Planning Group Meeting. Background Facts: Summary of Tables and Figures

Transcription

1 Planning Group Meeting Women and the Undergraduate Economics Major NBER, 1050 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA Saturday, November 15, 2014 Background Facts: Summary of Tables and Figures Figures 1, 2, and 3. The data are for The computation of the fraction of BAs who are economics majors and the conversion ratio is done in two ways. The first is the mean of the separate institution figures. The second is the population mean of all students in institutions with economics majors. The first is preferred in thinking about separate institutions but the second provides the aggregate national average (by type of institution). Note that the ratios derived from the mean of the population are, in general, lower than the ratios derived from the means of the separate institutions. This is particularly true for the private institutions in the top 100. Conversion ratios are almost always higher for the average of the separate ratios than for the national population average. In 2013 the average of all the ratios is around 4 whereas the average in the population is just below 3. Clearly there are lots of institutions with very high ratios. Table 1: 326 institutions have 15 economics majors per year, on average from have 20 economics majors per year, on average from Presence of a business major siphons off women from economics. Conversion ratios (= [Male Econs/Male BAs]/[Female Econs/Female BAs]) are higher in the samples with a business major. Fraction of all BA women majoring in economics is higher at all women s institutions than at all top Liberal Arts Colleges. Note that conversion ratios show fewer women (aggregate means) than unweighted (means by institution). See summary statistics for Figures 1, 2, and 3 for the unweighted means. Table 2: Business majors tend to have more women relative to economics majors, except possibly in Finance. November 12, 2014; 1 P a g e

2 Women go disproportionately into Human Resources, Accounting, International Business, and Marketing. Table 3: Top 100 universities have a conversion ratio of about 3 to 1. Engineering schools have a much higher fraction of economics majors who are women probably because economics is viewed as less mathematical and abstract in an engineering school. Table 4: Top 100 liberal arts colleges have a higher conversion ratio than the top 100 universities. It is unclear, at this point, why this is the case and to what majors women gravitate in these elite liberal arts colleges. We are exploring why places like Swarthmore, Lafayette, Macalester, and Knox are lower, that is why they attract relatively more women to their economics majors. The number of economics majors at these schools is fairly low, although some attract a substantial group of the male students (e.g., Claremont McKenna, Occidental, Colorado College, Trinity College, Centre College, Bowdoin, Colby, Holy Cross, Williams, Hamilton, Union, Lafayette, Ursinus). Among the women s colleges in the top 100 group Wellesley stands out as having a substantial fraction of its undergraduates as economics majors. But as good as it is, it is lower than the fraction of males majoring in economics in many of the leading coeducational liberal arts colleges. Table 5: How can we recruit the institutions in Table 5, that is those with extremely large undergraduate programs, to join the Challenge? Are their undergraduate offices already overburdened? If so, what can we do about helping them? Note that many of these institutions have extremely large business programs. Should we think about whether having a female undergraduate major in business at most of these institutions is equal to or even better than having one major in economics? What is gained by taking the marginal woman from business and moving her to economics? November 12, 2014; 2 P a g e

3 Figure 1: Male Economics Majors as a Fraction of BAs: 1993, 2003, and 2013 Part A: Mean of the Separate Institution Ratios 0.14 Male Econ Majors/Male BAs (mean of ratios) All Top 100 Univ Top 100 Public Univ Top 100 Priv Univ Top 100 L.A Part B: Mean of the Population Sums 0.14 Male Econ Majors/Male BAs (mean of the population sums) All Top 100 Univ Top 100 Public Univ Top 100 Priv Univ Top 100 L.A November 12, 2014; 3 P a g e

4 Figure 2: Female Economics Majors as a Fraction of BAs: 1993, 2003, and 2013 Part A: Mean of the Separate Institution Ratios 0.06 Female Econ Majors/Female BAs (mean of ratios) All Top 100 Univ Top 100 Public Univ Top 100 Priv Univ Top 100 L.A Part B: Mean of the Population Sums Female Econ Majors/Female BAs (Mean of the sums) All Top 100 Univ Top 100 Public Univ Top 100 Priv Univ Top 100 L.A November 12, 2014; 4 P a g e

5 Figure 3: Conversion Rates by Type of Institution: 1993, 2003, and 2013 Part A: Mean of the Separate Institution Ratios (Male Econ Majors/Male BAs)/(Female Econ Majors/Female BAs) (mean of ratios) All Top 100 Univ Top 100 Public Univ Top 100 Priv Univ Top 100 L.A Part B: Average of the Population Sums 4.0 (Male Econ Majors/Male BAs)/(Female Econ Majors/Female BAs) (mean of the population sums) All Top 100 Univ Top 100 Public Univ Top 100 Priv Univ Top 100 L.A November 12, 2014; 5 P a g e

6 Sources: IPEDS, Notes: Institutions included are those that have an economics major and gave at least one BA in economics in All is all coeducational institutions with an economics major; top 100 universities is given by the US News and World Report list combined for 2011 and 2013; top 100 public or private is the public or private group within the top 100 ; top 100 L.A. is the top 100 US News and World Report list combined for 2011 and 2013 for liberal arts colleges. November 12, 2014; 6 P a g e

7 Table 1: Summary Facts about Institutions with an Economics BA Program ( ) Median Number of Male BAs at School Median Number of Female BAs at School Fraction Economics Majors of BAs Fraction Males of Economics Majors Fraction Females of Economics Majors M/F Conversion Rate for Economics BAs Institutions with an Economics BA Program Number of Institutions (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) All (coeducational) With 15 BA majors With 20 BA majors Public institutions Private institutions With business major and 5 econ BA majors Top 100 universities Top 100 L.A. colleges Women s colleges 22 n.a n.a n.a. Sources: IPEDS 2011, 2012, 2013 Notes: Number of institutions is the average of 2011, 2012 and This table is a summary of the information in Tables 3 and 4. A three year average was chosen because many institutions have few majors in any one year. Top 100 universities and top 100 Liberal Arts colleges are given by the US News and World Report list combined for 2011 and Conversion ratio is (Male Econs/Male BAs)/(Female Econs/Female BAs) and is the average of the conversion ratio computed for each of the three years. n.a. = not available or not relevant. Fractions of each group majoring in economics and the conversion ratio are weighted averages, that is the figures are those of the aggregate. November 12, 2014; 7 P a g e

8 Table 2: Summary Facts about Institutions with an Undergraduate Business Major and 5 Economics BAs (2011 to 2013) Coeducational Institutions with a Business Major and 5 Economics BAs Number of Institutions Offering Program Median # of Male BAs at School Median # of Female BAs at School Business Majors as Fraction of BAs Fraction Males of Business Majors Fraction Females of Business Majors M/F Conversion Rate for Business Major BAs (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) All (coeducational) General business Management Accounting Finance Human Resources International Business Marketing Miscellaneous Top 100 institutions Top 100 L.A. colleges Sources: IPEDS 2011, 2012, 2013 Notes: Variables are computed for subfields when BAs are listed in those areas. Fraction of each group majoring in business and the conversion ratios are weighted averages using the number of BAs (by sex) as the weight. See also notes to Table 1. November 12, 2014; 8 P a g e

9 Table 3: Statistics on the Top 100 Universities (alphabetized by state), Institution Name State Public = 1 M Econ/ M BA F Econ/ F BA Conversion Ratio Fraction Business BAs Auburn Univ AL Cal Tech CA n.a Stanford Univ CA n.a. 104 Univ of CA-Berkeley CA Univ of CA-Davis CA Univ of CA-Irvine CA Univ of CA-Los Angeles CA Univ of CA-San Diego CA Univ of CA-Santa Barbara CA Univ of CA-Santa Cruz CA Pepperdine Univ CA Univ of San Diego CA Univ of Southern CA CA Univ of CO Boulder CO CO School of Mines CO n.a. 13 Univ of Denver CO Univ of Connecticut CT Yale Univ CT n.a. 145 Univ of Delaware DE American Univ DC George Washington Univ DC Georgetown Univ DC Florida State Univ FL Univ of Florida FL Univ of Miami FL Emory Univ GA Univ of Georgia GA Univ of Chicago IL n.a. 236 Univ of IL Urbana-Champ IL Northwestern Univ IL IN Univ-Bloomington IN Purdue Univ IN Univ of Notre Dame IN Iowa State Univ IA Univ of Iowa IA Tulane Univ LA Annual # Econ BAs November 12, 2014; 9 P a g e

10 Johns Hopkins Univ MD Univ of MD-College Park MD Boston College MA Boston Univ MA Brandeis Univ MA Clark Univ MA Harvard Univ MA n.a. 214 Univ of MA Amherst MA MIT MA Northeastern Univ MA Tufts Univ MA n.a. 110 Worcester Poly MA n.a Univ of MI-Ann Arbor MI Michigan State Univ MI Univ of MN-Twin Cities MN Univ of MO-Columbia MO Washington Univ MO Univ of NE-Lincoln NE n.a Dartmouth College NH n.a. 156 Univ of NH NH Princeton Univ NJ n.a. 131 Rutgers Univ-New Brunswick NJ Columbia Univ NY Cornell Univ NY Fordham Univ NY New York Univ NY RPI NY n.a Univ of Rochester NY SUNY Binghamton NY Stony Brook Univ NY Syracuse Univ NY Yeshiva Univ NY Duke Univ NC n.a. 165 Univ of NC Chapel Hill NC Wake Forest Univ NC Case Western Reserve Univ OH Miami Univ-Oxford OH Ohio State Univ OH Univ of Tulsa OK Carnegie Mellon Univ PA November 12, 2014; 10 P a g e

11 Drexel Univ PA Pennsylvania State Univ PA Univ of Pennsylvania PA Univ of Pittsburgh PA Brown Univ RI Clemson Univ SC Vanderbilt Univ TN n.a. 199 Rice Univ TX Southern Methodist Univ TX Texas A & M Univ TX Univ of Texas Austin TX Texas Christian Univ TX Brigham Young Univ UT Univ of Vermont VT College of William & Mary VA VPI VA Univ of VA VA Univ of WA-Seattle WA Marquette Univ WI Univ of WI-Madison WI MEANS (unweighted) a a 150 a Computed without zeros. Sources: IPEDS, Notes: Averages for are given. Top 100 universities is given by the US News and World Report list combined for 2011 and Conversion ratio is (Male Econs/Male BAs)/(Female Econs/Female BAs) and is the average of the conversion ratio computed for each of the three years. n.a. = insufficient number of women to compute a conversion ratio or no business major. November 12, 2014; 11 P a g e

12 Table 4: Statistics on the Top 100 Liberal Arts Colleges (alphabetized by state, coeducational and all women s), Institution Name Coeducational State Public = 1 M Econ/ M BA F Econ/ F BA Conversion Ratio Fraction Business BAs Hendrix College AR Claremont McKenna College CA Harvey Mudd College CA n.a. n.a. 0 Occidental College CA n.a. 61 Pitzer College CA Pomona College CA n.a. 39 Colorado College CO n.a. 81 US Air Force Academy CO Connecticut College CT n.a. 47 Trinity College CT n.a. 98 Wesleyan University CT n.a. 52 Augustana College IL n.a Illinois Wesleyan Univ IL Knox College IL n.a. 25 Wheaton College IL DePauw Univ IN n.a. 61 Earlham College IN Cornell College IA Grinnell College IA n.a. 32 Luther College IA Berea College KY n.a Centre College KY n.a. 43 Transylvania Univ KY n.a Bates College ME n.a. 40 Bowdoin College ME n.a. 62 Colby College ME n.a. 58 St Mary's College of MD MD n.a. 39 US Naval Academy MD n.a. 122 Washington College MD Amherst College MA n.a. 68 College of the Holy Cross MA n.a. 112 Wheaton College MA n.a. 36 Williams College MA n.a. 69 Albion College MI Hope College MI n.a Annual # Econ BAs November 12, 2014; 12 P a g e

13 Kalamazoo College MI Carleton College MN n.a. 38 Gustavus Adolphus College MN Macalester College MN n.a. 41 St. Olaf College MN n.a. 64 Millsaps College MS Drew Univ NJ Colgate Univ NY n.a. 80 Hamilton College NY n.a. 65 Hobart William Smith Colleges NY n.a. 49 St Lawrence Univ NY n.a. 50 Skidmore College NY Union College NY n.a. 62 US Military Academy NY Vassar College NY n.a. 43 Davidson College NC n.a. 36 Denison Univ OH n.a. 75 Kenyon College OH n.a. 36 Oberlin College OH n.a. 24 Ohio Wesleyan Univ OH College of Wooster OH n.a. 20 Lewis & Clark College OR n.a. 20 Reed College OR n.a. 15 Willamette Univ OR n.a. 37 Allegheny College PA n.a. 53 Bucknell Univ PA Dickinson College PA Franklin & Marshall College PA Gettysburg College PA Haverford College PA n.a. 23 Lafayette College PA n.a. 100 Muhlenberg College PA Swarthmore College PA n.a. 47 Ursinus College PA Washington & Jefferson Coll PA Furman Univ SC Wofford College SC n.a Rhodes College TN Sewanee: Univ of the South TN n.a. 35 Austin College TX November 12, 2014; 13 P a g e

14 Southwestern Univ TX Middlebury College VT n.a. 82 Saint Michaels College VT University of Richmond VA VMI VA n.a. n.a. 52 Washington & Lee Univ VA Univ of Puget Sound WA Whitman College WA n.a. 29 Beloit College WI Lawrence Univ WI n.a. 20 MEANS (unweighted) a a 39 Institution Name Women s Colleges State Public = 1 M Econ/ M BA F Econ/ F BA Conversion Ratio Fraction Business BAs Scripps College CA 0 n.a n.a Agnes Scott College GA 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 12 Spelman College GA 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 36 Saint Mary s College IN 0 n.a n.a Mount Holyoke College MA 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 40 Smith College MA 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 54 Wellesley College MA 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 78 College of St. Benedict MN 0 n.a n.a Barnard College NY 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 51 Bryn Mawr College PA 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 10 Annual # Econ BAs MEANS (unweighted) 0 n.a n.a. n.a. 30 a Computed without zeros. Sources: IPEDS, Notes: Averages for are given. Top 100 liberal arts colleges is given by the US News and World Report list combined for 2011 and Conversion ratio is (Male Econs/Male BAs)/(Female Econs/Female BAs) and is the average of the conversion ratio computed for each of the three years. n.a. = insufficient number of women to compute a conversion ratio or no business major. November 12, 2014; 14 P a g e

15 Table 5: Statistics on 100 Largest Institutions by Total Economics BAs, Institution Name State Public M Econ/ F Econ/ Conversion Annual # Annual # = 1 M BA F BA Ratio Econ BAs Bus BAs Univ of CA-Los Angeles CA Univ of CA-San Diego CA Univ of CA-Berkeley CA Univ of CA-Davis CA Univ of MD-College Park MD Univ of TX Austin TX Rutgers Univ-New Brunswick NJ Univ of WI-Madison WI New York Univ NY Univ of Michigan-Ann Arbor MI Univ of MN-Twin Cities MN UT State Univ UT Univ of WA-Seattle WA PA State Univ-Main PA Univ of CA-Irvine CA Univ of IL Urbana-Champ IL Univ of NC Chapel Hill NC Northwestern Univ IL Univ of UT UT Univ of Chicago IL n.a. Columbia Univ NY Univ of CO Boulder CO CUNY Queens College NY OH State Univ-Main OH Univ of CT CT Harvard Univ MA n.a. SUNY Binghamton NY Univ of CA-Santa Barbara CA Boston College MA Univ of VA-Main VA Univ of OR OR Vanderbilt Univ TN n.a. IN Univ-Bloomington IN San Diego State Univ CA Cornell Univ NY AZ State Univ Tempe AZ Univ of Southern CA CA November 12, 2014; 15 P a g e

16 TX A & M Univ TX FL State Univ FL Boston Univ MA SUNY Albany NY Brigham Young Univ UT MI State Univ MI Duke Univ NC n.a. Emory Univ GA Univ of FL FL Dartmouth College NH n.a. SMU TX Univ of PA PA Brown Univ RI George Mason Univ VA Univ of CA-Riverside CA Yale Univ CT n.a. Univ of MA Amherst MA Univ of MD-Baltimore Cnty MD Univ of AZ AZ Univ of Pittsburgh-Pitts PA Princeton Univ NJ n.a. Univ of Rochester NY Univ of Houston TX CO State Univ CO US Naval Academy MD n.a. Univ of IA IA Univ of CA-Santa Cruz CA Stony Brook Univ NY College of the Holy Cross MA n.a. Tufts Univ MA n.a. Univ of KS KS Georgetown Univ DC Purdue Univ-Main IN Stanford Univ CA n.a. GA State Univ GA Brandeis Univ MA Western WA Univ WA Lafayette College PA n.a. Fordham Univ NY East Carolina Univ NC November 12, 2014; 16 P a g e

17 Trinity College CT n.a. VPI VA Univ of CO Denver CO George Washington Univ DC Northeastern Univ MA Univ of HI Manoa HI CUNY Hunter College NY Univ of South FL FL Bucknell Univ PA Washington Univ MO Rice Univ TX WA State Univ WA CA State Univ-Sacramento CA Middlebury College VT n.a. Syracuse Univ NY Wake Forest Univ NC CO College CO n.a. Colgate Univ NY n.a. FL International Univ FL CUNY City College NY Coll of William & Mary VA Clemson Univ SC CUNY Coll of Staten Is NY MEANS (unweighted) Sources: IPEDS, Notes: Averages for are given. Conversion ratio is (Male Econs/Male BAs)/(Female Econs/Female BAs) and is the average of the conversion ratio computed for each of the three years. n.a. = program does not exist at the school. November 12, 2014; 17 P a g e