Higher Education and the Future of Oregon

Transcription

1 Higher Education and the Future of Oregon Presented to the House Education Committee Salem, Oregon February 13, 2008

2 Premise: Oregon Needs a More Highly-Educated Citizenry To Meet Global Economic Challenges To Meet Future Workforce Needs To Improve Economic Circumstances and Quality of Life of the State s Citizens 2

3 Relationship Between Educational Attainment and High Tech Employment 12 High Tech Employment, Low Educational Attainment High Tech Employment, High Educational Attainment CO MA 9 Correlation = 0.76 CA NH Percentage Employment in High Tech Occupations 6 3 WV NV AR KY MS LA IN AL OK TNSC UT OR ID NMAZ TX SD NC FL GA NE PAUS IA MO OH WI ME DE MI ND AK MT WY MN WA NY IL RI KS HI VA VT NJ MD CT Low Tech Employment, Low Educational Attainment Low Tech Employment, High Educational Attainment Percent of Adults Age with a Bachelor s Degree or Higher Source: State New Economy Index, U.S. Census Bureau 3

4 $30,000 Relationship Between Educational Attainment, Personal Income, and Economic Strength High Income, Low Educational Attainment High Income, High Educational Attainment State New Economy Index (2002) Top Tier Middle Tier Low Tier NJ CT $25,000 MD MA Personal Income Per Capita, 2000 $20,000 $15,000 WV AR NV KY LA AL IN TN SC OK NC AZ MO IA ME WY TX SD NM AK ND MS Low Income, Low Educational Attainment DE MI FL US WI OH GA PA OR ID MT UT CA NE IL HI RI NH VA NY WA MN 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% KS VT CO Low Income, High Educational Attainment Percent of Adults Age with a Bachelor s Degree or Higher 4

5 110 Per Capita Personal Income as a Percent of U.S. Average Oregon, U.S. Average Source: Regional Economic Information System, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Dept. of Commerce 5

6 Oregon Per Capita Personal Income, 2004 Columbia Clatsop 29,841 to 39,729 28,300 to 29,841 26,953 to 28,300 25,923 to 26,953 21,609 to 25,923 Tillamook Washington Lincoln Yamhill Polk Benton Marion Lane River MultnomahHood Clackamas Linn Wasco Jefferson Deschutes Sherman Gilliam Crook Wheeler Morrow Umatilla Grant Union Baker Wallowa Coos Douglas Harney Malheur Lake Curry Josephine Jackson Klamath Oregon = $32,289 Source: Regional Economic Information System, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce 6

7 State Workforce and Economy Who s Entering the State s Workforce? The State Workforce and Economy Who s Leaving the State Workforce? Characteristics of In-Migrants Characteristics of the Workforce Characteristics of Out-Migrants Entrants into the Workforce Economic Conditions Retirees Leaving the Workforce Net Gain/Loss Net Gains/Losses Retirement Migration 7

8 Factors to Consider Changing Nature of the Economy Characteristics of the Workforce > Current > Those Retiring/Leaving > Those Entering The Education Pipeline Migration Patterns 8

9 Critical Question Is Your State Most in Need of: Workforce Development OR Workplace Development? 9

10 10 Population Projections Percent Change, North Dakota West Virginia Ohio Iowa New York Pennsylvania Nebraska South Dakota Louisiana Wyoming Illinois Michigan Mississippi Alabama Connecticut Kansas Massachusetts Rhode Island Indiana Oklahoma Maine Kentucky Missouri Wisconsin New Jersey Montana Vermont New Mexico Arkansas Hawaii United States Minnesota Tennessee South Carolina Delaware Maryland New Hampshire Colorado California Alaska Virginia Oregon Washington Georgia North Carolina Idaho Utah Texas Florida Arizona Nevada 60 Source: U.S. Census Bureau

11 Projected Change in Oregon Population by Age and Race/Ethnicity, (in Thousands) 460, ,409 50,566 38,959 39,939 White African American Hispanic Native American Asian 60,000 40,000 19,347 5,565 8,328 20,208 2,375 5,452 15,677 4,065 2,273 18,814 5, , ,726 3,277 3,072 15,089 20, and Older -20,000-20,537-40,000-39,896

12 Percent of Civilian Population Age Participating in the Workforce, West Virginia Kentucky Alabama Louisiana Mississippi Arkansas Tennessee New Mexico Oklahoma South Carolina Arizona California Florida New York Idaho Michigan Texas Georgia North Carolina Washington United States Ohio Pennsylvania Oregon Indiana Missouri Nevada Hawaii Maine Virginia Utah Illinois New Jersey Delaware Alaska Massachusetts Montana Rhode island Connecticut Maryland Colorado Kansas New Hampshire Wisconsin Wyoming Nebraska Vermont Iowa South Dakota Minnesota North Dakota 12 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

13 Percent of Civilians Age Not Participating in the Workforce By Education Attainment, 2005 U.S. Oregon Less than High School High School Some College Associate Degree Bachelor s Degree Graduate/Prof. Degree Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) File 13

14 Educational Attainment and Rank Among States Oregon, 2005 (Percent) Age with HS Diploma 80.8% 28th Age with HS Diploma 88.9% 25th Age with Associate Degree 8.1% 29th Age with Bachelor's or Higher 29.2% 20th Age with Graduate/Prof. Degree 10.3% 18th Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS 14

15 Differences in College Attainment (Associate and Higher) Between Younger and Older Adults U.S. and OECD Countries, to to Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Education at a Glance France Spain Denmark Belgium Ireland Norway Korea Japan Canada Hungary Austria Germany Greece Poland New Zealand Switzerland United Kingdom Netherlands Iceland Luxembourg Sweden Finland Australia United States Turkey Czech Republic Italy Slovak Republic Mexico Portugal

16 Differences in College Attainment (Associate and Higher) Between Younger and Older Adults U.S., 2005 Age Age Nevada Arkansas New Mexico Louisiana West Virginia Idaho Texas Oklahoma Kentucky Tennessee Alaska Arizona Alabama Wyoming South Carolina Mississippi Indiana Missouri Oregon Florida California Ohio Maine North Carolina Georgia Michigan Hawaii Montana Delaware United States Utah Kansas Washington Wisconsin Illinois Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Iowa South Dakota Virginia Maryland Colorado Nebraska Connecticut New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota New York Minnesota Massachusetts Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS 16

17 Percent of Adults with an Associate Degree or Higher by Age Group Oregon, U.S. and Leading OECD Countries Age Age Age Age Canada Japan Korea Norway Ireland Belgium Denmark Spain France U.S. Oregon Source: OECD, Education at a Glance

18 Percentage Differences Between Younger Adults (Age 25-34) and Older Adults (Age 45-54) with College Degrees Associate and Higher, New Mexico Hawaii Vermont Arizona Alaska Idaho Nevada California Texas Colorado Connecticut Maine Oregon South Carolina Florida Oklahoma Washington Virginia Wyoming Montana Delaware North Carolina Utah United States Maryland Georgia Alabama Arkansas Michigan New Jersey Tennessee Kansas Missouri Rhode Island Kentucky Louisiana Illinois West Virginia Massachusetts North Dakota Ohio Indiana New Hampshire Mississippi Wisconsin Pennsylvania New York Nebraska Minnesota Iowa South Dakota Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS

19 Percent of Population Age with an Associate Degree or Higher, West Virginia Arkansas Louisiana Mississippi Nevada Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Oklahoma Indiana Texas South Carolina Ohio Missouri Wyoming Idaho New Mexico Arizona Alaska Georgia Michigan North Carolina Florida Pennsylvania Delaware Maine United States Wisconsin Oregon Iowa California South Dakota Montana Kansas Utah Illinois Nebraska Rhode Island Washington Virginia North Dakota New York Hawaii New Jersey Vermont Minnesota Colorado New Hampshire Maryland Connecticut Massachusetts Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 ACS

20 Percent of Oregon Population Age with an Associate Degree or Higher, 2000 Columbia Clatsop 34.5 to to to to to 22.7 Tillamook Washington Lincoln Yamhill Polk Benton Marion Lane River MultnomahHood Clackamas Linn Wasco Jefferson Deschutes Sherman Gilliam Crook Wheeler Morrow Umatilla Grant Union Baker Wallowa Coos Douglas Harney Malheur Lake Curry Josephine Jackson Klamath Oregon = 34.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census 20

21 Percent of Residents Age with an Associate Degree Born In-State, Nevada Alaska Arizona Florida Wyoming Colorado Delaware Maryland Virginia New Hampshire Oregon Idaho Georgia Washington New Mexico California Montana Oklahoma New Jersey Vermont Texas Hawaii Tennessee Arkansas State Average South Carolina North Carolina Connecticut Utah Kansas South Dakota Missouri Maine Rhode island West Virginia Nebraska Alabama Mississippi New York Kentucky Illinois Indiana Louisiana Massachusetts Minnesota North Dakota Wisconsin Ohio Iowa Michigan Pennsylvania Source: 2005 ACS

22 Percent Educational Attainment of Population Age By Race/Ethnicity Oregon, White Non-Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Less than High-School High School Some College Associate Bachelor's Graduate/ Professional Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS PUMS File 22

23 The Student Pipeline 23

24 Student Pipeline, Best Performing State United States Oregon Of 100 9th Graders, How Many Graduate from High School Directly Enter College Enroll in Second Year Graduate Within 150% of Program Time Are Age with a Bachelor's Degree Source: NCES Common Core Data 2004; Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Education Opportunity; NCES, IPEDS Fall 2004 Retention Rate File and Fall 2003 Enrollments, 2004 Graduation Rates; U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS 24

25 Oregon Public High School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity, (Actual) and (Projected) 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Public Total White Non-Hispanic Minority Source: Western Interstate Higher Education Commission (WICHE) 25

26 College-Going Rates First-Time Freshmen Directly Out of High School as a Percent of Recent High School Graduates, Utah Washington Vermont California Alaska Oregon Idaho Tennessee Arizona Maine Hawaii Texas Missouri Ohio Oklahoma West Virginia Florida Delaware Louisiana Nevada Illinois New Hampshire United States Rhode Island Arkansas Kentucky Virginia Colorado Montana Wisconsin Maryland Michigan Wyoming Pennsylvania Nebraska Mississippi Alabama Connecticut Kansas New Mexico Iowa Indiana New Jersey Massachusetts Georgia North Carolina Minnesota South Carolina North Dakota New York South Dakota Source: Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Opportunity (2004 data update )

27 Percent of High School Graduates Enrolling Full-Time by County of Origin, Fall Union Harney Columbia Jefferson Morrow Grant Lake Gilliam Sherman Lincoln Yamhill Klamath Clackamas Wallowa Crook Hood River Washington Jackson Marion Curry Baker Multnomah Oregon Wasco Deschutes Tillamook Josephine Umatilla Lane Benton Polk Malheur Linn Douglas Clatsop Coos Source: Oregon Department of Community Colleges and Workforce Development, Oregon Dept. of Education

28 Percent of High School Graduates Enrolling Full- and Part-Time by County of Origin, Fall Union Gilliam Morrow Grant Jefferson Lake Columbia Sherman Wallowa Harney Lincoln Curry Clackamas Yamhill Baker Hood River Klamath Washington Marion Crook Umatilla Multnomah Wasco Oregon Tillamook Lane Malheur Deschutes Benton Linn Douglas Josephine Polk Clatsop Jackson Coos Source: Oregon Department of Community Colleges and Workforce Development, Oregon Dept. of Education

29 Associate Degrees Awarded per 100 High School Graduates Three Years Earlier, Louisiana Connecticut Alaska Delaware Maine Maryland Montana New Jersey Vermont Arkansas Texas Wisconsin West Virginia Tennessee Georgia Massachusetts Ohio Pennsylvania Virginia Idaho Nebraska Missouri Nevada Michigan Alabama Indiana Kentucky New Mexico Oklahoma South Carolina Illinois North Dakota United States New Hampshire Minnesota Colorado Kansas Oregon South Dakota California North Carolina Arizona Hawaii Utah Mississippi Iowa New York Rhode Island Washington Wyoming Florida Source: NCES-IPEDS Completions Survey, WICHE

30 Three-Year Graduation Rates at Two-Year Colleges, 2005 (Percent) Delaware New Jersey South Carolina Michigan Connecticut Maryland Rhode Island Texas Massachusetts Mississippi North Carolina New Mexico Hawaii Alabama Arkansas Virginia Kentucky New York Illinois Oregon Vermont Indiana Oklahoma Georgia Ohio Idaho United States Louisiana Tennessee New Hampshire West Virginia Iowa Missouri Minnesota North Dakota Maine Washington Wisconsin Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada Florida Colorado Pennsylvania Utah California Arizona Wyoming Alaska South Dakota Source: NCES, IPEDS Graduation Rate Survey

31 Bachelor s Degrees Awarded per 100 High School Graduates Six Years Earlier, Alaska Wyoming Idaho Arkansas New Jersey New Mexico Nevada Texas Mississippi Kentucky West Virginia Maine Hawaii California Illinois South Carolina Louisiana Ohio Minnesota Washington South Dakota Oklahoma Alabama Montana Maryland Wisconsin Connecticut United States Tennessee Virginia Michigan Nebraska Georgia Kansas Iowa Oregon Indiana North Dakota Missouri Pennsylvania Florida Vermont Utah North Carolina New Hampshire Arizona New York Colorado Delaware Massachusetts Rhode Island Source: NCES-IPEDS Completions Survey, WICHE

32 Six-Year Graduation Rates at Four-Year Colleges, 2005 (Percent) Alaska Nevada New Mexico Hawaii Louisiana Montana Arkansas West Virginia Oklahoma Idaho Kentucky Utah South Dakota Georgia Alabama North Dakota Tennessee Mississippi Texas Kansas Colorado Florida Missouri Ohio Indiana Arizona Nebraska Michigan Oregon United States New York South Carolina Maine Wyoming Minnesota North Carolina Wisconsin Illinois New Jersey Vermont Virginia California Connecticut New Hampshire Washington Iowa Pennsylvania Rhode Island Maryland Delaware Massachusetts Source: NCES, IPEDS Graduation Rate Survey

33 Net Migration by Degree Level and Age Group Oregon 22- to 29-Year-Olds 30- to 64-Year-Olds 11,109 Less than High School 15,366 7,024 High School 13,238 7,962 Some College 11,904 2,928 Associate 6,126 10,467 Bachelor s 13,774 4,090 Graduate/Professional 11,482 43,580 Total 71,890 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, ,000 50,000 75,000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census; 5% PUMS Files 33

34 34 Migration Rate* of College-Educated Residents Age Associate and Higher, North Dakota Iowa South Dakota West Virginia Louisiana Wyoming Montana Nebraska Alaska Pennsylvania Oklahoma Indiana Utah Mississippi Wisconsin Ohio New York Kansas Rhode Island Vermont Hawaii Alabama New Mexico Michigan Illinois Missouri Kentucky Connecticut Arkansas Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Delaware New Hampshire New Jersey Idaho Tennessee Maryland South Carolina California Virginia Texas Washington Oregon North Carolina Colorado Georgia Florida Arizona Nevada * Per 1,000 residents age with college degrees. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, PUMS (based on 2000 Census)

35 Oregon Net Migration of College Degree Holders Age by Occupation, 1995 to 2000 Primary, Secondary & Special Education Teachers Computer Specialists Engineers Postsecondary Teachers Information & Record Clerks Other Office & Administrative Support Counselors, Social Workers, Other Community/Soc. Svc. Specialists Other Personal Care & Service Workers Retail Sales Other Management Occupations Supervisors, Sales Food & Beverage Serving Lawyers, Judges, & Related Workers Other Teachers & Instructors Business Operations Specialists Other Production Occupations Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners Secretaries & Administrative Assistants Drafters, Engineering, & Mapping Technicians Building Cleaning & Pest Control ,179 1, ,000 1,250 1,500 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census 5% PUMS File 35

36 Oregon Net Migration of College Degree Holders Age by Occupation, 1995 to 2000 Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners Other Management Occupations Engineers Primary, Secondary & Special Education Teachers Computer Specialists Postsecondary Teachers Counselors, Social Workers, Other Community/Soc. Svc. Specialists Financial Specialists Retail Sales Media & Communication Workers Business Operations Specialists Advertising, Mktg., Promotions, Public Relations, Sales Managers Other Office & Administrative Support Information & Record Clerks Supervisors, Sales Art & Design Other Sales & Related Workers Other Installation, Maintenance & Repair Occupations Material Recording, Scheduling, Dispatching & Distributing Construction Trades ,116 1,074 1,317 1,626 2,201 3, ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census 5% PUMS File 36

37 Migration Rate* of Residents Age with Less than a High School Diploma, West Virginia Louisiana Ohio Alaska Hawaii Pennsylvania South Dakota Maine Montana Mississippi Alabama California New York Kentucky New Hampshire Missouri Michigan New Mexico Indiana Maryland Illinois Tennessee Wisconsin Virginia South Carolina Massachusetts Arkansas New Jersey Idaho Oklahoma Iowa Connecticut Rhode Island Texas Washington Delaware North Carolina Minnesota Florida Nebraska Kansas Georgia Oregon Utah Arizona Colorado Nevada * Per 1,000 residents age with less than a high school diploma Source: State Higher Education Officers (SHEEO) 50 0 Vermont North Dakota Wyoming

38 States Ability to Produce Graduates vs. Ability to Keep and Attract Graduates Low Production, Importer of Capital NV High Production, Importer of Capital Migration Rate of Residents Age with a College Degree AK New Economy Index (2002) Top Tier Middle Tier Low Tier NJ TN ME MD TX Low Production, Exporter of Capital SC CT KY High Production, Exporter of Capital Production of College Graduates (Undergraduate Credentials and Degrees Awarded Per 1,000 Residents Age with High School Diploma or Some College but No College Degree) GA OH NM MI AR OK ID ALIN MS LA WV HI OR VA MT NC DE MO PA CA CO FL IL SD NH WI MA MN NY WA NE VT KS WY AZ ND IA UT RI 38

39 Economy and Innovation Assets 39

40 Percent of Total Gross State Product by Industry and Comparison to U.S. 30 Oregon Oregon U.S Agriculture, Mining Construction Manufacturing Transp. & Wholesale Retail Trade Finance, Services Government Forestry, Utilities Trade Insurance, Fishing Real Estate Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 40

41 Change in Gross State Product, Michigan Ohio West Virginia Missouri New Mexico Kentucky Illinois Mississippi Oregon Hawaii Nebraska Connecticut Louisiana Indiana Iowa Alaska Pennsylvania Alabama Arkansas New York Kansas Oklahoma New Jersey North Dakota Wisconsin South Carolina Maine United States New Hampshire Tennessee Massachusetts Minnesota Montana Vermont Georgia Utah Rhode Island Washington North Carolina Texas Maryland South Dakota Colorado California Idaho Delaware Florida Virginia Arizona Wyoming Nevada 41 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis

42 Employment in High-Technology Establishments as Share of Total Employment by State, Wyoming Mississippi Louisiana Nevada Montana Hawaii Kentucky South Carolina Tennessee West Virginia South Dakota Arkansas Iowa Oklahoma Wisconsin Maine North Dakota Ohio Alaska Indiana Florida New York Illinois Missouri Nebraska North Carolina Rhode Island Pennsylvania Michigan Delaware Alabama Georgia Minnesota Oregon Texas Vermont Arizona Idaho New Mexico Utah New Jersey New Hampshire Connecticut Maryland California Kansas Virginia Massachusetts Colorado Washington 10 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED)

43 Oregon Employment Forecast by Broad Industry, Percent Broad Industry Change Change Total Nonfarm Employment 1,702,500 1,943, , Educational and Health Services 205, ,700 57, Professional and Business Services 193, ,800 39, Leisure and Hospitality 165, ,500 32, Construction 100, ,000 14, Trade, Transportation, and Utilities 336, ,800 43, Other Services 59,000 66,500 7, Financial Activities 105, ,900 12, Information 35,000 38,800 3, Government 286, ,200 27, Manufacturing 206, ,100 2,300 1 Natural Resources and Mining 9,200 9, Source: Oregon Employment Department, Workforce and Economic Research 43

44 Forecast Employment Growth Oregon Industries Adding Most Jobs, Food Services & Drinking Places Ambulatory Health Care Services Admin. & Support Services Professional & Tech. Services Hospitals Nursing & Residential Care Facilities Specialty Trade Contractors Local Government: Education Educational Services General Merchandise Stores 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Note: Industries are published NAIUCS sub-sectors. Source: Oregon Employment Department, Workforce and Economic Research 44

45 Forecast Employment Growth Oregon Industries Losing Jobs, Wood Product Manufacturing Computer & Electronic Product Manufacturing Federal Government Paper Manufacturing Logging Primary Metal Manufacturing -2,000-1,500-1, Source: Oregon Employment Department, Workforce and Economic Research 45

46 46 Projected Percent Change in Occupations Requiring Some Postsecondary Training, West Virginia Kansas Pennsylvania North Dakota Connecticut New York Alaska Illinois Michigan Louisiana Nebraska Oregon Ohio Indiana Maine South Carolina Iowa Wyoming Missouri New Jersey Alabama Delaware Rhode Island Oklahoma Vermont South Dakota Wisconsin Washington Minnesota Hawaii Tennessee United States Arkansas Mississippi Montana Kentucky Maryland California Texas North Carolina New Mexico New Hampshire Georgia Florida Arizona Virginia Idaho Colorado Utah Nevada Note: Some college, Associate, Bachelor s and higher. Source: ACINet, Career InfoNet

47 Median Earnings by Degree Level, 2005 $90,000 Oregon United States 71,343 80,516 $60,000 $30,000 19,263 20,384 26,499 26,499 30,576 30,576 35,672 36,691 44,844 46,883 50,960 58,094 31,799 33,633 $0 Less than High School High School Some College Associate Bachelor's Masters Doctorate/ Professional All Levels Note: Data represent persons age with positive earnings working 35+ hours per week. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS PUMS File 47

48 Development Report Card for the States, 2006 Oregon C D A Performance Business Vitality Development Capacity Employment Earnings and Job Quality Equity Quality of Life Resource Efficiency Competitiveness/Existing Businesses Entrepreneurial Energy Human Resources Financial Resources Infrastructure Resources Amenity Resources and Natural Capital Innovation Assets WEAKNESSES (Bottom 10 Rank) Rank Measure 42 Business Closings 42 Average Annual Pay Growth 42 Change in Energy Costs 43 Crime Rate 44 Unemployment Rate 46 Change in Average Annual Pay 46 Manufacturing Investment 49 Involuntary Part-Time Employment 49 Job Creation by Start-Up Businesses C D C A A F C C B A A B STRENGTHS (Top 10 Rank) Rank Measure 1 Rate of Recycled Waste 2 Use of Alternative Energy 5 Highway Performance 5 Voting Rate 5 Patents Issued 6 Average Teacher Salary 6 Change in Toxic Release Inventory 6 Heart Disease 6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7 Change in Business Closings 8 Net Migration 9 Change in Private Research and Development 10 Infant Mortality 10 Health Professional Shortage Areas 10 Change in Unemployment Rate 10 New Companies Source: Development Report Card for the States, CFED 48

49 49

50 Approaches to Achieving Greater Productivity 50

51 Tackling the Productivity Gap No Single Solution Need for: > Sustained Investment and More Effective Resource Use (Reinvestment) > Change in Institutional Practice and Public Policy Solutions Must Focus on Quality, Cost, and Access Cannot Sacrifice One to Make Progress on Others 51

52 Approaches to Achieving Greater Productivity Build Cost-Effective Systems Change the Academic Production Function Reduce Demand Each Student Places on the System Reduce Leaks in the Pipeline 52

53 53

54 The Policy Tools Clear Direction A Public Agenda Funding/Resource Allocation Accountability Regulation Policy Leadership/Allocation of Decision Authority 54

55 The Management Cycle in a Public Institution State Planning Institution State State Accountability Resource Allocation Institution Institution 55

56 The Flow of Funds Economy Tax Policy Income Available State and Local Govt. Funds Higher Education K-12 Corrections Health Care Other Govt. Student Aid Appropriations/Grants Students Tuition Scholarships & Waivers Institutions Gifts Donors Foundations Corporations Student Aid (Restricted) Research and Other Grants (Restricted) Federal Government 56

57 The Flow of Funds Economy Tax Policy Available State and Local Govt. Funds Income Higher Education Student Aid Appropriations/Grants Students Tuition Scholarships & Waivers Institutions Student Aid (Restricted) Federal Government 57

58 Finance Policy The Options Institution Focused Student Focused Core Capacity Base-Plus Formulas Investment Funds Tuition and Aid Policy Focused on Revenue Generation Capacity Utilization/ Public Agenda Performance Funding Tuition and Aid Policy Focused on Attainment of Specified Outcomes 58

59 Alignment of Policies The Policy Audit Determining: The Extent to Which Policies Are > Mutually-Reinforcing, or > In Conflict with Each Other Policies Other than Those Specific to Higher Education that Affect Ability of Institutions to Respond to Public Agenda 59