Policymaking. Copyright 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sean Adair/Reuters
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1 National Security Policymaking 18 Sean Adair/Reuters
2 Instruments of Foreign Policy 18.1 Military War, threat of war Economic Almost as important as war Sanctions, tariffs, regulations Diplomacy Treaties, summit talks First option
3 Actors on the World Stage 18.1 International organizations United Nations Regional organizations NATO, EU Multinational corporations Nongovernmental organizations Terrorists Individuals
4 The Policymakers 18.1 The President Chief diplomat/commander in chief Treaties, executive agreements The Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State Bureaucratic and intransigent The National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of Defense CIA Congress
5 18.1 Who's the president's main foreign policy adviser? 18.1 a. Secretary of state b. Secretary of defense c. Vice president d. Secretary of war
6 18.1 Who's the president's main foreign policy adviser? 18.1 a. Secretary of state b. Secretary of defense c. Vice president d. Secretary of war
7 American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism 18.3 The Spread of Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq
8 The Spread of Terrorism /11 not first attack Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die Improved security and intelligence Clash with civil liberties
9 Afghanistan and Iraq 18.3 U.S. declares war on terrorism Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea Nation building Anti-American sentiments
10 Bush Doctrine United States policy of preemptive action against threats to its national security. Response to terrorist threats around the globe. Axis of Evil
11 Patriot Act Public concern over the Patriot Act Trade-offs between maintaining a strong presence in the world, providing for the national defense, and maintaining republican liberty are difficult. Ex. National Security Agency
12
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14 18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war on terror? 18.3 a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world due to U.S. military action in the Middle East d. All of the above
15 18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war on terror? 18.3 a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world to due to U.S. military action in the Mid East d. All of the above
16 Defense Spending 18.4 Guns v. butter Military Spending vs. Social Programs Ideological disputes Conservative vs Liberal Peace dividend v. jobs Collapse of Soviet Union
17 FIGURE 18.2 Trends in defense spending 18.4
18 Personnel 18.4 Large standing military 1.3 million active duty 821,000 National Guard and reserves 300,000 deployed abroad National Guard maintains national security
19 FIGURE 18.3 Size of the armed forces 18.4
20 Weapons 18.4 Nuclear weapons ICBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles Strategic bombers Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber $5.5 trillion Arms reduction treaties
21 Reforming Defense Policy 18.4 Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible Better intelligence Increased use of Special Forces
22 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? 18.4 a. 847,000 b. 562,000 c. 1.3 million d. 1.2 million
23 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? 18.4 a. 847,000 b. 562,000 c. 1.3 million d. 1.2 million
24 Changing Role of Military 18.5 Power Soft power versus hard power Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary Violate sovereignty? Can cost American lives Economic sanctions Influence behaviour without force Cut off aid, trade embargoes Mixed record of success
25 Nuclear Proliferation nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel How to prevent more? Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan
26 FIGURE 18.4 The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5
27 The International Economy 18.5 Interdependency International Trade Globalization of financial markets Nontariff barriers to trade Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us $471 billion deficit in 2013
28 Energy 18.5 OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil Trade embargo Middle East controls world's oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25% Kuwait 10%
29 Foreign Aid 18.5 Developing world Humanitarian Stabilization Access to raw materials Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness Military assistance Agricultural assistance Medical care Unpopular
30 18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? 18.5 a. 3% b. 5% c. 1% d. 10%
31 18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? 18.5 a. 3% b. 5% c. 1% d. 10%
32 Understanding National Security Policymaking 18.6 National Security Policymaking and Democracy National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government
33 National Security 18.6 Policymaking and Democracy Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable Decision makers unelected Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war Congress holds purse strings Pluralism is pervasive
34 National Security 18.6 Policymaking and the Scope of Government Superpower status War on terror World's policeman Globalization Global warming 2 million employed in Dept. of Defense
35 18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? 18.6 a. Policymakers not elected b. Public not as knowledgeable c. Congress plays smaller role d. All of the above
36 18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? 18.6 a. Policymakers not elected b. Public not as knowledgeable c. Congress plays smaller role d. All of the above
37 Discussion Questions 18 How has national security policy evolved since World War II? What effects did the end of the Cold War and the commencement of the war on terrorism have on national security policy?
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