When disruption meets gradual institutional change: The case of startup promotion policies in Korea

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1 INCAS workshop Septembre 16th 2016 When disruption meets gradual institutional change: The case of startup promotion policies in Korea PAULINE DEBANES, PhD CANDIDATE (EHESS)

2 Background Phd dissertation about the role of the state in times of financialization. Theoretical framework based on: Regulation Theory and Diversity of capitalism (Boyer & Saillard, 2004; Amable, 2005 ; Boyer et al., 2012), Institutional change and policy outcomes (Streeck & Thelen, 2005), Political dynamics (Jessop, 2002 ; Amable & Palombarini, 2009), Main angle: transformation of industrial policies. Today s presentation: startup promotion policies

3 Puzzle: the case of startup in Korea Institutional side Policy side Korea as coordinated market economie= prone to incremental innovation (Hall & Soskice, 2001) unfavorable institutional setting for startups with rigid labor market, education, weight of large firms (OECD, 2014) Highest R&D expenditures of OECD countries Few success stories of Korean unicorns (>1 bn $): Coupang, Yello Mobile 2013: creative economy agenda with 2 bn $ /year invested in startups What are the institutional transformations behind the recent startup promotion policies?

4 Research strategy Focus on startup promotion policies to grasp internal state dynamics (// financialization) 50 Interviews of key actors in the field to understand practices & representations but also to investigate power struggle and conflict of interests Chaebols, startup founders, VCs, incubators, state agencies

5 Outline I. Historical perspective on SMEs and startup policies: 3 periods of institutional building II. Mode of gradual institutional change (empirical evidences)

6 I. Historical perspective of building institutional infrastructure for SMEs

7 Historical perspective of building institutional infrastructure for SMEs 3 periods of institutional building developmental period ( ) dot bubble period ( ) creative economy period (>2010)

8 1. Developmental period (~ s) During the developmental period: strong support exporting SMEs, manufacturing SMEs(subcontractors of large firms) Credit guarantee Policy loan ICT (~1990s): Increasing support to R&D, technology based loan (KIBO) Institutional legacy from SMEs and ICT support policies

9 2. Dot bubble period(early 2000s) Financial liberalization post-97: opportunities to get funding for SMEs. Global context of internet bubble and rise of stock markets Government support: Venture certification system (direct allocation of resources to startups and VCs) Venture boom (x7 between 98 and 2000) Peak of IPO on KOSDAQ (~100 during 3 years) Rise of KOSDAQ index

10 3. Creative Economy period (2013-) One of the main characteristic: accent on indirect funding through VCs and business angels (matching fund program) Large infrastructure building Financialization deepening: regulatory change to accomodate fintech (p2p lending, crowdfunding) and venture capital

11 3. Creative Economy period Startup campus ( m2) is supposed to host ~200 startups. In 2015, MSIP has injected 367 M $ in this project. Incubation centers in partnership with chaebols. The GCCEI has a 5.3 M $ annual budget.

12 Gangnam Area

13 II. Gradual institutional change

14 Layering as the main mode of change 3 coexisting and competing layers Knock-on effect: through coordination by the new layer but resistance from old layers. These layers are embedded in the power struggle within the state apparatus (competition between ministries) Evidences from fieldwork: Gov t discourse and actors representation Example of the 2 narratives: creative economy // continuity narrative This layering and underlying power struggle lead to institutional contradictions

15 The «Creative Economy» narrative

16 The «continuity» narrative Beginning stage ( ) Booming stage ( ) Reformation stage ( ) Resetting stage (2005 ~)

17 Further research Drivers of this layering: Institutional level: complementarities Political dynamics: conflicts/convergence of interests between the different actors involved) Startup ecosystem emergence as part of financialization process

18 Thank you

19 Institutional change analysis Mode of institutional change (Streeck & Thelen, 2005) Gradual but significant change 5 modes: conversion, drift, exhaustion, displacement, layering Drivers of institutional change: institutional complementarities and political dynamics. Strong linkages venture capitalists-entrepreneurs Need for a developed financial markets (M&A and IPO) Depressed macroeconomic context: create you own job (//labor market)

20 R&D expenditures (OECD) R&D expenditures (%GDP) 4.15% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% KOR 2004 OECD 2006 CHN JPN 2008 USA

21 Developmental period Small and Medium Industry Basic Law SME special designations Promotion Act Korea Credit Guarantee Fund SME Restructure fund SBC (funding for SMEs) KIBO with the Financial Assistance to new technology business Act

22 3. Creative Economy period TIPS, matching fund (5 to 9 times) of business angel or incubator investment. In 2015, 18 M de $ were invested by this programe. Incubation centers in partnership with chaebols. The GCCEI has a 5.3 bl $ annual budget. Startup campus ( m2) is supposed to host till 200 startups. In 2015, MSIP has injected 367 M $ in this project.

23 Boom of startups: second time is a charm The new wave started in 2010 (no proper infrastructure nor ecosystem) 2 success stories: Ticketmonster and Coupang Valorised at 782 M $ on 04/2015, aquired 2 years before for 260 M $ Valorised at 5 Mds $ in june 2015 after a1 Md $ investment by SoftBank.

24 3. Creative Economy period

25 Driver of change: institutional complementarity Financial system Labor market More flexibility Some safety net

26 Evolution of the VC industry VC fund - total (r) Amount invested (r) Registred VC firm (l) Number of companies funded (l) 2015 BILLION WONS NUMBER 1400

27 Sous performance du KOSDAQ

28 Youth unemployment Unemployement rate by age group (%) Years old 2008 Total Years old

29 Notes Interpretation in terms of power struggle within the social space: there are some political interests on the old layers and less differentiate support to SMEs (maybe influence of the old layer on the new extension to social startups=continuity of practices with new hegemonic project

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