SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW

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1 SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW Anne Macy, Editor College of Business West Texas A&M University Volume 44, Number 2 Spring 2017 ISSN i

2 SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW EDITOR: Anne Macy, West Texas A&M University EDITORIAL BOARD: M. Kabir Hassan, University of New Orleans Nicholas Hill, Jackson State University Marshall J. Horton, Ouachita Baptist University Shari B. Lawrence, Nicholls State University Chu Nguyen, University of Houston - Downtown Bruce Payne, Barry University Neil Terry, West Texas A&M University Susanne L. Toney, Savannah State University Geungu Yu, Jackson State University ISSN: The Southwestern Economic Review is published annually by the Southwestern Society of Economists and the College of Business, West Texas A&M University. The journal is indexed in Cabell's, EBSCO, and Econ Lit. Please visit the website, for information on submission process and manuscript guidelines. There are no submission or publication fees. Please direct questions to the editor at the provided below: Anne Macy, Editor Southwestern Economic Review West Texas A&M University Box Canyon, TX Tel: amacy@wtamu.edu Copyright 2017 by the Southwestern Society of Economists. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. No responsibility for the views expressed by authors in the Southwestern Economic Review is assumed by the editor, the publisher, West Texas A&M University, or the Southwestern Society of Economists. ii

3 SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW Volume 44, Number 2 Spring 2017 ISSN TABLE OF CONTENTS Analysis Of Quasi-Collusive Behavior In Grocery Retail Fidel Ezeala-Harrison and John Baffoe-Bonnie Underwater And Understudied: Unterseebooten In The First World War Bruce McClung and John Ross Amenities And County-Level Migration: Does Diversity Matter? Susanne L. Toney The Affordable Care Act Impact On Stock Performance Of Hospital Service Companies Neil Terry, Anne Macy, Amber Black, and Maxwell Pierce Does Information Overload Crowd Out Environmental Consciousness In Consumption? Chiradip Chatterjee and Ece H. Guleryuz Sector Exchange Traded Funds: An Analysis Of Fund Flow And Return Abdullah Noman, Shari Lawrence, John Lajaunie, and Michelle Connell..97 The Productivity Effect Of Employee Profit Sharing Programs: A Methodology Note Yu Peng Lin Tourism And Trade Nexus In Selected Developing Countries Mercy Laita Palamuleni iii

4 INSTITUTION APPRECIATION The Editorial Board of the Southwestern Economic Review and the Southwestern Society of Economists would like to thank the following institutions for supporting our members' involvement in the organization and contribution of time and effort to the advancement of the Review. Alabama A&M University American University - Dubai Arcadia University Arkansas State University Barry University Baylor University Belhaven University Bradley University California State University - Los Angeles Cameron University Centenary College of Louisiana Central Michigan University Columbus State University Clemson University Creighton University Eastern Kentucky University Emporia State University Fayetteville State University Florida Institute of Technology Frostburg State College Georgia Southern University Georgia State University Henderson State University Indiana University - Southbend Indiana State University International Monetary Fund Jackson State University Lamar University LeTourneau University Louisiana State University Lynchburg University McMaster University McNeese State University Metropolitan State University of Denver Middle Tennessee State University Morehouse College New Mexico State University Nicholls State University Norfolk State University North Carolina A&T State University Old Dominion University Ohio State University Ouachita Baptist University Park University Savannah State University South Carolina State University Southeastern Louisiana University Texas A&M University Texas A&M University - Commerce Texas A&M University - San Antonio Texas Christian University Texas State University Texas Tech University University of West Alabama University of Arkansas University of Arkansas - Pine Bluff University of Baltimore University of Central Oklahoma University of Denver University of Georgia University of Houston - Downtown University of Incarnate Word University of Memphis University of Michigan University of Nebraska University of New Mexico University of New Orleans University of North Carolina - Wilmington University of Oklahoma University of Texas University of Texas at Dallas University of West Alabama University of West Florida University of West Georgia Utah Valley University Valencia State College Washington State University West Texas A&M University West Virginia University iv

5 PREFACE The publication of this issue of the Southwestern Economic Review was made possible by the support and efforts of many dedicated people. The faculty and staff of the College of Business at West Texas A&M University provided much needed support, which ensured the success of this endeavor. In particular, Emily Gross provided critical review, editing, and formatting of the articles. The Editorial Board and reviewers of the manuscripts submitted to the Southwestern Economic Review provided much needed expertise in helping to decide which papers to accept for publication. The editor is grateful for all of this help and hopes this issue of the Southwestern Economic Review will promote and advance our organization, the Southwestern Society of Economists, to new educational and professional horizons. The Southwestern Society of Economists is affiliated with the Federation of Business Disciplines. The annual membership fee of the Society is $49 and includes a subscription to the Southwestern Economic Review. There are no submission fees or publication fees associated with the Review, but authors are encouraged to join the Southwestern Society of Economists. The website for the Southwestern Economic Review is It contains past issues and manuscript guidelines. Once again, many thanks to those who helped bring this publication to fruition. Anne Macy, Editor Southwestern Economic Review Prior host institutions of the Southwestern Economic Review include Baylor University, Ray Perryman, editor; Arkansas State University, John Kaminarides, editor; and Texas Christian University, Ed McNertney, editor. v

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SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW

SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW Edward M. McNertney, Editor Department of Economics Texas Christian University Volume 38 Spring 2011 Number 1 i SOUTHWESTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW EDITOR: Edward M. McNertney, Texas