Disaster Basics IS-292

Transcription

1 Disaster Basics IS-292

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents Unit 1: Course Overview Unit 2: Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Unit 3: Government Response to an Incident Unit 4: Response Operations Unit 5: Command Staff Unit 6: General Staff Operations Section Unit 7: General Staff Planning Section Unit 8: General Staff Logistics Section Unit 9: General Staff Finance/Administration Section Unit 10: Course Summary Appendix A: Glossary/Terminology... A-1 Appendix B: Federal Emergency Teams... B-1 Final Exam... Exam-1 Disaster Basics i

3 Unit 1 Course Overview

4 Unit 1 Course Overview Course Overview Welcome to IS-292, Disaster Basics. This course is designed so that you can move at your own pace. You will remember the material best if you take your time. As an estimate, you might expect to spend 30 minutes to 1 hour on each unit. Purpose The purpose of IS-292, Disaster Basics, is to provide a basic knowledge of incident response and recovery operations, starting with the declaration process through the Joint Field Office (JFO) programs and management. The course describes major requirements, important features, and dynamics of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) disaster programs and activities. Disaster Basics 1-1

5 Unit 1 Course Overview Course Objectives After completing this course, you will be able to: List three significant dates in the development of disaster assistance since Describe the purpose and function of the Stafford Act. Describe the roles of the local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments in responding to a declared incident. List the steps in the declaration process. Give three examples of assistance available for non-declared incidents. Explain the relationship between the National Incident Management System (NIMS), the National Response Plan (NRP), and the Incident Command System (ICS). List three features of ICS. Explain the role and structure of the Command Staff. Explain the role and structure of the General Staff. Explain the purpose and the components of the Incident Action Plan (IAP). List the key functions of the Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance/Administration Sections. State the purpose of the Individual Assistance (IA), Public Assistance (PA), and Hazard Mitigation (HM) programs. Disaster Basics 1-2

6 Unit 1 Course Overview Completing the Course Each unit of the course begins with a Check Your Knowledge section. You can use these questions to assess your mastery of the topics covered in each unit. This will help you determine what areas require particular attention. This approach will enable you to tailor the course so it matches your level of knowledge on the topics covered. The course includes a final exam which is a separate link on the same Web page as the course materials. To save time, it is recommended that you download and print the final exam, circle your answers on the exam, and then complete the online answer sheet for electronic submission. Your test will be evaluated and the results will be mailed to you within a few weeks. If you score 75% or higher, a certificate of completion will be mailed to you. For any questions related to the course, please send an directly to trainwebmaster@dhs.gov or contact: EMI Independent Study Program South Seton Avenue Emmitsburg, MD Disaster Basics 1-3

7 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance

8 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Check Your Knowledge 1. The Stafford Act gives FEMA the authority to manage disaster assistance. True False 2. What is the minimum Federal/State cost-share formula for Public Assistance? 3. What are three significant dates and events in the development of disaster assistance? 4. List the three disaster assistance programs authorized in the Stafford Act. 5. What is the mission of FEMA? Disaster Basics 2-1

9 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Check Your Knowledge Answers 1. True %/25%. 3. Significant dates and events: 1950 Federal Disaster Relief Act passed Disaster Relief Act of 1969 passed Disaster Relief Act of 1974 passed FEMA created by President Carter Stafford Act passed Disaster Mitigation Act passed FEMA becomes part of the Department of Homeland Security. 4. Individual Assistance, Public Assistance, Hazard Mitigation. 5. To provide disaster assistance to individuals and communities and to reduce the impact of future events. Disaster Basics 2-2

10 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Overview Federal disaster assistance legislation and programs have been evolving since Through legislation, a variety of disaster relief programs have been established and a wide range of needs addressed. This unit highlights the milestones of Federal disaster assistance development. Disaster Basics 2-3

11 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Upon completion of this unit, you will be able to: List three significant dates in the development of disaster assistance programs. Describe the function and purpose of the Stafford Act. Identify three sources of guidance and policy for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Disaster Basics 2-4

12 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Background Prior to 1950, there was no comprehensive disaster program. Disaster recovery was funded by Congress on an incident-to-incident basis. Starting in 1950 and continuing to the present, disaster relief has been provided for through a series of legislative acts. The following timeline shows the succession: 1950 Public Law (PL) Disaster Relief Act 1974 Disaster Relief Act PL FEMA Created by President Carter 2003 FEMA becomes part of DHS 2000 Disaster Mitigation Act 1988 Stafford Act Public Law was significant for a number of reasons. Funding was authorized for a disaster relief program rather than a single-incident response. The responsibility for determining when Federal disaster relief is required was transferred from Congress to the President. The basic philosophy of Federal disaster relief was developed establishing that Federal assistance is supplemental to State and local resources. The basis for later legislation on cost-sharing between Federal and State or local governments was put into place. Provisions were made for emergency repairs to or temporary replacement of essential public facilities. Aid was provided only to State and local governments. Disaster Basics 2-5

13 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance Nearly 20 years later, the Disaster Relief Act of 1969 was passed. This law introduced the concept of the Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO), and placed the management of Federal disaster relief under one individual who was appointed by the President. In April 1974, there was a series of devastating tornadoes that hit six Midwestern States. This confirmed the need to add individual and family assistance to the disaster relief program. As a result, the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (Public Law ) was established. Under this law: The Individuals and Households Grant Program is available. Federal and State disaster relief operations are conducted on a partnership basis, and a State Coordinating Officer (SCO) works jointly with an FCO. Federal assistance supports local, Tribal, and State activities and resources. Assistance is contingent upon a Presidential Declaration. In 1979, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was created by executive order of President Carter and was established for the purpose of providing disaster assistance to individuals and communities. FEMA was given the role of coordinating Federal, State, Tribal, and local efforts when a Federal disaster is declared. FEMA was tasked with the mission of reducing loss of life and property, protecting critical infrastructure, and organizing and supporting a comprehensive emergency management plan. Before 1981, the Public Assistance (PA) Program, which provided disaster assistance to State and local governments, was in the form of a 100-percent Federal grant. The response to the eruption of Mount St. Helens in May 1980 was the first administrative implementation of a 75-percent Federal and 25- percent State and local cost sharing of disaster expenses. This response was the first step toward a cost-sharing, full-partnership concept of managing disaster response and recovery. Disaster Basics 2-6

14 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance During the 1980s, the Senate expressed concern about the use of disaster authority for responding to non-natural disasters or emergencies such as managing the Cuban refugee influx and the Three Mile Island incident. The Three Mile Island incident, as well as a number of perceived deficiencies, stimulated Congress to review disaster programs. Over the next several years, legislation was initiated to change Public Law In November 1988, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act was passed. This act provided a framework for continued disaster relief and provided the authority for FEMA s role in managing Federal disaster assistance. It also legislated a minimum 75-percent Federal/25-percent State and local cost sharing for the PA Program. The Stafford Act refocused assistance for non-natural disasters, unless caused by fire, flood, or explosion, to a more limited scope. It also confirmed the importance of individual assistance and added an emphasis on mitigation of future losses. Key features of the act are: State, Tribal, and local governments have the primary responsibility to respond to a disaster. Federal assistance is designed to supplement the efforts and available resources of State, Tribal, and local governments, and voluntary relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering resulting from a disaster. FEMA may task any Federal agency, with or without reimbursement, to provide assistance to State, Tribal, and local disaster efforts in a declared disaster. Disaster assistance programs included in the Stafford Act are: Individual Assistance (IA), in the form of individual and household grants and temporary housing. Disaster Basics 2-7

15 Unit 2 Background of Federal Disaster Assistance PA, including grants for emergency work, repair and restoration, and debris removal. Mitigation grants, to reduce long-term risk to life and property from natural or technological disasters. Congress amended the Stafford Act in October 1993 to expand the scope of mitigation to include acquisition of properties in floodplains. An October 1994 amendment incorporated most of the former Civil Defense Act of 1950, 50 U.S.C. App., into the Stafford Act. This amendment allows FEMA to implement an allhazards approach to preparedness. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 further modified the Stafford Act to establish a national program for pre-disaster mitigation, streamline administration of disaster relief, and control Federal costs of disaster assistance. In 2003, FEMA became part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) established by President Bush in DHS was reorganized on July 12, 2005, with FEMA as a stand-alone agency within the department, responsible for the response and recovery to Incidents of National Significance reporting directly to the DHS Director. Guidance, standards, policy, and procedures for DHS agencies are set forth in the National Incident Management System (NIMS), the National Response Plan (NRP), and the Incident Command System (ICS). Summary Disaster assistance has been evolving since Public Law was the first legislation to address disaster relief in a broad, ongoing way. Since then, numerous laws and amendments have been passed to ensure systematic disaster assistance. A key piece of this disaster legislation was the Stafford Act which guides all Federal disaster relief and authorizes FEMA to manage Federal disaster assistance. Since its incorporation into DHS, FEMA is guided by the department standards, policies, and procedures set forth in NIMS, the NRP, and ICS. Disaster Basics 2-8

16 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident

17 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Check Your Knowledge 1. What are the primary responsibilities of local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments in response to an incident? 2. Put the following steps in the correct order: Governor s declaration request Presidential Declaration Incident Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA) FEMA s recommendation to the President 3. What assistance is available for non-declared incidents? 4. What are FEMA s pre-declaration responsibilities to an incident? 5. What are FEMA s post-declaration responsibilities at an incident? 6. What are three types of Incidents of National Significance that may qualify for a Presidential Disaster Declaration? Disaster Basics 3-1

18 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Check Your Knowledge Answers 1. Local/Tribal Serves as first line of defense in emergencies. Warns and advises citizens. Provides immediate aid. State/Tribal Reviews and analyzes situation reports from local agencies. Deploys appropriate State resources and personnel. (Governor) considers appropriate economic and legal controls. (Governor) requests Presidential Declaration. Federal Oversees incident management and coordination. Manages the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF). Implements the disaster assistance programs. Manages and tracks resources. Issues mission assignments. Disaster Basics 3-2

19 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident 2. Incident Preliminary Damage Assessment Governor s declaration request FEMA s recommendation Presidential Declaration 3. Search and rescue, flood protection, firefighting, human health, conservation, agricultural loans, home or business owner s loans, tax refunds, voluntary agency assistance. 4. Damage assessment Rapid Needs Assessment (RNA) Advise President Deploy Federal resources Contingency planning Coordinate other Federal and volunteer agencies 5. Assist States in requesting additional types of assistance Evaluate assistance requests Implement disaster assistance programs Coordinate other Federal and volunteer agencies 6. Emergency Major disaster Catastrophic incident Disaster Basics 3-3

20 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Government Response to an Incident Overview This section describes how local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments respond to an incident or a disaster declaration. The topics are: Emergency management at the local, Tribal, State, and Federal levels The disaster declaration process FEMA s role in managing disasters At the end of this unit, you will be able to: Give three examples of types of incidents that would qualify for a Presidential Declaration. List two examples of local government responsibilities in response to an incident. List two examples of State or Tribal government responsibilities in response to an incident. List two examples of Federal government responsibilities in response to an incident. List three examples of assistance available for non-declared incidents. Disaster Basics 3-4

21 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident The Disaster Response When a disaster or emergency occurs, local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments, as well as voluntary agencies, respond immediately. This collective response follows a step-by-step process that has been developed and revised through legislation and through lessons learned in previous disasters. Initially, local, Tribal, and State governments activate their Emergency Operation Plans (EOPs) and Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs). Local governments are the first line of defense and are primarily responsible for managing the response to emergencies and disasters. Local Response and Recovery Activities At the local level of government, the primary responsibility for the protection of citizens belongs to local elected officials such as mayors, city councils, and boards of commissioners. When a local government receives a warning that an emergency could be imminent, its first priority is to warn citizens and take whatever actions are needed to minimize damage and protect life and property. If necessary, an evacuation may be ordered. When an event or incident occurs, fire, police, medical, and rescue personnel rush to emergency sites to provide aid immediately following the emergency. The local government works to ensure public order and security. Vital services (e.g., water, power, communications, transportation, shelter, and medical care) are provided, and debris removal begins. Public and private utility company crews, along with other emergency teams, begin restoring essential services. In addition, the local government coordinates efforts with local voluntary agencies that assist individuals and families in need. When a local government responds to an emergency, the level of the response and the types of resources required are determined by several factors including the: Onset speed of the emergency Potential need for evacuation Magnitude of the situation Projected duration of the event Extent of the threat to the citizens Disaster Basics 3-5

22 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident In an emergency, the local government is responsible for responding to the event in a way that will contain the emergency, protect people and property, and minimize damage. The local government is also responsible for overall management and coordination of an effective response. State Response and Recovery Efforts All States have laws that describe the responsibilities and authorities of the State government in emergencies and disasters. These laws provide Governors and State agencies with the authority to plan for and carry out the necessary actions to respond to and recover from emergencies. State emergency management legislation describes the duties and powers of the Governor. Gubernatorial authority includes the power to declare a State of Emergency and to decide when to terminate this declaration. State Emergency Management Agencies Many of the responsibilities to perform and maintain the provisions of emergency management legislation are generally delegated to the State emergency management agencies. The names and organizational structures of these offices vary from State to State. Emergency managers are responsible for advance preparation. They coordinate the activation and use of State resources which are needed to help local and Tribal governments respond to and recover from emergencies and disasters. Role of the State Emergency Management Agency In its coordinating role, the State emergency management agency is involved in virtually all major emergencies or disasters. This organization is responsible for receiving the situation reports from local agencies. Based on these reports and other information, emergency management officials work in consultation with other agency representatives and members of the Governor s staff to determine what types of resources and personnel should be deployed to the affected areas. Using procedures specified in the State EOP, the State emergency management organization coordinates deployment of State personnel and resources to the affected areas. Disaster Basics 3-6

23 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident State Resources When a State emergency is declared, the Governor (or emergency management agency official acting for the Governor) can mobilize the resources of State agencies to provide any necessary assistance. Communities can then use State resources to supplement their own supplies, equipment, and personnel. For example, in a situation in which large populated areas are threatened by the continued rise of flood waters, the State could assist in evacuation of the threatened area by prescribing evacuation routes and helping to control points of entry and departure from the disaster area. In many States, Governors can suspend State laws or local ordinances if it is determined that the law in question will restrict or prohibit efforts to relieve human suffering caused by the disaster. In some States, after a State emergency declaration, the Governor may establish economic controls over such resources and services as food, wages, clothing, and shelter in the affected area. Under a State emergency declaration, Governors are empowered to mobilize the National Guard and direct its efforts. Generally, Governors are granted the power to use all available State resources needed to respond effectively and efficiently to the event. The Governor is able to draw upon the resources, expertise, and knowledge of State agencies as needed to assist in the effort. In many disasters, the States can provide technical assistance and resources that would not be available to most local officials within their own communities. Links to most State emergency management agencies can be found at the following site: Scroll to: State Emergency Management Agencies (U.S.A.). A State may determine its resources are overwhelmed and request Federal assistance. Disaster Basics 3-7

24 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Federal Response The Stafford Act, the NRP, and the Homeland Security Acts all give FEMA the authority to exercise certain responsibilities before and after a disaster strikes. These include: Deployment of Federal resources in anticipation of or response to an incident o Staff the Emergency Response Team (ERT) o Deliver supplies to disaster victims o Provide staff and expertise to disaster operations Coordination of incident communication, worker health, and safety Coordination of Federal operations Development of contingency plans and procedures Training Federal Disaster Assistance: Non-Stafford Act Under the Stafford Act, assistance for major disasters and emergencies is available only upon a declaration by the President. However, even when the President does not issue a major disaster or an emergency declaration, there may be certain types of assistance available through various Federal agencies including the Corps of Engineers, the Department of Agriculture, and the Small Business Administration (SBA). Without a Presidential Declaration, disaster assistance from other agencies may include any of the following: Urban search and rescue Flood protection Emergency conservation programs Emergency loans for agriculture Fire suppression assistance Health and welfare Disaster Basics 3-8

25 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Disaster loans for home or business owners Tax refund assistance Voluntary agency assistance The Declaration Process In order to obtain a Presidential Declaration, a specific process must be followed. This process was established by the Stafford Act. It includes four steps: Step 1. A joint FEMA/State Preliminary Damage Assessment Step 2. The Governor s request for assistance Step 3. FEMA s recommendation to the President Step 4. The Presidential Declaration Step 1. Step 2. A joint FEMA/State Preliminary Damage Assessment. FEMA and State representatives complete a PDA. This step involves an inspection of the area to document the impact of the event and to make an initial estimate of the dollar amount of the damage. This assessment establishes a foundation for any request for assistance the Governor may decide to make and provides estimates on the types of disaster assistance needed. The assessment also provides background for FEMA s analysis of the request and supplies information that will be helpful to those who will manage the recovery operation. The Governor s request for assistance. This request, by law, must state that the Governor has taken appropriate action and directed execution of the State EOP. The Governor must certify that the incident is of such severity and magnitude that State and local resources are inadequate. It must also include a damage estimate, describe the State and local resources committed to response and recovery, describe the assistance being requested, and agree to cost- share. Disaster Basics 3-9

26 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Step 3. Step 4. FEMA s recommendation to the President regarding the request. The Governor s request is addressed to the President through the FEMA Regional Director. The Regional Office transmits the request to FEMA Headquarters along with an analysis and recommendation. FEMA Headquarters reviews the request to ensure it meets all the requirements of the Stafford Act. FEMA s Director then recommends a course of action to the President, and the request is hand-carried to the White House. The Presidential Declaration. After a White House review, the President decides whether or not to declare that a major disaster exists. In the event the declaration is issued, assistance is made available under the Stafford Act. The FEMA Director designates an FCO to oversee the disaster operations. Under normal circumstances, this process may take several days. In cases where an immediate Federal response is needed to save lives or protect public health and safety, an expedited disaster request may start the process within hours. FEMA s Role in Managing Disasters Once the President declares a Federal emergency or disaster, FEMA assumes several roles in the disaster recovery process, which include the following: Helping State governments request additional types of disaster assistance or adding counties to the declaration. Evaluating requests for additional assistance. Making recommendations to the Executive Associate Director. Implementing disaster assistance programs. Coordinating the delivery of assistance from other Federal and voluntary agencies under the NRP. Continuing to manage the President s DRF. Disaster Basics 3-10

27 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Types of Incidents The Stafford Act defines the kinds of incidents covered by a Presidential Declaration. It identifies two categories of eligible events: 1. Emergency. Emergencies involve any event for which the President determines there is a need to supplement State and local efforts in order to save lives, protect property and public health, and ensure safety. A variety of incidents may qualify as emergencies. The Federal assistance available for emergencies is more limited than that available for a major disaster. An emergency is defined as, Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. A Presidential Declaration of an emergency provides assistance that: Is beyond State and local capabilities Serves as supplementary emergency assistance Does not exceed $5 million of Federal assistance The Governor must request a Presidential Declaration for an emergency within 5 days of the incident. 2. Major Disaster. Major disasters may be caused by such natural events as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Disasters may include fires, floods, or explosions that the President feels are of sufficient magnitude to warrant Federal assistance. Although the types of incidents that may qualify as a major disaster are limited, the Federal assistance available is broader than for emergencies. A major disaster is defined as, Any natural catastrophe or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under this chapter to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby. Disaster Basics 3-11

28 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident A Presidential Disaster Declaration provides assistance that: Is beyond State and local capabilities Supplements available resources of State and local governments, disaster relief organizations, and insurance The Governor must request a Presidential Declaration for a major disaster within 30 days of the incident. After the President declares a major disaster, the FEMA State Agreement is signed by the FEMA Regional Director and the Governor. This agreement establishes the period of the incident, identifies the types of assistance to be provided, lists the areas eligible for assistance, sets forth the agreed-upon cost-share provisions, and describes other terms and conditions. The NRP defines emergencies and disasters as, Incidents of National Significance along with catastrophic incidents. Catastrophic events are also eligible for the same Federal disaster assistance and are defined as, any natural or manmade incident, including terrorism, which results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions. Disaster Basics 3-12

29 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Anatomy of a Disaster Declaration The following table provides basic information about the disaster declaration process and initial Federal response activities. In catastrophic situations or incidents of national significance, the process can be expedited. Incident Occurs The incident causes widespread destruction or losses that may trigger a disaster declaration. The event may be a flood, fire, hurricane, or other event as specified in disaster assistance legislation. While the event may be considered a disaster in a given area, as far as FEMA or other Federal agencies are concerned, no Federal recovery programs may be implemented until the President signs a Disaster Declaration. Not all incidents result in Presidential Declarations. According to the Stafford Act, response to the incident must be beyond the combined capability of local and State governments to qualify for a Declaration. Initial Federal Response The Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC) is activated. Staff is deployed to the RRCC either at the Regional Office or Federal Regional Center (FRC) to provide technical assistance and coordinate with the State. The RRCC may be staffed before an incident occurs, e.g., a hurricane. The National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) is activated at FEMA Headquarters. It coordinates the deployment of the ERT-A to field locations, assesses damage information, develops situation reports, and issues initial mission assignments. The NRCC supports RRCC efforts to set up response operations in the field by deploying national assets when needed. The National Emergency Response Team (ERT-N) can be deployed from FEMA Headquarters by the Director of FEMA in catastrophic situations, providing staff to direct the response in support of State and FEMA regional resources. Disaster Basics 3-13

30 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Preliminary Damage Assessments The State asks FEMA, through the Regional Office, to participate in a PDA. The PDA identifies the potential need for IA, PA, or HM. Teams consisting of representatives from FEMA, the State, local governments, and other Federal or State agencies (as appropriate) review the impact on individuals and public facilities. PDA findings are used as the basis for the Governor s request and also are used by FEMA in developing two key documents: the Regional Disaster Summary and the Regional Analysis and Recommendation. These documents are prepared after a request for a disaster declaration is received from the Governor and completion of the PDA. In catastrophic or severe situations, the Governor s request may be submitted to FEMA prior to the PDA; thereby a declaration may be expedited. Governor s Request The Governor will request a major disaster declaration based on a determination by the State that the response is beyond the financial or operational capabilities of both the local and the State governments. The request is submitted through FEMA to the President. Once a request is received, it is considered in process until a determination is made by the President. This process can take a matter of hours in a catastrophic situation or several days, depending on the situation. Regional Summary/ Regional Analysis and Recommendation These documents outline the scope of the losses and make recommendations as to the needs of the disaster-affected area. The FEMA Director reviews these documents and forwards a recommendation to the President. Disaster Basics 3-14

31 Unit 3 Government Response to an Incident Presidential Disaster Declaration If the situation is of significant severity and magnitude to warrant a major disaster or an emergency declaration, the President signs the declaration. If, after careful review by FEMA and the White House, the situation does not meet the standards established by the Stafford Act, a request may be denied. A letter explaining the denial is sent to the Governor by the Director of FEMA. States have the right to appeal. When a disaster is declared by the President, the scope of the assistance programs is delineated and the affected counties are designated. The FEMA Director appoints an FCO to manage the Federal response and recovery activities. Joint Field Office Established FEMA/State Agreement Federal/State Meeting The JFO is established within 48 hours of the declaration to provide a base of operations for Federal and State agencies involved in the response and recovery activities. The FEMA/State Agreement details the terms under which Federal aid is granted, including any cost-sharing provisions. This document is signed by the Governor and the FEMA Regional Director. The FCO may amend this agreement. Examples of amendments include the addition of other counties to the declaration or establishment of an end date for the incident period if one was not determined at the onset of the disaster. This meeting involves representatives from all Federal, State, and voluntary agencies offering programs for people and communities affected by the disaster. The programs are explained to the State during this meeting. Summary All levels of government have specific procedures, authorities, and resources for emergency and disaster response. Local government has the primary responsibility for incident management. If these resources are overwhelmed, State and ultimately the Federal government may add to the response and recovery efforts. The Stafford Act outlines most of the statutes and procedures for Federal assistance including types of incidents and the Presidential Declaration process. A Presidential Declaration identifies the scope of Federal assistance that can be provided. Disaster Basics 3-15

32 Unit 4 Response Operations

33 Unit 4 Response Operations Check Your Knowledge 1. What is the relationship among NIMS, the NRP, and ICS? 2. ESFs are organized based on. 3. Unity of Command, span of control, common terminology, standardized operating structure, and ability to expand and contract are features of. 4. Fill in the following typical ERT chart with the correct personnel titles: FCO 5. What are the four emergency teams that each FEMA region must maintain? Disaster Basics 4-1

34 Unit 4 Response Operations Check Your Knowledge Answers 1. NIMS establishes consistent standards, protocols, and procedures so that all responders can work together effectively. The NRP is the plan for implementing the procedures and policies set forth in NIMS. The ICS is the structure used to manage actual incidents and achieve specific objectives. 2. Function. 3. ICS. 4. FCO Safety Officer Liaison Officer Information Officer Operations Section Chief Planning Section Chief Logistics Section Chief Finance/Admin. Section Chief 5. ERT-A, ERT, RNA, RST. Disaster Basics 4-2

35 Unit 4 Response Operations Response Operations Overview The focus of response operations is to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. This requires the cooperation and collaboration of local, State, and Federal agencies to achieve maximum results. Local governments are charged with conducting immediate response activities. The State assesses needs and commits additional resources, and FEMA manages and coordinates disaster assistance from a variety of Federal departments and agencies. At each level, consistency and continuity of service are established by the National Incident Management System (NIMS), the National Response Plan (NRP), and the Incident Command System (ICS). This unit will focus on the purpose and application of these three sources of guidance. In addition, the role of the Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) and emergency teams will be discussed. At the conclusion of the unit, you will be able to: Describe the purpose of response operations. Describe NIMS. Describe the NRP. Describe ICS, and list three key features. Explain the relationship among NIMS, the NRP, and ICS. Describe the purpose of the ESFs. Create an organizational chart for a natural disaster at a typical JFO. List five emergency response teams, and describe their functions. Disaster Basics 4-3

36 Unit 4 Response Operations Common Direction and Unifying Guidance Multiple agencies and levels of government work together in response operations. It is essential that they share a common focus, work compatibly, and seek mutual outcomes. Three sources of guidance exist to help provide this type of unified approach: The National Incident Management System (NIMS) The National Response Plan (NRP) The Incident Command System (ICS) NIMS was created to provide a comprehensive, national approach to incident management. It is applicable to all jurisdictional levels across functional disciplines. It establishes standard incident management processes, procedures, and protocols so all responders can work together with maximum effectiveness. The components included in NIMS are: Command and Management Preparedness Resource Management Communications and Information Management Supporting Technologies Ongoing Management and Maintenance The NRP is a comprehensive plan that aligns a multitude of Federal incident management and emergency response plans into an effective and efficient structure. The NRP brings together coordination structures, capabilities, and resources. It is a unified, all-hazards approach to domestic incident management. The NRP serves as the blueprint for how multiple agencies work together to respond to an incident. Disaster Basics 4-4

37 Unit 4 Response Operations Features of the NRP Application Scope Maintenance Support Functions Has wide applicability across a spectrum of activities including prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Covers a full range of complex, changing requirements. Addresses site-specific activities as well as regional/national issues related to an incident. Involves periodic updating to incorporate new Presidential directives, legislative changes, and procedural changes based on lessons learned from exercises and actual events. Identifies Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) and assigns them to specific agencies. The NRP provides the overarching, coordinating structures, processes, and protocols to be followed in responding to an Incident of National Significance. Role of Emergency Support Functions To facilitate the provision of Federal assistance, the NRP uses a functional approach to group the types of Federal assistance that a State is most likely to need under the 15 Emergency Support Functions (ESFs). Each ESF is headed by a primary agency that has been selected based on its authorities, resources, and capabilities in the particular functional area. Other agencies have been designated as support agencies for one or more ESFs based on their resources and capabilities to support the functional area. Disaster Basics 4-5

38 Unit 4 Response Operations The ESFs and their coordinating agencies are as follows: Title ESF-1: Transportation DOT Coordinating Agency ESF-2: Communications DHS/IAIP/NCS ESF-3: Public Works and Engineering DOD/USACE ESF-4: Fire Fighting USDA/FS ESF-5: Emergency Management DHS/FEMA ESF-6: Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services ESF-7: Resource Support GSA ESF-8: Public Health and Medical Services HHS DHS/FEMA ESF-9: Urban Search and Rescue DHS/FEMA ESF-10: Oil and Hazardous Materials Response EPA ESF-11: Agriculture and Natural Resources USDA ESF-12: Energy DOE ESF-13: Public Safety and Security DHS/DOJ ESF-14: Long-Term Community Recovery and Mitigation ESF-15: External Affairs DHS DHS/FEMA Depending on the situation, a response may require no ESF presence, some ESF involvement, or activation of most or all ESFs. When ESFs are activated, their representatives work on emergency teams to provide needed support and services. Most ESFs are incorporated into the Operations Section at the JFO. Disaster Basics 4-6

39 Unit 4 Response Operations Emergency Teams The NRP identifies several emergency teams that are established to respond to an incident. Some teams are identified before an incident takes place. Other teams are developed after the incident and are formed to meet the specific needs of that incident. The table below describes the purpose and the responsibilities of each team. Title Purpose Description ERT-A Emergency Response Team Advanced FIRST Federal Incident Response Team ERT-N Emergency Response Team National To work with the State to obtain information on the impact of the event and to identify specific State needs for Federal assistance. To support the Federal response on-site at the event within 12 hours of notification. To coordinate damage assessment, Mission Assignments for direct Federal assistance, and selection of locations for field facilities with the State. Deployed by the RRCC to State operating facilities. Can include RNA personnel and appropriate ESF representatives. Makes preliminary arrangements to set up Federal field facilities. May establish an Interim Operations Facility (IOF) as a facility until the JFO is established. Team members are preidentified to facilitate rapid response. Headed by team leader from FEMA. Consists of program and support staff and representatives from selected ESF primary agencies. A forward component of the ERT-A, deployed by FEMA. Provides technical assistance in assessing the situation, identifying critical and unmet needs, making protective action recommendations, and identifying potential targets for Federal assistance. Oversees on-site Federal assistance which could include critical life-saving and life-sustaining items. Becomes part of the Operations Section when the ERT is established. Deployed by the Secretary of Homeland Security for large-scale, high-impact incidents. Consists of pre-assigned staff from FEMA HQ, regional offices, and other Federal agencies. Three ERT-N teams are structured, with each team on call every third month. Fourth team on call year-round to manage incidents in the National Capital Region. Works with the RRCC and NRCC to ensure smooth integration of national and regional assets. Disaster Basics 4-7

40 Unit 4 Response Operations Title Purpose Description ERT Emergency Response Team DEST Domestic Emergency Support Team RST Regional Support Team Other Federal Teams To staff the JFO and achieve the incident objectives. To provide technical support for management of potential or actual terrorist incidents. To staff the RRCC, monitor incidents within the home region, and coordinate with the affected States. To support incident management and disaster response and recovery operations. Principal interagency group deployed to the JFO by FEMA. Composed of FEMA staff and ESF personnel. Ensures Federal resources are available to meet Federal incident management and State requirements. Size and composition of the ERT is flexible and scalable depending on scope and magnitude of the incident. Headed by the FCO. Deployed by the Attorney General in consultation with the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. Serves as a stand-alone advisory team at the JFO or incident location. Deployed by the Region. Coordinates early response operations with a State. Usually the first Federal emergency team activated to deal with an incident. Supports deployment of the ERT-A. Receives assessment information and provides operational response to requests from the ERT-A. Depending on the needs of a specific incident, a variety of additional Federal teams may be used. Examples include: Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMATs) Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORTs) Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) Emergency teams perform a variety of essential functions. Some are tailored to meet specific needs identified in the assessment phase of disaster response. Other teams are pre-identified to ensure prompt response. Each region maintains an ERT-A, an RST, RNA personnel, and cadres of personnel to staff the ERT. Disaster Basics 4-8

41 Unit 4 Response Operations Incident Facilities The NRP describes the primary facilities that emergency teams may utilize to position resources and to achieve incident objectives during response operations. The following table shows the location and function of each facility: Facility Name NRCC National Response Coordination Center RRCC Regional Response Coordination Center IOF Interim Operating Facility JFO Joint Field Office DRC Disaster Recovery Center Function Multi-agency center located at FEMA Headquarters. Multiagency center that provides overall Federal response coordination of Incidents of National Significance. Operates on a 24/7 basis and monitors potential/developing incidents. Supports response efforts of regional and field components. Resolves Federal assistance conflicts and implementation issues forwarded by the JFO. Regional center that serves as the Federal government s immediate emergency operations center in an affected region. Operates during initial period following an incident. This facility is also operational for pre-incident events such as a hurricane. Temporary field facility used by a FEMA-led ERT in the early stages of an incident prior to establishing the JFO. Generally located near the State EOC or the incident site. Site of interaction with State representatives and key ESF agencies, collection and assessment of information, and initiation of assistance programs. Multi-agency coordination center established near the incident site. Provides central location for coordination of Federal, State, local, Tribal, nongovernmental, and privatesector organizations. Enables the effective and efficient coordination of Federal prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery activities. Satellite component of the JFO. Central facility, separate from the JFO, where individuals can obtain information on disaster assistance programs available from various agencies. Disaster Basics 4-9

42 Unit 4 Response Operations Other types of facilities may also be utilized in disaster response activities. These include: Mobilization centers Territorial logistics centers Staging areas Bases Camps A Mobilization Center is a facility established by the emergency team Logistics staff to receive and dispatch response personnel and resources. Federal resources may be pre-positioned at a Mobilization Center until they are requested by the State. Mobilization Centers are established by FEMA, with assistance from the Government Services Administration (GSA) and the United States Forest Service (USFS), as needed. An Incident Management Team (IMT) is a USFS managed unit with primary responsibility, when tasked by FEMA, for setting up and operating Mobilization Centers. Disaster Basics 4-10

43 Unit 4 Response Operations Territorial Logistics Centers are locations where commodities, supplies, and equipment are warehoused for shipment to emergency or disaster sites when needed. Disaster Information Systems Clearinghouse: Berryville, VA West Territory Logistics Center-West: Moffett Field, CA Central East Agency Logistics Center: Berryville, VA Territory Logistics Center-East: Ft. Gillem, GA Territory Logistics Center-Central: Ft. Worth, TX The type and scope of a particular incident determine the type and number of support facilities that will be put into place. Disaster Basics 4-11

44 Unit 4 Response Operations The Incident Command System The third source of guidance which helps ensure the consistency and continuity of disaster assistance recovery programs is the Incident Command System (ICS). This system, along with NIMS and the NRP, provides structure and uniformity for response operations. It is the management system that is used to identify the objectives for a specific incident and oversee the resources needed to achieve those objectives. The ICS structure can be applied to all incidents. It can be expanded or contracted to meet the demands of a particular incident. The typical ICS organization chart at a JFO is shown below: Disaster Basics 4-12

45 Unit 4 Response Operations The following is a list of key features of ICS: Applies across all emergency management disciplines. Applies to a broad range of incidents from small to complex. Uses a management by objectives approach. Utilizes an Incident Action Plan (IAP). Is organized by function. Standardizes operating structures. Allows for organizational flexibility. Establishes common terminology. ICS establishes accountability at all levels of the management structure. This is done by limiting supervisory responsibility for managers. The span of control is one supervisor for a maximum of seven staff members. If incident needs require additional personnel, a section, branch, or unit may be further divided into components with additional supervisory staff. Also, ICS uses unity of command which means that every individual has a designated supervisor. These principles clarify reporting relationships and eliminate confusion. ICS includes Command Staff and General Staff components. Command and General staff members work together to identify, plan for, and achieve the incident objectives. Summary Effective response operations require the smooth integration of Federal, State, Tribal, and local resources. NIMS, the NRP, and the ICS have been designed for that express purpose. They provide a consistent and cohesive set of procedures, processes, and plans that guide numerous agencies in disaster response operations. They offer clear guidelines with regard to facilities, emergency teams, response functions, and incident management structure. Disaster Basics 4-13

46 Unit 5 Command Staff

47 Unit 5 Command Staff Check Your Knowledge 1. What are the positions in a typical JFO Command Staff? 2. What is the difference between Command and General Staff? 3. Who is responsible for disseminating information to the public? 4. Who is responsible for coordinating with representatives from cooperating agencies? 5. Who is responsible for ensuring employee safety at a JFO? Disaster Basics 5-1

48 Unit 5 Command Staff Check Your Knowledge Answers 1. Incident Commander, Public Information Officer, Liaison Officer, Safety Officer. 2. The Command Staff is responsible for overall incident management. The General Staff carries out activities and assignments needed to meet incident objectives. 3. Public Information Officer. 4. Liaison Officer. 5. Safety Officer. Disaster Basics 5-2

49 Unit 5 Command Staff Overview This unit describes the function of the Command Staff during emergency management operations. Incident Command is organized into four main areas of responsibility: Incident Command Safety Public Information Liaison At the end of this unit, you will be able to: Identify at least three positions in a typical JFO Command Staff. Explain the difference between Command and General Staff. Describe the main responsibilities of the Safety Officer. Describe the main responsibilities of the Liaison Officer. Describe the main responsibilities of the Public Information Officer. Disaster Basics 5-3

50 Unit 5 Command Staff Incident Command The Command Staff s primary responsibility is that of overall incident management. This begins with the Incident Commander. After a declaration, the President appoints an FCO to oversee Federal response and recovery activities. The FCO s initial responsibilities include: Assessing the situation or reviewing current briefings. Establishing the organization. Establishing immediate priorities. Ensuring adequate safety measures. Authorizing release of information to the media. Building partnerships with key officials and agencies. The FCO sets the incident objectives and develops strategies to meet those objectives. In doing this, the FCO works closely with the four General Staff Section Chiefs. The Command Staff can be expanded to assist the FCO with three important functions ensuring safety, disseminating public information, and maintaining relationships with cooperating agencies. On Incidents of National Significance, a Principal Federal Official (PFO) will be designated by the President to oversee the management of Federal response actions. Disaster Basics 5-4

51 Unit 5 Command Staff Safety Officer The Safety Officer is responsible for and assigned to develop measures for employee safety. In a disaster recovery environment, the Safety Officer assesses and ensures safety conditions for employees at the JFO and for those who may be working in the field. Public Information Officer The DHS External Affairs Emergency Support Function (ESF 15) is made up of several cadres: Public Affairs Community Relations Congressional Affairs International Affairs State and Local Coordination Tribal Affairs On the ERT, the Public Information Officer (PIO) is responsible for developing and releasing information about the incident to the media. He or she oversees the Federal Joint Information Center (JIC), which is the focal point for the coordination and dissemination of information to the public and media concerning incident prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. One of the main responsibilities of ESF 15 in a disaster is to alert, warn, and instruct the public. Disaster Basics 5-5

52 Unit 5 Command Staff Liaison Officer As smaller governments resources are overwhelmed, more and more agencies become involved with incident response and recovery. The Liaison Officer is the point of contact for any cooperating and assisting agency representatives who are not part of the JFO structure. The Liaison Officer also gathers information from these agencies about the status and limitations of the resources they can contribute to recovery efforts. Summary During the incident period, it is the primary responsibility of the Incident Commander to manage emergency response, recovery, and coordination. Examples of Incident Commanders could include Fire Chiefs, Law Enforcement personnel, or Public Health Officials. If the incident is severe enough to warrant a Presidential Declaration, then it is the FCO or PFO who sets the incident objectives and the overall strategy for emergency management actions. The FCO may activate functions of the Command Staff for support in the special areas of safety, public information, and liaison services. Disaster Basics 5-6

53 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section

54 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Check Your Knowledge 1. What are the functions of the four branches of the Operations Section? 2. Name three types of disaster assistance managed by the Operations Section. 3. What is a mission assignment? 4. List the four requirements for Public Assistance eligibility. 5. What is the difference between 404 and 406 Mitigation programs? 6. Give three examples of assistance programs offered through Individual Assistance. Disaster Basics 6-1

55 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Check Your Knowledge Answers 1. Human Services Branch Provides for short- and long-term disaster housing. Coordinates non-medical mass care services. Initiates delivery of Individual Assistance programs authorized by the Stafford Act. Assures provision of victim-related recovery efforts such as counseling. Infrastructure Support Branch Debris clearance and disposal operations. Initiates delivery of Public Assistance programs authorized by the Stafford Act. Emergency Services Branch Detects and suppresses fires on Federal, State, Tribal, and local lands. Urban search and rescue. Hazardous materials response. Mitigation Branch Supports efforts to eliminate or reduce degree of long-term risk to human life and property. 2. Individual Assistance, Public Assistance, Hazard Mitigation. 3. A work order issued by FEMA to a Federal agency for the completion of a task to meet an urgent, immediate need of the State. 4. Cost, Work, Applicant, Facility. Disaster Basics 6-2

56 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Mitigation funds projects that are part of a long-range comprehensive mitigation plan. 406 Mitigation funds repairs of eligible, damaged facilities and infrastructure. 6. Individuals and Households Program Permanent Housing Construction Assistance Replacement Assistance Repair Assistance SBA loans Business Physical Loss Disaster Loans Economic Injury Disaster Loans Aging Services Agricultural Assistance Consumer Services Disaster Unemployment Assistance Disaster Legal Services Cora Brown Fund Other Needs Assistance Disaster Basics 6-3

57 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section General Staff Operations Section FCO General Staff Operations Section Planning Section Logistics Section Finance/ Administration Section Overview The General Staff component of the Incident Command System is divided into four main sections: Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance/Administration. This unit will look at the Operations Section, the programs it manages, and its basic structure. The purpose of the Operations Section is to direct the delivery of Federal assistance along with several recovery program groups. Mission Assignment is used to complete specific tasks which support the incident objectives. Disaster Basics 6-4

58 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section At the completion of this unit, you will be able to: Explain the main responsibilities of each branch in the Operations Section. Name and differentiate the three major types of disaster assistance managed by the Operations Section. Define and explain the purpose of Mission Assignment. List the four building blocks of Public Assistance eligibility. Differentiate between the 404 and 406 Mitigation programs. List three disaster assistance programs available through the Human Services Branch. Disaster Basics 6-5

59 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The Four Branches of the Operations Section The Operations Section consists of four branches: Human Services Branch Infrastructure Support Branch Emergency Services Branch Community Recovery and Hazard Mitigation Branch The branches represent groups of related ESFs and program functions. Working together, they provide a coordinated approach to the delivery of disaster assistance to victims and affected States. Human Services Branch When the President declares a major disaster, a wide range of assistance becomes available to individual disaster victims. Individual Assistance (IA) programs meet a variety of individual needs, depending on the disaster. The Human Services mission is to: Ensure that applicants for disaster assistance have timely access to IA programs. Provide quality customer service. Develop partnerships with States, voluntary agencies, private sector, and other Federal agencies. This branch also includes representatives from ESFs 6 and 11. Disaster Basics 6-6

60 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Delivery Sequence The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act PL as amended specifies the order in which assistance should be provided. The delivery sequence is: Emergency assistance provided by voluntary agencies Delivery Sequence Insurance Disaster Housing assistance SBA loans Other Needs Assistance (ONA) Additional assistance Safety Nets: Emergency Assistance Insurance DH SBA ONA Additional Assistance Cora Brown Fund The Cora Brown Fund Emergency Assistance Emergency needs include shelter, food, clothing, and first aid. Local agencies such as the fire department, emergency medical services, American Red Cross, and other voluntary agencies provide emergency assistance during immediate response. Insurance Applicants pursue assistance through their private insurance carriers. If the insurance settlement is delayed, insurance is insufficient, or claims are denied, applicants may receive Disaster Housing assistance, but must guarantee repayment of FEMA funds if insurance covers the losses. Disaster Basics 6-7

61 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Individuals and Households Program Disaster Housing Disaster Housing is administered and funded by FEMA. Assistance may include the following: Temporary Housing (Rent and Lodging Expense) Money to rent a different place to live or a temporary housing unit, when rental properties are not available. Repair Money for homeowners to repair disaster damage that is not covered by insurance. The goal is to repair the home to a safe and sanitary living or functioning condition. FEMA may provide up to $5,000; then the homeowner must apply for a Small Business Administration disaster loan for additional repair assistance. FEMA will not pay to return a home to its pre-disaster condition. Flood insurance may be required if the home is in a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). Replacement Money to replace a disaster-damaged home, done under rare conditions, with limited funds. If the home is located in a SFHA, the homeowner must comply with flood insurance purchase requirements and local flood codes and requirements. Permanent Housing Construction Direct assistance or money for the construction of a home. This type of assistance occurs only in very unusual situations, in remote locations specified by FEMA where no other type of housing assistance is possible. Construction will aim toward average quality, size, and capacity, taking into consideration the needs of the occupant. Small Business Administration (SBA) Loans Low-interest disaster loans are available to homeowners, renters, business owners, and non-profit organizations. This program is administered and funded by the SBA under its own authority. The SBA Administrator can make loans available, or a Presidential Declaration including IA in its parameters will provide the authority for SBA loans. SBA uses income tables as an initial screen for eligibility. The tables are based on income and household composition and are updated annually. Disaster Basics 6-8

62 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section SBA loans make substantial amounts available to help disaster victims recover from the disaster and return their property to pre-disaster condition. Applicants must be able to repay their loans. SBA loans can be personal or for business purposes. Loans are: Limited to verified loss and mitigation in some circumstances. Up to a maximum of $200,000 for real property and $40,000 personal property. Up to a maximum of $1.5 million for businesses. Individuals and Households Program Other Needs Assistance (ONA) Personal Property Money to repair or replace personal property that is damaged or destroyed as a result of the disaster and is not covered by insurance. The goal is to help with the cost for the necessary expenses and serious needs. All applicants must apply for an SBA disaster loan for personal property before being considered for ONA. Funds may be used for clothing, household items, specialized tools, educational materials, and clean-up items. Transportation This money is intended to pay for the repair and/or replacement of an individual s primary means of transportation. Medical and Dental Expenses This money is intended for medical and/or dental treatment costs or the purchase of medical equipment required because of physical injuries received as a result of the disaster. Funeral and Burial Costs This money is intended for the payment of funeral services, burial or cremation, and other funeral expenses caused by the disaster. Other Items This money is to cover specific disaster-related costs such as fuel, moving and storage expenses, towing, utilities setup, or the cost of a National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Group Flood Insurance Policy. The maximum grant amount is adjusted annually based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Disaster Basics 6-9

63 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Additional Individual Assistance Programs Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA): Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA) and job placement assistance are available for people who have become unemployed as a result of the disaster, but who are ineligible for regular unemployment benefits. There is a 30-day application period from the date the State issues a public notice of DUA availability. Benefits can extend from the incident date until 26 weeks after the declaration date. Individuals must register with the local unemployment office. Program benefits can include self-employed and agricultural workers. FEMA funds DUA, which is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor through the State Employment Security Agency. Crisis Counseling Assistance (CCA) is intended to relieve mental health problems caused or aggravated by the disaster or its aftermath. Crisis Counseling is: Administered through the State Mental Health Agency in cooperation with the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS). Available to victims and disaster workers in major disasters. Provided as immediate services during the first 60 days following a declaration, and must be supplied within 14 days of the disaster declaration. The regular program provides up to 9 months of CC services and must be applied for separately by the Governor within 60 days of the declaration. Outreach services include public information, community networking, and education services. Disaster Legal Services (DLS): FEMA, through an agreement with the Young Lawyers Division of the American Bar Association, provides free legal help for disaster victims. Services are intended for low-income individuals and legal advice is limited to cases that will not produce a fee. Assistance typically includes: Insurance claims Home repair contracts New wills and other lost legal documents Problems with landlords Disaster Basics 6-10

64 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Powers of attorney Guardianships and similar legal problems Legal services cannot be used to process claims against the Government or for incomeproducing lawsuits. Cora Brown Fund This fund was established in 1977 when Cora C. Brown of Kansas City, Missouri, left a portion of her estate to the United States. These funds were to be used as a special fund for the relief of human suffering caused by natural disasters. The Cora Brown Fund provides funds for unmet disaster-related needs, administered by FEMA. Disaster victims need not apply. Verification is conducted by the Regional Director who prepares a recommendation to the Assistant Director for Readiness, Response and Recovery. Other Agencies Programs Internal Revenue Service (IRS): Counseling on deducting casualty losses and other tax advice. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): Financing and refinancing of mortgages with low or no down payment to eligible veterans, death benefits, pensions, and insurance settlements. Farm Service Agency (FSA): Loans to farmers, ranchers, and agricultural operations. Food and Nutrition Service: Food donations and emergency food stamps. Disaster Basics 6-11

65 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Donations Management: Keeping unneeded, unsolicited goods, and volunteer service away from the disaster area. Encourages appropriate donations such as financial contributions and goods and services that are needed to meet the needs of disaster victims. Includes the activation of the State Donations Plan, the establishment of a Donations Coordination Center, a Donations Coordination Team, and a Donations Phone Bank. Duplication of Benefits An applicant cannot receive Disaster Housing assistance if assistance for the same purpose is provided from another source. An agency which pays an applicant duplicate assistance is responsible for recovering the funds. Delivery sequence dictates assistance order. The delivery sequence can be disrupted as a result of unreasonable delays with insurance or SBA loans. Applications are automatically checked for duplicate phone numbers, Social Security numbers, and other identifiers. Assistance Facilities Assistance facilities can include DRCs and National Processing Service Centers (NPSCs). A DRC is a temporary facility where a person can meet face-to-face with representatives of Federal agencies, State, Tribal, and local governments, and voluntary agencies. If the decision is made to open DRCs, they are established close to the disaster area and jointly operated by the State and FEMA. At the DRC, a disaster victim can get assistance with applications, advice, and materials. The number of DRCs depends on the magnitude of the disaster and the size of the area included in the declaration. Disaster Basics 6-12

66 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section National Processing Service Centers (NPSCs) process applications for assistance. Hyattsville, MD Denton, TX Mt. Weather, VA Assistance Process The assistance process includes the following steps. Registration/Application Inspection/Verification Eligibility Determination Financial Assistance Helpline/Customer Service Registration/Application FEMA activates the toll-free telephone numbers as needed: FEMA (3362) (TTY) Typically an estimated 80 percent of calls require processing. An application requires approximately 20 minutes to complete. Multi-lingual operators are available in a variety of languages. Disaster Basics 6-13

67 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Inspection/Verification Registrations are downloaded from FEMA to the contractor responsible for inspections. The contractor assigns inspectors to visit damaged dwellings. The inspectors verify registration information, occupancy, and/or ownership. They also survey and record damage. The inspection report serves as a combined verification for Disaster Housing and damage to real and personal property. Inspectors also gather and report additional information, such as special needs and accessibility problems. The inspectors electronically transmit inspection results from the field to FEMA for processing. Eligibility Determination An eligibility determination is based on returning damaged dwellings and essential living areas to habitable, safe, sanitary, and secure condition. Family rooms and finished basements are excluded from the repair program; however, removal of contaminated carpets, etc., can be authorized. There is no minimum level of repair assistance, but a maximum is set and periodically adjusted. The amount of assistance an individual receives often is determined automatically. Assistance Payments are authorized through the Disaster Finance Center (DFC) and transmitted to the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Checks to applicants are disbursed through the appropriate Treasury branch. Disaster Basics 6-14

68 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Helpline/Customer Service The Helpline is a toll-free number that individuals can call when they need additional help or have questions. The Helpline operator handles calls from applicants who need additional assistance or have questions about the assistance received. Helpline staff provide application status information, request re-inspection when appropriate, provide information about additional rental assistance, and make referrals to other programs or services. The Helpline numbers are: FEMA (3362) (TTY) The Human Services Branch offers a wide variety of assistance programs that meet a broad range of needs. The programs are designed to provide help starting with emergency needs and continuing through more far-reaching recovery activities. Disaster Basics 6-15

69 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The Infrastructure Support Branch This branch provides technical assistance, coordinates direct Federal resources, and administers financial assistance for State, local, and Tribal governments, and certain non-profit organizations. Typically this involves administering Federal grants to help rebuild public facilities such as roads, bridges, buildings, utilities, and recreational facilities damaged by disasters. The purpose of the Infrastructure Support Branch is to: Address immediate threats to life, public health and safety, and to protect improved public and private properties. Ensure the public is served in a timely and efficient manner. Provide assistance to repair, restore, or replace eligible permanent facilities. Encourage mitigation measures. The Infrastructure Support Branch also includes representatives from ESFs 3 and 12. Branch Functions The primary functions of the Infrastructure Support Branch include: Debris clearance, removal, and disposal operations. Emergency protective measures operations. Identification and support of incident-damaged public works or infrastructure. Administration of Public Assistance (PA) authorized by the Stafford Act. Disaster Basics 6-16

70 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The Foundations of Public Assistance The Stafford Act is the primary document governing the PA programs. It defines and describes the various elements of the program. Another important PA document is Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 206 or 44 CFR as it is also called. FEMA regulations for PA are spelled out here, as is the guide to program implementation. FEMA also uses policies issued by Headquarters in the delivery of the PA program. These policies may be either subject-specific or disaster-specific. Overview of the PA Process Once a disaster occurs and is officially declared, the PA process begins. There are several specific PA phases or steps which take place. The sequence of events is shown below: 1. Disaster strikes. 2. PDA conducted and immediate needs funding provided. 3. Declaration issued. 4. Applicants briefing conducted. 5. Request for assistance submitted. 6. Kickoff meeting held. 7. Small and large project formulation takes place. 8. Small projects validated and large projects begun. 9. Projects funded. 10. Project closeout completed. Disaster Basics 6-17

71 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The steps show just how the PA process unfolds. After an incident occurs, a PDA is conducted by local, State, and Federal teams. The Governor of the affected State may request assistance from the President. If the President declares a disaster, then the full PA process begins. Applicant Briefing: State emergency officials conduct a briefing to inform potential applicants of available assistance and the procedures for applying. The State is responsible for conducting one or more applicant briefings. Request for Public Assistance: Applicants complete a Request for Public Assistance form (RPA) to document their intention to apply for PA. Once the RPA is submitted to the State, the information is forwarded to FEMA. Kickoff Meetings: The applicant, the State, and FEMA meet to explain the PA process and procedures, discuss applicant damages, assess applicant needs, and explain eligibility. The participants then agree upon a plan of action. Kickoff meetings ensure that applicants have the information needed to identify and complete a PA project. The State receives specific details on documentation and reporting requirements. Project Formulation: PA staff works with applicants to complete documentation of proposed projects to ensure that projects meet PA eligibility criteria. Project Worksheets: PA staff work with applicants as needed to complete Project Worksheets that provide FEMA with a detailed scope of work and an accurate cost estimate for each project. Closeout: This takes place when projects are completed. Disaster Basics 6-18

72 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section General Program Eligibility A hierarchy of statutes, regulations, and policies govern the eligibility criteria of the PA Program. The Stafford Act and Title 44 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 206 specify eligibility guidelines for receiving PA. Using these guidelines, FEMA has established funding criteria which form the four components of eligibility. They are: Applicant Facility Work Cost These components act as building blocks that support each other. Each individual component, starting with the applicant and working up, must be eligible in order for the total project to be eligible. Let s take a closer look at each of the four eligibility components starting with eligible applicants. Applicant There are four types of applicants which are considered eligible: State Government Agencies Local Governments Federally Recognized Indian Tribes or Tribal Organizations Certain Private Non-Profit Organizations Private non-profits (PNP) must meet the PNP requirements of the IRS or the State as well as provide services that would otherwise be performed by a government agency. Examples of such services would include education, medical, fire and emergency, utilities, custodial care, and essential government services. Essential government services are defined by law and can be facilities such as museums, zoos, Disaster Basics 6-19

73 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section community centers, libraries, homeless shelters, senior citizen centers, and rehabilitation facilities. If an organization meets the requirements of one of these categories, it qualifies as an eligible applicant. It can apply for Public Assistance. Facility Next let s discuss what makes a facility eligible. Generally speaking, an eligible facility is a building, industrial or public works, system, or equipment that is built or manufactured. It can also be an improved and maintained natural feature that is owned by an eligible non-profit applicant. To be eligible for PA, a facility must: Be the legal responsibility of an eligible applicant. Be located in a designated disaster area. Not be under the specific authority of another Federal agency. Be in active use at the time of the incident. Examples of eligible public facilities are roads, sewage treatment plants, airports, schools, bridges, dams, and irrigation channels. Examples of private non-profit, eligible facilities are educational facilities, utilities, fire stations, and medical facilities. If a facility is being used for purposes other than what it was originally designed for, eligibility is limited to restoring it to its immediate pre-disaster use. Disaster Basics 6-20

74 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Work For work to be eligible, the following three general criteria must be met: Work must be the result of a declared incident. Work must be in the designated disaster area. Work must be the legal responsibility of the applicant. There are two classifications of work under the PA Program: Emergency work refers to any activity necessary to protect public health and safety. It includes debris removal and emergency protective measures. Permanent work refers to any activity that must be performed for the restoration of a facility to its pre-disaster condition. It includes, but is not limited to, work on roads, bridges, buildings, utilities, and recreational facilities. There are different work completion deadlines and cost eligibility guidelines associated with these two classifications of work. Costs Generally, costs that can be directly tied to approved work are eligible. Costs which can be reimbursed include appropriate labor, materials, equipment, contracts, and administrative allowance. These costs must be: Reasonable and necessary to accomplish the work. Compliant with Federal, State, Tribal, and local requirements for procurement. Reduced by all applicable credits such as insurance proceeds and salvage values. A cost is reasonable if it does not exceed that which a prudent person would spend under the same circumstances. FEMA determines reasonable rates through the use of historical documentation for similar work. In addition, FEMA uses average costs for similar work in the area, published unit costs from national cost-estimating databases, and FEMA cost codes. Disaster Basics 6-21

75 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Public Assistance Roles and Responsibilities Public Assistance Officer (PAO) In the overall recovery effort, FEMA and the State work as a team to see that all needed services and assistance are delivered to those who are eligible. Several individuals are involved in carrying out the PA process. They include the Applicants, State personnel, and FEMA staff. This section will look at the responsibilities of several key FEMA roles. The PAO heads the PA Group in the Infrastructure Support Branch, and often serves as the Infrastructure Branch Chief. The PAO: Manages all PA functions at the JFO for the disaster. Coordinates with the FCO, State, and other programs. Funds projects up to specified dollar amounts. Ensures compliance with laws and regulations. Additionally, the PAO advises the FCO on all PA matters, manages the operation of the PA staff, and handles coordination between the PA program and other parts of the Federal recovery effort. The PAO also works closely with State counterparts to ensure that the program is meeting the needs of applicants. After the JFO closes, the PAO at the host Region manages the PA program for the disaster. Public Assistance Coordinator (PAC) The PAC manages all aspects of the applicant s request for assistance from start to finish. It s the PAC who is the main point of contact between the applicant and FEMA. He or she monitors the applicant s needs, oversees progress, and coordinates the work of the Project Officers and Specialists. The PAC coordinates with the State as needed to resolve problems. By being involved from the declaration to the obligation of funds, the PAC ensures continuity of service throughout the delivery of the PA program. Disaster Basics 6-22

76 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The duties of the PAC include: Providing customer service and technical assistance to applicants. Maintaining the applicant case management files. Conducting the kickoff meeting. Approving projects up to a specified dollar amount. Assisting States in conducting applicant briefings if needed. Project Officer (PO) The responsibilities of the PO include: Providing technical assistance and guidance. Formulating large projects. Coordinating with staff and applicants. The PO is responsible for developing the scope of work (in partnership with State and local representatives) and for preparing the cost estimate for applicants large projects. The PO is also responsible for ensuring that the necessary reviews for special considerations (e.g., historic, environmental, insurance, 406 hazard mitigation, etc.) are performed, for preparing all required reports, and for coordinating with appropriate internal and external staff. The PO may be required to assist applicants with small project formulation, and may conduct small project validations. The PO also delegates and coordinates the work of specialists assigned to a project. Resource Coordinator The duties of the Resource Coordinator include: Assisting in determining staff requirements. Developing a resource plan. Assigning and tracking resource staff. Disaster Basics 6-23

77 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The Resource Coordinator is responsible for managing the resource pool, determining Federal staffing needs, coordinating requests for specialists, and maintaining schedules and assignments. The Resource Coordinator works closely with the PAO, the PAC, and State counterparts to ensure that staffing needs are met. Specialists The functions of a specialist include: Serving as a resource to the PAO, PAC, PO, and applicants. Providing expertise on small and large projects. Validating small projects. Specialists are responsible for providing assistance in technical and special consideration areas such as debris removal, insurance, and hazard mitigation. They also conduct PDAs and are available to do cost estimating. Specialists are assigned to the resource pool. Special Considerations The term Special Considerations was coined by FEMA to describe issues other than program eligibility that can affect the scope of the work and the funding for a project. They are areas requiring special attention and include: Insurance Hazard Mitigation Floodplain Management Historic Preservation Environmental Factors Compliance with other Federal laws and regulations Special Considerations issues receive attention early in the recovery phase. Review of the issues continues throughout the entire PA process. The review starts with the PDA. A scoping process to identify potential issues takes place at the same time as the applicant s briefing. At the kickoff meeting, the PAC and the applicant discuss Special Considerations issues that apply to the applicant s projects. Disaster Basics 6-24

78 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Specialists are used to work with the applicant on the identified issues. During project formulation, the Project Officer works with the PAC on large projects to make sure Special Considerations are resolved. For small projects, Special Considerations are identified and separated out during validation. Documentation of Special Considerations resolution occurs throughout validation and project approval. Underlying all Special Considerations work are key questions presented in a worksheet the applicant must complete. The worksheet is used to ensure that projects are done correctly and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. There are significant consequences for non-compliance with Special Considerations requirements. They include loss of funding, delays in funding, legal action, and negative publicity. The Infrastructure Support is responsible for a variety of activities following an incident. These include providing funding for immediate response efforts; assisting with debris removal and emergency protective measures; supplementing State, Tribal, and local recovery efforts; repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing public infrastructure; and promoting mitigation measures. Disaster Basics 6-25

79 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Emergency Services Branch In addition to Human Services and Infrastructure Support, the Operations Section includes Emergency Services. The Emergency Services Branch responds to immediate threats to life and property by providing services in: Firefighting Hazardous materials response Search and rescue Emergency medical care Control of contagious diseases Assistance with public safety and security Firefighting U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), USFS, leads firefighting efforts. The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) coordinates resources for firefighting on Federal lands. The Emergency Services Branch can support State and local firefighting organizations by: Providing logistical support. Identifying available firefighting resources. Managing Federal wildfire suppression activities. Disaster Basics 6-26

80 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Hazardous Materials Response Hazardous materials response provides support to actual or potential discharge and/or release of hazardous materials following an incident. Activities include identifying, evaluating, and monitoring actual and potential releases of oil or hazardous materials. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) coordinates the requests for hazardous materials response assistance. It is supported by the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and other agencies. Urban Search and Rescue (ESF 9) Urban Search and Rescue s (US&R s) purpose is to supplement State and local resources in locating, medically stabilizing, and extricating individuals trapped as a result of structural collapse due to: Earthquake Hurricanes Explosions Tornadoes Other possible events causing structural collapses The National US&R Response System includes Task Forces, Incident Support Teams, and technical specialists. The US&R Response System follows a carefully developed sequence of operations. At the initial Staging Area, the team receives the site assignment and travels to the site. At the site, the team contacts the local Incident Commander and receives a detailed briefing of the situation. A Base of Operations is established. The team then receives the tactical assignment and begins on-site operations under the local Incident Commander. Disaster Basics 6-27

81 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The diagram below illustrates this process. Donor State Point of Departure Point of Arrival Mobilization Center Staging Area Affected State Affected Area Incident Cmd. Post Base of Operations Public Health and Medical Services (ESF 8) Health and Medical Care provides assistance to supplement State and local resources for public health and medical care needs during a disaster. FEMA activates the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) as needed to provide health and medical care assistance. Disaster Basics 6-28

82 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section DMATs are deployed to the appropriate areas. A DMAT is a unit of 35 physicians, nurses, and technicians, with equipment and supply caches. The team provides vital medical care. Once in the field, a DMAT is supported by a Management Support Team (MST), which manages the required health and medical resources. A DMORT provides a temporary morgue facility, victim identification, processing, preparation, and disposal of remains. A Metro Medical Strike Team (MMST) provides assistance in the medical treatment/ management of chemical, biological, or nuclear incidents resulting from deliberate or accidental acts. Disaster Basics 6-29

83 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Community Recovery and Hazard Mitigation Branch The fourth branch of the Operations Sections is the Community Recovery and Hazard Mitigation Branch. Hazard Mitigation is defined as any action of a longterm, permanent nature that reduces the actual or potential risk of loss of life or property from a hazardous event. Sample mitigation measures include: Acquisition of structures, also referred to as buyouts Relocation of structures out of hazardous locations Strengthening/retrofitting structures to withstand forces Making utilities, structural components, and contents resistant to damage Diverting the hazard Elevating structures Managing vegetation to reduce wildfires Implementation of local mitigation standards Opportunities exist for both pre- and post-incident mitigation activities. Pre-Disaster Mitigation Programs/Activities Pre-disaster mitigation focuses on State mitigation planning. Before a disaster occurs, the State decides on the types of mitigation projects it wants to pursue and sets priorities on potential mitigation projects. FEMA requires States to create and maintain an Administrative Plan and a State Mitigation Plan to qualify for mitigation assistance. Disaster Basics 6-30

84 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section The following table gives examples of pre-incident mitigation programs. Program National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) NFIP Increased Cost of Compliance Community Rating System (CRS) Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMAP) Hurricane Program (HP) Description The NFIP is the premier, fundamental mitigation program in the United States. It provides the availability of flood insurance in exchange for the adoption of a minimum local floodplain management ordinance that regulates new and substantially improved development in identified flood hazard areas. FIRMS are the mechanism by which flood hazard areas are identified. When a community participates in FIRMS, FEMA provides the community with the FIRMS. This program provides added coverage to standard flood insurance policies to supplement the cost of elevating structures. The CRS is a program that rewards communities for going beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. If certain criteria are met, the community receives a 5-percent reduction to its insurance premium. The Flood Mitigation Assistance Program, which began in 1997, provides pre-disaster grants for both planning and implementation. Grant funds are made available from NFIP insurance premiums and are only available to communities participating in the NFIP. Grants will be made available in each region, distributed based on the number of NFIP policies in force, and awarded on the number of repetitive claims paid. FEMA and State efforts combine with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to develop evacuation plans for coastal communities vulnerable to hurricanes and severe coastal storms. Grants are available to State and local governments for property protection, hazard analysis and evacuation planning, post-storm analyses, training, exercises, public awareness, and education efforts. Disaster Basics 6-31

85 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section Program National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Description The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program is a partnership between four Federal entities: FEMA, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). The program s purpose is to reduce the risks to life and property from earthquakes. Post-Disaster Mitigation Actions After a disaster is declared, the Community Recovery and Mitigation Branch assists in conducting damage assessments. A major consideration is the repair or replacement of damaged structures so that they do not suffer the same damages again. The damage assessment focuses on: Identifying where mitigation measures can be implemented. Conducting site visits and researching current community plans and codes, past disaster damages, and recurrence probabilities. Soon after the disaster, an interagency Hazard Mitigation Team, consisting of Federal, State, Tribal, and local officials, compiles a report which incorporates existing statewide hazard mitigation plans with damage assessment information. The team determines what mitigation measures can be achieved following a disaster and makes recommendations. The recommendations included in the report serve as a blueprint for disaster funding of mitigation projects. 409 Program States develop and implement a comprehensive all-hazards mitigation plan as a condition of Federal assistance. The plan must evaluate the hazards in the areas where Federal disaster assistance has been or may be provided, and it must set forth a plan of action to mitigate those hazards. Mitigation staff duties may include: Providing planning assistance to States. Coordinating the provision of technical assistance available through other Federal agencies. Reviewing and evaluating the plans. Disaster Basics 6-32

86 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) FEMA s 404 Program is a post-disaster Hazard Mitigation Grant Program which funds the implementation of mitigation measures that are developed in conformance with the State priorities identified in the 409 plan. The HMGP goal is to develop a long-term comprehensive mitigation program. The program is available upon State request and FEMA approval of the State plan. FEMA staff complete required analyses and coordination. The HMGP, which funds mitigation projects after a disaster declaration, is the major source for FEMA s mitigation funding. The amount of funding is based on Federal expenditures during the disaster response and recovery. FEMA may contribute up to 80 percent of the costs. HMGP objectives are: To identify and implement cost-effective mitigation measures that will reduce future losses. To coordinate mitigation needs with existing State and Federal efforts. To capitalize upon previous mitigation planning efforts to maximize the financial opportunities available under the HMGP. The HMGP provides funding for mitigation measures that substantially reduce the risk of future damages. HMGP Project Eligibility Criteria Eligible applicants for HMGP grants include State agencies, local units of government, and certain private non-profit organizations. HMGP projects are not restricted to the disaster area. They may be implemented anywhere within a State that receives a declaration. HMGP projects must: Conform to the State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Provide a beneficial impact upon the disaster area. Meet requirements set by environmental regulations. Solve a problem independently or be a functional part of a solution. Be cost-effective. Disaster Basics 6-33

87 Unit 6 General Staff Operations Section 406 Mitigation Program FEMA s 406 Program is the Public Assistance program that funds the repair of damaged facilities and infrastructure. Under this program, all repairs must conform to applicable codes and standards, and damaged facilities can be improved for mitigation purposes if proposed measures are technically feasible, cost effective, and environmentally sound. FEMA may prescribe codes and standards where they are lacking. Each repair must be generated by a Project Worksheet (PW). Mitigation staff duties include: Reviewing PWs for mitigation opportunities. Making recommendations based on PW review. Ensuring that the solution is physically part of the damaged facility. The program seeks to ensure that mitigation opportunities are incorporated into infrastructure projects to the greatest extent possible. Applicant Briefings Local governments, private non-profit organizations, individuals, and businesses are eligible for different types of mitigation assistance. Applicant briefings are conducted to inform officials and individuals of the types of assistance that are available. Mitigation staff is responsible for: Informing people of the opportunities to implement mitigation measures. Providing guidance for the process that must be followed. Preparing materials for distribution. Coordinating public information releases. Additional Post-Disaster Responsibilities Additional post-disaster mitigation staff duties might include: Supporting community education programs. Staffing multiple DRCs. Providing a general discussion option available to applicants at the DRCs. Disaster Basics 6-34