Unlocking The History of Medicine
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- Gyles Austin
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1 Unlocking The History of Medicine
2 Primitive Times 4000 BC 3000 BC Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies to restore health. Most religions did not allow dissection, or cutting apart of the body.
3 How did people learn about body parts? Animals were frequently dissected
4 Prehistory and the Ancient World The Gods were responsible for good health or illness Healers used natural remedies from herbs Surgery was performed without the use of infection control or anesthesia Medicine was combined and practiced with religious rites
5 Trepanation One of the first surgeries A hole was cut into the skull to release demons
6 Ancient Egyptians 3000 BC 300 BC First to keep accurate health records Wrote prescriptions on papyrus Physicians were priests Temples were used as places of worships, medical schools, and hospitals
7 Ancient Egyptians 3000 BC- 300 BC Embalming led to increased understanding of anatomy and diseases Was done by special priests, not doctor priests Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the surgical gauze used today Strong antiseptics kept bodies from decaying
8 Ancient Chinese 1700 BC AD 220 Religion prohibited dissection Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs Therapies included acupuncture
9 Ancient Greeks (1200 BC 200 BC) Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences Believed illness is a result of natural causes
10 Ancient Greeks (1200 BC 200 BC) Hippocrates lived around 400 BC Was given credit for turning away from divine notions of medicine Believed that changes in diet, beneficial drugs, and keeping the body in balance
11 Ancient Greeks (1200 BC 200 BC) Used therapies such as massage, art therapy and herbal treatments Discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease
12 Greeks Claudius Galen was born in 131 AD Was a Greek physician who went to Rome and revived the ideas of Hippocrates and other Greek doctors Books were scarce, but Galen documented the importance of the spinal cord and described a tracheotomy
13 Romans (753 BC AD 410) They established the first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts Treated disease with diet, exercise, and medication Rooms in doctors houses where they cared for soldiers became the first hospitals
14 Dark Ages (AD 400 AD 800) Study of medicine was prohibited Emphasis was on saving the soul Monks and priests treated patients with prayer
15 Middle Ages (AD 800 AD 1400) Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia Medical Universities were created There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans
16 Middle Ages (AD 800 AD 1400) Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
17 Middle Ages Barber Surgeon Cut hair, treat cataracts, practice blood-letting, treat injuries, amputate limbs, cauterized bleeds Striped pole after operation, bandages, hung on staff/pole and placed outside as an advertisement Twirled by the wind, they would form red/white spiral patterns
18 Renaissance (AD 1350 AD 1650) Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared. First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius, was published
19 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th Centuries Anton van Leeuwenhoek Invention of the microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies
20 19 th Century Formal training for nurses led by Florence Nightingale began Infection control methods were developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
21 Modern Times More changes have occurred than in all other periods of health care
22 20 th Century Gained an increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body: ABO blood groups discovered Determined how white blood cells protect against disease
23 20 th Century New medicines were developed: Insulin to treat diabetes Antibiotics to fight infections caused by bacteria Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses
24 20 th Century New machines were developed: Kidney dialysis machine Heart lung machine Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
25 20 th Century Surgical and diagnostic techniques were developed to cure once fatal conditions: Organ transplants Limbs reattached Test tube babies Amniocentesis Implanted first artificial heart
26 20 th Century Health care plans developed to help pay the cost of health care Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena HMO s provided an alternative to private insurance Hospice was organized
27 Caduceus Greek God of Healing Asclepius His symbol was the snake Priest healers later adopted the symbol and has now become the symbol for physicians
28 Timeline- Middle Ages 400 B.C.- Hippocrates 200 A.D. Claudius Galen
29 Timeline- Renaissance William Harvey- father of cardiovascular medicine Invention of reflective microscope and of identification microorganisms Andre Vesalius published textbook of anatomy
30 Timeline- Industrial Revolution Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister Robert Koch 1847-Ignaz Semmelweis
31 Timeline- Industrial Revolution John Snow 1854 Florence Nightingale Marie Curie Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Karl Landsteiner 1882 Clara Barton
32 Timeline- Modern World Banting & Best Alexander Fleming Jonas Salk Sir John Charnley Christian Barnard discovery of DNA by Watson & Crick
33 Trends in Health Care Explosive development of technology Non-invasive diagnosis of soft tissue diseases/injuries Ultrasound technology Radiology Cancer treatments Mobile telephones Cameras scopes Digital imaging VERY EXPENSIVE
34 Technology Computers have become essential in almost every aspect of health care. Computers are processors of information. Process large amounts of information at incredible speeds, accurately, and consistently. Their processing speed is their major advantage over humans. All health care services have gained a greater ability to treat, diagnose, and care for patients thanks to computers.
35 Technology Whether you want to be a physician, nurse, lab technician, nurse s aide, radiology technician, dietician, pharmacist, physical therapist, or any other type of health care professional, you must have a working knowledge of computers.
36 Four Areas Computers Are Used 1. Hospital Information Systems (HIS) or Medical Information Systems (MIS) Managing budgets, inventories, lab reports, ordering, personnel scheduling, and general records. Maintain and retrieve vital patient information including demographics, insurance, etc. Patient medical records. Drug interaction alerts. Patient scheduling. Clinical Pathways/Care Maps standardization of care
37 Four Areas Computers Are Used 2. Diagnostic Testing Computerized Tomography (CT Scan), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Stress Testing, Electrocardiograph, and Ultrasonography. Development of these types of computer applications have contributed to more accurate and less invasive methods of diagnosis and treatment.
38 Four Areas Computers Are Used 3. Educational Tools Computer-assisted Instruction, Interactive Video. Research has shown that computer-based learning decreases time on the task, and increases achievement and retention of knowledge. 4. Basic & Applied Research Statistical analysis of data. Internet, databases. Computer controlled research testing.
39 History of the Computer First computers were installed in hospitals in the late 1950 s and early 1960 s. They often overheated and became inoperable for many hours s - Invention of the silicon chip. Computers are now much smaller, more powerful, and less expensive.
40 Computers Whenever humans depend on machines, contingency plans need to be made just in case the machine stops functioning. Computer downtime may be scheduled or unexpected. Medical facilities must have manual methods available to accomplish all of the tasks a computer does. Examples: patient admissions, bed assignments, medical records, ordering, scheduling, etc.
41 Computers They can make our jobs simpler. Examples: Data analysis Presentation of information Internet Databases Appointment scheduling (coordinate multiple appts, auto reminders) Patient monitoring Medical claims Paperless records (pharmacy, lab results, radiology) Information at our fingertips (electronic medical records) systems Off site/telemedicine Payroll, employee info Communication Create documents (word processing, spreadsheets)
42 Ethics and Confidentiality The health care worker must remember the importance of ethics and confidentiality when using a computer. Computers contain privileged information that must be protected. Keep your identifications codes and passwords confidential to protect you and the patient.
43 Communication (Electronic Mail) A means of creating and sending messages from one computer to another using a system of networks. Now a standard professional communication tool. Can attach documents and files. It is essential that messages be clear and accurate. Keep messages brief and to the point. No personal correspondence - employers have the right to read and monitor any messages sent through their computers.
44 Fax Machines Actually invented in 1843, Alexander Bain. Connects to a normal phone line and allows you to transmit pieces of paper to someone else instantly. Image sensors look for black or white in a single line of the document, translates those into bits which travel through the phone line and arrive at a receiving fax machine. Bits are decoded and reassembled into the scanned lines of the original document.
45 Telemedicine Medicine is practiced over telephone lines. Images, such as x-rays can be transmitted. Benefits: Allows patient access to specialists located far away. Communicate vital signs from home to a facility. Perform physical exams from a distance. Link physicians to emergency medical workers in the field. Problem: Most state licensing laws do not allow physicians to give medical advice via telephone to patients in other states. Technology is advancing more quickly than society.
46 Virtual Communities Individuals who use the Internet to communicate and share information. Discussion groups and methods for exchanging information can be very valuable. Health care workers and patients can share information and experiences about specific health conditions. Examples: Chat rooms correspond in real time. Listserves receiving a newsletter/info on specific topics.
47 Internet Began as a method for government authorities to communicate in case of a nuclear attack. Has rapidly grown to become a principal means of communicating, conducting business, shopping, learning, and securing needed information. Medical uses for the Internet: Organ transplant databases. Research and information. Patient education.
48 Computers Computers are an essential part of health care and also a necessity. All health care services have gained a greater ability to treat, diagnose, and care for patients through computerization. Every health care worker should have basic computer literacy.
49 Trends in Health Care Preventive Medicine Wellness Link between diet, exercise, & good health Health care wellness centers for patients with chronic diseases (arthritis, diabetes, osteoporosis, etc.) Complimentary therapy, Holistic medicine Disease screenings Helps control costs, encourage positive choices
50 Trends in Health Care Aging Population By 2005, one of every two adults will be 45 years or older Baby Boom ( ) The elderly require more health services
51 Trends in Health Care Underinsured & Uninsured 16% (42 million) of US population do not have health insurance Many citizens have health insurance but the coverage is limited or the co-payments or deductibles are very high 74% of the uninsured are in families with at least 1 full-time worker Among low-wage workers (<$7/hr), 45% are not even offered medical benefits
52 Trends in Health Care Underinsured & Uninsured, cont. County hospitals, tax-supported hospitals Cost absorption Lack of care Underinsured small companies have greater overhead costs for providing insurance and generally only offer a one-size-fits-all medical plan to employees
53 Trends in Health Care Ambulatory/Outpatient Surgery Many procedures, from diagnosis to treatment can now be done without overnight hospitalization Technology, research, new medications Influenced by limits on insurance reimbursements (DRG s) Overall cost of procedures is reduced
54 Trends in Health Care Diagnostic Related Groups DRG s) Groups of procedures or tests related to a specific diagnosis Now a flat fee is paid based upon the diagnosis regardless of how long the patient stays or the services provided
55 Trends in Health Care Home Health Care Common during late 1980 s Nurse or other skilled professional visits the home to assess patient s condition and provide treatments and education Families and patients have to learn how to selfadminister treatments or perform procedures done in the hospital in the past Health care workers evolved to become teachers and coaches
56 Trends in Health Care Home Health Care, cont. Benefits: Exposed to fewer pathogens and germs Reduced stress/anxiety in familiar surroundings Lesser skilled workers can assist with personal activities leaving skilled workers to provide assessment, treatment & education decreases costs
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