WHAT IS JOPPA? INPUTS: Policy, Doctrine, Strategy JFC Mission, Intent, and Objectives Commander s Estimate

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2 WHAT IS JOPPA? PROCESS for developing a Course-of-Action (COA) to provide airpower in support of the Joint Force Commander s (JFC) objective Focused at the Operational Level of War INPUTS: Policy, Doctrine, Strategy JFC Mission, Intent, and Objectives Commander s Estimate OUTPUTS: Approved COA for the Air & Space Component Joint Air Operations Plan

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4 WHAT JOPPA IS NOT: JOPPA is not Mission Planning Not focused on the individual tasks, platforms, weaponeering, and discrete tactical level arraying of forces to achieve tactical level objectives JOPPA is not the Air Tasking Order (ATO) ATO is the document that supports and accomplishes the Joint Force Air Component Commander s (JFACC) daily guidance ATO sets the framework for Tactical Level planning JOPPA is not Military Decision Making Process

5 STRATEGIC OPERATIONAL TACTICAL NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY & POLICY DIRECTIVES NCA Guidance to CCDRs National Military Strategy Theater Strategy THEATER CAMPAIGN PLANS Joint Task Force Campaign Plans Major Operations COMPONENT PLANS Battles Engagements Combatant Commanders (CCDRs) Joint Task Force (JTF) Commanders OPLANs / CONPLANs Component Commanders Joint Air Operations Plan Air Tasking Order TTPs / Mission Packages

6 STRATEGIC GUIDANCE JOPPA OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE TACTICAL GUIDANCE AND DIRECTIVES

7 STEP 1: INITIATION JOPPA STEP 2: MISSION ANALYSIS STEP 3: COA DEVELOPMENT STEP 4: COA ANALYSIS & WARGAMING STEP 5: COA COMPARISON STEP 6: COA APPROVAL STEP 7: PLAN OR ORDER DEVELOPMENT

8 STEP 1: INITIATION JOPPA Normally directed by the JFC Can be directed by the JFACC in anticipation of HHQ requirements Initiation involves establishing contact with all other relevant Lines of Operation (LOOs) and Lines of Effort (LOEs) Other key components of INITIATION Time factor, status of intelligence products, collection of staff estimates

9 STEP 2: MISSION ANALYSIS JOPPA Simply put, MISSION ANALYSIS is where we define the problem Who, what, when, where, and why for Joint Air Ops Mission Analysis is critical to understand the task and frame out the current problem

10 STEP 3: COA DEVELOPMENT JOPPA Creative determination of HOW the mission will be accomplished Relies on a thorough Mission Analysis COAs may be broad or detailed, depending on time available, JFACC guidance, and availability of HHQ detailed planning JFACC may direct number of COAs desired, but

11 STEP 4: COA ANALYSIS & WARGAMING Does each COA make the grade? Are there any significant shortfalls or unanticipated weaknesses? COA Test: Suitable Feasible Acceptable Distinguishable Complete

12 STEP 5: COA COMPARISON JOPPA COAs are compared against a pre-determined criteria Multiple analytical tools available Weighted sum comparison is the most commonly ascribed tool Objective risk comparison is another technique LOOs, LOEs, Objectives, Decision Points, and Major Events Plotted on timeline with an assessment of risk for each COA Risk / Reward comparison based on timelines analysis

13 STEP 6: COA APPROVAL JOPPA COAs are given to JFACC for a decision COA Decision Brief COAs are presented, compared, and staff recommends best COA Outcomes can (OFTEN) result in additional planning

14 STEP 7: PLAN OR ORDER DEVELOPMENT Prepare the Joint Air Operations Plan (JAOP) Integrate efforts, joint capabilities, and synchronize other joint functions Identify objectives, subordinate plans/orders, and lower level documents Products: JAOP and its supporting documents

15 OPERATIONAL PLANNING: WHAT ARE WE DOING? TACTICAL PLANNING: HOW ARE WE DOING IT?

16 BRAIN IS FULL TAKE A BREAK

17 STEP 1: INITIATION JOPPA STEP 2: MISSION ANALYSIS STEP 3: COA DEVELOPMENT STEP 4: COA ANALYSIS & WARGAMING STEP 5: COA COMPARISON STEP 6: COA APPROVAL STEP 7: PLAN OR ORDER DEVELOPMENT

18 Step Two: MISSION ANALYSIS Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB) Initiated, if not started, or Intel Products analyzed if completed JIPOE emphasis is on air, space, cyberspace impacts Center of Gravity (COG) Analysis Friendly and Adversary COGs Dr Joe Strange / JP 5-0 Methodology is the Joint Doctrinal method Joint Force Commander (JFC) guidance JFC mission, intent, and guidance are analyzed to produce JFACC mission and intent Used to provide planning guidance to air planners

19 1. Determine Known Facts, Current Status, & Conditions 2. Analyze Higher Headquarters (HHQ) Mission & Intent 3. Determine Own Specified, Implied, & Essential Tasks 4. Determine Operational Limitations 5. Develop Assumptions 6. Identify Own & Enemy Center-of-Gravity (COG) 7. Determine Commander s Critical Information Requirements (CCIR) 8. Review Strategic Communication Guidance 9. Analyze Force Structure 10. Conduct Risk Assessment 11. Develop Mission Statement 12. Create Mission Analysis Briefing 13. Prepare Staff Estimates 14. Publish Commander s Planning Guidance JOPPA Mission Analysis STEP 2: MISSION ANALYSIS

20 JOPPA Mission Analysis KEY INPUTS HHQ DIRECTIVES & GUIDANCE STRATEGIC GUIDANCE INITIAL STAFF ESTIMATES & HHQ INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD (IPB) JOINT INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT (JIPOE) JOPPA MISSION ANALYSIS PROCESS KEY OUTPUTS RESTATED MISSION STATEMENT (JFACC SPECIFIC) JFACC INITIAL INTENT (AIRPOWER CENTRIC FOCUS ON JOINT FORCE COMMANDER S INTENT) PLANNING GUIDANCE (COGs, INITIAL ESTIMAT OF CRs & CVs.CONSTRAINTS? RESTRAINTS? INITIAL CCIRs

21 1. Determine Known Facts, Current Status, & Conditions 2. Analyze Higher Headquarters (HHQ) Mission & Intent 3. Determine Own Specified, Implied, & Essential Tasks 4. Determine Operational Limitations 5. Develop Assumptions 6. Identify Own & Enemy Centers-of-Gravity (COGs) 7. Determine Commander s Critical Information Requirements (CCIR) 8. Review Strategic Communication Guidance 9. Analyze Force Structure 10. Conduct Risk Assessment 11. Develop Mission Statement 12. Create Mission Analysis Briefing 13. Prepare Staff Estimates 14. Publish Commander s Planning Guidance JOPPA Mission Analysis * MINIMUM JOPPA MISSION ANALYSIS STEPS REQUIRED FOR ADWAR

22 STEP 3: COA DEVELOPMENT Step Three: COA Development COA Development: What, Why, Who, When, Where IPB refinement Adversary COAs examined and considered COA development: JFACC Mission and Intent Desired End State Commander s Critical Information Requirements (CCIR) Command and Control (C2) Structure Essential Tasks Available Logistic Support Available Forces / Available Support from Outside Organizations Transition Strategies and Decision Points STEP 2: MISSION ANALYSIS

23 Developing a Valid COA SUITABLE FEASIBLE ACCEPTABLE DISTINGUISHABLE COMPLETE COA development must take into account the resource constraints of the Joint Force at large

24 STUDENT EXAMPLES

25 Enemy COGs Center Of Gravity Nuclear Program CCs: Research/ Production/ Storage Employment CRs: Secure Storage Locations Refinement Air Delivery: 5 th Gen Fighters Ground-Based Delivery CVs: Kamina Storage Site Lusaka Research Reactor Kamina Air Base Ramps Shahab TELs

26 Enemy COGs, Cont. Center Of Gravity Integrated Air Defense System CCs: Command and Control Identification/Targ et Track Engagement CRs: Air Picture Long Range Radar Air To Air Ground to Air Capes CVs: Sector Operations Centers Big Birds Aircraft on Ramps Physical SAM Sites

27 Centers of Gravity List 2 friendly CoGs 1. Ability to achieve / maintain Air Superiority To inhibit Pact ability to hamper coalition ops 2. Ability to conduct / support counter offensive land ops To inhibit Pact ability to cause genocide/terrorist activity to coalition List 2 enemy CoGs 1. Strategic Attack capability Focused at Kamina AB 2. Nuclear capability Storage and delivery of Nuke arsenal via TBM 27

28 CCIR s Location of Shahab 3 Location of Death Squad Effectiveness of Strikes Need for follow-on targeting Min force for strike packages not met Completion of NEO Location of Downed Aircrew

29 COA ONE Cyber superiority followed by strategic stealth bombings of visible time sensitive targets followed by 5 th gen strike packages to priority targets as they become available. Air superiority with F-22 escorts and patrols. Cripple IAD system to allow use of conventional assets for remainder of target list and limit aircraft and personnel loss.

30 COA TWO Strategic attack of known enemy targets with Stealth bombers and F-22 escort via eastern and wester coastline to limit loss. Follow on strikes performed by conventional bombers as the targets are located. Cyber attack enemy SAMs and RADAR to allow freedom of movement in C1 and C2.

31 SOS: JOPPA & DOCTRINE APPLICATION W5200A: W5200B: W5200C: W5200D: W5200E: AIRPOWER DOCTRINE AIRPOWER HISTORY DOCTRINE APPLICATION MISSION ANALYSIS COA DEVELOPMT W5200F: COA BRIEFING W5200G: ADWAR CAPSTONE

32 RESOURCES JOINT PUB 3-30: COMMAND AND CONTROL OF JOINT AIR OPS Chapter III: Planning and Execution of Joint Air Ops Pg III-5 Mission Analysis through Pg III-12 COA Dev Dale Eiekmeier: WAFFLES OR PANCAKES? Operational vs. Tactical Level Wargaming. Dale Eiekmeier: REDEFINING THE CENTER OF GRAVITY.

33 QUESTIONS?