first part of such course (i.e., the one dealing with Radiation Protection). After reviewing the whole policy regarding the Post Graduate Course during the second half of 2002, it was decided to organize two Post Graduate Courses in Argentina, the first one dealing with Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources and the second one in Nuclear Safety, starting in 2003 [2] [3]. In order to implement such changes syllabuses for both courses were developed. The SS and the experience obtained since 1980 to 2002 in Argentina, particularly, the analysis of the direct application 1 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Paseo Colón 850, Dep.de Física, CPA 1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2 Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear, Av. del Libertador 8250, CPA C1429BNP, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1

3 of SS during 2002 were taken into account for developing the syllabus of the new Post Graduate Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources. Consequently, Argentina adopted the SS but modifications were introduced to achieve the best use of resources having in mind the domestic experience. The prevailing criteria for deciding changes were the consideration of student effort and time devoted to every subject, the logic way of linking matters attending to the conceptual hierarchy of knowledge and the optimization of student performance through a gradual and accumulative application of previously imparted knowledge. 2. Argentine background in Postgraduate Education in Radiation Protection and Safe use of Radiation Sources In 1977 the Regulatory Branch of Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) decided to create a full time course on Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety aimed at covering internal needs of the CNEA and related organizations (Operators and Regulators). By the end of 1978 it was decided to confer a formal academic status to the course. An agreement was then signed between the Engineering School of the University of Buenos Aires, the Ministry of Health and the CNEA. The first Postgraduate Course on Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (PGCRPNS) was run in The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has supported the course since that year, mainly by granting scholarships to Latin America university graduates. The role of the regulatory branch of the CNEA in Argentina in running the course was assumed by a new independent organization, the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ARN), in The table below summarizes the number of participants in the PGCRPNS since 1980 to Table 1. Number of participants by country in the PGCRPNS, Country Participants Country Participants Country Participants Algeria 4 Argentina 286 Bolivia 23 Brazil 26 Colombia 26 Costa Rica 10 Cuba 38 Chile 25 Ecuador 23 El Salvador 6 Spain 1 Philippine 7 Guatemala 11 Haiti 2 Morocco 1 Mexico 20 Nicaragua 6 Panama 9 Paraguay 11 Peru 40 Poland 1 Dominican Rep 6 Romania 1 Uruguay 19 Yugoslavia 1 Venezuela 29 Vietnam 1 Zaire 2 Total: 635 As mentioned, two courses were run in 2003 instead of the original one. One Post Graduate Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources with an extension of 25 weeks and one Post Graduate Course in Nuclear Safety with an extension of 10 weeks. During the year 2003, 27 professionals participated in the new Post Graduate Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources (14 from abroad) and 16 professionals in the new Post Graduate Course in Nuclear Safety (7 from abroad). 2

4 3. The IAEA Standard Syllabus and the Argentine Adaptation Table 2. The IAEA Standard Syllabus and the Argentine adaptation (AS) IAEA STANDARD SYLLABUS ARGENTINE ADAPTED SYLLABUS P1- REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS P2- QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENTS P3- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONISING RADIATIONS P4- PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK P5- REGULATORY CONTROL P6- ASSESSMENT OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURES P7- PROTECTION AGAINST OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES P8- MEDICAL EXPOSURES IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY, RADIOTHERAPY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE P9- EXPOSURE OF THE PUBLIC DUE TO PRACTICES P10- INTERVENTIONS IN SITUATIONS OF CHRONIC AND EMERGENCY EXPOSURES P11- TRAINING THE TRAINERS (P): Part SCIENTIFIC MATTERS C1- REVISION OF FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS C2- INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIATION AND MATTER C3- RADIATION SOURCES C4- QUANTITIES AND UNITS C5- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONISING RADIATIONS C6- PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK GENERIC TECHNICAL MATTERS C7- INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS C8- ASSESSMENTS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE C9- RADIATION PROTECTION AND SAFETY OF SOURCES TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC TECHNICAL MATTERS C10- RADIATION PROTECTION OF WORKERS C11- RADIATION PROTECTION OF PUBLIC C12- RADIATION PROTECTION OF PATIENTS C13- RADIATION PROTECTION OF WORKERS PUBLIC AND PATIENTS IN SPECIFIC FACILITIES C14- INTERVENTION IN PRE-EXISTING EXPOSURES REGULATORY MATTERS C15- REGULATORY ASPECTS C16- TRAINING THE TRAINERS (C): Chapter 3

5 4. What is different in Argentina Adapted Syllabus (AS)? Classification of knowledge When adopting the SS, Argentina considered convenient to modify the distribution of subjects and to open new chapters. However, the overall content of SS is included in Argentine Syllabus (AS). The classification of knowledge in categories according to their nature helped to order subjects and to decide the opening of new chapters. The categories are the following: Scientific Matters General Technical Matters Specific Technical Matters Regulatory Matters Scientific Matters includes all Physical and Biological knowledge on which Radiation Protection is founded. Definition of Quantities and Units are considered here since they are directly related to basic physical and biological aspects of interaction of radiation and matter. The Principles of Radiation Protection are also included because the philosophy of Radiation Protection and Safety has been developed from the scientific knowledge. General Technical Matters refers to basic technology common to every aspect of radiation protection practice irrespective of radiation source and kind of people to protect. It includes Measurements and Instrumentation, Assessment of External and Internal Exposures and Radiation Protection and Source Safety Technology. Specific Technical Matters includes particular considerations on Radiation Protection and Safety of Sources for protection of Workers, members of the Public and Patients in the prevailing circumstances determined by most common radiation sources and facilities. Regulatory Matters refers to regulatory control organization and regulatory responsibilities. Training of Trainers is included here due to its relevance in regulatory control. New Chapters Pedagogic considerations advised to modify somehow the sequence of subjects presented in the SS. In addition, new chapters were opened for rising the attention to important matters and to include subjects whose significance remains hidden in the SS because, despite of their common nature, they are spread into various chapters. The order of titles helps to describe the logic sequence of ideas and concepts in the education of radiation protection specialists. The following subjects have deserved specific chapters: Interaction between Radiation and Matter Radiation Sources Measurements and Instrumentation Radiation Protection Technology Radiation Protection in Specific Facilities Items included in these chapters are considered in the SS but distributed in different chapters without having a particular entity. 4

6 Interaction between Radiation and Matter deserves a particular chapter because various fundamental concepts in Radiation Protection are based on a good understanding of how mater and radiation modify themselves when interact. Biological Effects of radiations, definition of Quantities and Units, Radiation Detection and Measurements, Radiation Shielding and the physical aspects of every Radiation Applications are good examples. Radiation Sources deserves a particular chapter because its presentation allows opening the whole spectrum of radiation applications at the beginning of the course. It also allows making the first comments on radiation protection needs. The subject appears again in the Radiation Protection for Specific Facilities Chapter. Measurements and Instrumentation. The specialist in radiation protection has to develop capabilities to carry out measurements in different circumstances using the proper instrumentation. The relevance of these subjects makes advisable to have a specific chapter for it. In such a way Measurements and Instrumentation are studied as a technical matter after having considered Quantities and Units as a scientific matter. In SS the presentation of Quantities and Units and their Measurement are included in the same Part. The deep comprehension of Quantities and Units is very significant and should not to be disturbed by the study of one of its applications. Radiation Protection Technology The knowledge about technical ways of reducing exposures (external and internal), reducing probabilities of potential exposures, safe transport of radioactive material and safe management of radioactive wastes are spread into various chapters related to protection of workers, members of the public and patients in the SS. It seemed reasonably to congregate all substantial technological knowledge in one chapter before starting to consider the protections of workers, members of the public and patients. When splitting the old argentine course in Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety into the two present courses there was a significant concern about the convenience of including the essential tools of safety for preventing accidents and reducing their consequences in the new syllabus for the Post Graduate Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources. This subject was considered of outstanding relevance because of the several accidents involving radiation sources with very severe consequences for workers, members of the public and patients occurred in the last 20 years. Although the subject is somehow addressed in the SS, the Argentinean Syllabus (AS) put a significant emphasis in the technology for protecting against potential exposures. Radiation Protection in Specific Facilities. This subject is included in the workers protection chapter of the SS. However, problems of radiation protection can involve workers, members of the public and patients in case of medical facilities. It seems convenient to open a specific chapter for presenting examples of the design and operational factors aimed at protecting workers, members of the public and, patients in case of medical facilities, embracing both normal and potential exposures, for each type of facility. Modification in the Subject Sequence Regulatory Control This subject is placed immediately after Principles of Radiation Protection in SS. However, they are of very different nature. Radiation Protection philosophy is directly related to scientific knowledge in Physics and Biology and involves deep concepts in the nature of radiation Risks and the criteria to define the ambition in limiting them. Regulatory Control leads with administrative and technical questions to put into practice the philosophy. There is a big gap between both. To understand the complexities of Regulatory Control students must have some previous knowledge on evaluation of doses and risks and technological methods of dose reduction and safety improvement applied to the specific protection of workers, members of the public and patients. 5

7 Therefore, Regulatory Control was placed almost at the end of the course in AS. However, in the Principles of Radiation Protection chapter a brief introduction to the implementation of Radiation Protection is included. Protection of Patients: This chapter is placed between Protection of Workers and Protection of Members of the Public in the SS as it is in Safety Series 115. However there are much more similarities between protection of workers and protection of member of the public despite the magnitudes of allowed doses and methods of control. Protection of patients requires particular interpretation of Principles of Radiation Protection. Therefore, Protection of Patients is presented after Protection of Workers and Protections of members of the Public in the AS. 5. Total time and its distribution - Relative weigh in time The total time assigned to the Course on Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources is 25 weeks, five days per week, full time. Time assigned to tutorial activities, evaluations, conferences, technical visits, seminaries, opening and ending days and special holydays is around 6 weeks. Table 3 shows the distribution of theoretical classes and practical exercises per Chapter. Table 3: Time assigned to chapters Chapter Weeks % Total Formative and Informative Knowledge The time assigned to each category of knowledge is approximately: SCIENTIFIC MATTERS 5.6 weeks (30 %) GENERAL TECHNICAL MATTERS 6.4 weeks (33 %) SPECIFIC TECHNICAL MATTERS 5.2 weeks (27 %) REGULATORY MATTERS 1.8 weeks (10 %) The first two categories are considered the core of fundamental knowledge for Radiation Protection specialists. The concepts involved are formative and to assure their good and deep understanding is of 6

8 primary significance in argentine course. The total time devoted to them is 12 weeks or 63 % of total time. These last two categories provide students with a significant amount of informative knowledge whose deep meaning will be fully understood as long as professionals will acquire expertise being actively engaged in Radiation Protection work. The total time devoted to them is 7 weeks or 37 % of total time 7. Conclusions The SS has been the result of time and effort devoted by many experts in Radiation Protection and Radiation Protection Education along several years. The output is a very comprehensive document and a useful guide to organise postgraduate courses on Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources. Argentine professionals devoted time and effort to revision of the SS with the purpose of conciliating that expertise with the experience obtained along 23 years in postgraduate educational courses on that subject. This may be an endless task but the present version of argentine adaptation of the SS, it is to say the AS, has already proved to be reasonable good for the Regional Course carried out in Buenos Aires in References 1. IAEA, Standard Syllabus for Post Graduate Educational Courses in Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources, Training Courses Series Nº18 (2002) 2. Argentine Postgraduate Course in Radiation Protection and The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Syllabus (2003) 3. Argentine Postgraduate Course in Nuclear Safety, Syllabus (2003) 7

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