DENMARK. Army. GENERAL Area. Denmark (properly so called) 43,017 sq. km. Denmark (properly so called) 3,267,831 Faroe Isles...

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1 DENMARK GENERAL Area. Denmark (properly so called) 43,017 sq. km. Faroe Isles... 1,399 Population (I92I). Denmark (properly so called) 3,267,831 Faroe Isles... 21,364 Greenland... 14,355 Density per sq. km. Denmark (properly so called) 76 Length of railway-lines ( ).... 4,974 km. I. Army. The Army consists of: The General Command, the General Staff, the Infantry, the Cavalry, the Artillery, the Corps of Engineers, the Air Force, the Technical Corps, the Schools, the Army Supply Corps, the Medical Corps, the Veterinary Corps, the Pay Department, the Labour Troops, the Landsturm. A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS The King is the supreme head of the Army. I. MINISTRY OF WAR. The Ministry of War consists of two Departments. Each Department comprises several sections. 2. THE GENERAL COMMAND. The General Command consists of The General Officer Commanding, who is a Lieutenant-General. The Staff of the General Command, which includes i Chief of Staff, Colonel or Lieutenant-Colonel of the General Staff.

2 DENMARK 361 i Assistant Chief of the Staff, a Captain of the General Staff. 2 Administrative Staff Officers, First Lieutenants attached to the General Staff. 3 Clerks; warrant officers, first-grade warrant officers or warrant officers of the General Staff. 3. THE GENERAL STAFF. The General Staff consists of the following : The Chief of Staff, a Major-General; 4 Colonels or Lieutenants-Colonels, one of whom is the Chief of the Staff of the General Command, and one is the Chief of Staff of the Inspector-General of Infantry. 12 Captains, of whom : i is assistant Chief of the Staff of the General Command; i is on the Staff of the Inspector-General of Infantry; 3 are Chiefs of Staff of Divisions. 15 First Lieutenants. 3 Corps warrant Officers Ist grade; 2 Corps warrant Officers, second grade ; 7 Staff warrant Officers; 6 Higher warrant Officers; 4 warrant Officers. The General Staff comprises two Departments, and also a Commission dealing with railway matters. The first organisation deals with tactical questions and includes the following sections : Intelligence, operation, transport, fortresses. The second Department deals with topographical questions and comprises the following sections : Administrative, geodesic, topography, technical. B. HIGHER UNITS The troops of the Army are organised, for the most part, in three divisions. The composition of the divisions is as follows : The First Division consists of Life Guards, 4 infantry regiments, i cavalry regiment, i artillery regiment. The Second Division consists of 4 infantry and I cavalry regiments. The Third Division consists of 3 infantry, i cavalry and i artillery regiments, i engineer company and I train company. Each division is commanded by a Major-General. His staff consists of : i Chief of the Staff, a Captain of the General Staff. i Administrative Staff Officer, a first lieutenant attached to the General Staff. i Clerk, as staff sergeant of the Infantry. One of the Major-Generals stationed at Copenhagen is commandant of Copenhagen. 1 This distribution may be modified so long as, the total numbers of the above grades in the General Staff and the arms and departments are not thereby affected.

3 362 DENMARK C. ARMS AND SERVICES I. INFANTRY. The Infantry consists of the Inspector-General of Infantry, 8 line regiments, each consisting of 2 line battalions, i reserve battalion and one infantry machine-gun company. The Life Guards consist of i line battalion and i reserve battalion and i infantry machine-gun company. 3 reserve regiments, each consisting of 3 reserve battalions and i reserve machine-gun company. Line battalions consist of 2 line and 2 reserve companies, but the Life Guards have 4 line companies and reserve battalions have 4 companies. Three line regiments, the Life Guards and i reserve regiment are stationed in Sjaelland; 5 line and 2 reserve regiments in Jutland and Funen. 2. CAVALRY. The Cavalry consists of : The Inspector-General of Cavalry. 3 regiments, each consisting of 2 line squadrons and i reserve squadron. 2 train sections, each consisting of 2 companies. i cavalry regiment and i train company are stationed in Sjaelland; 2 cavalry regiments and i train company in Jutland and Funen. 3. ARTILLERY. The Artillery consists of : The Inspector-General of Artillery; The Field Artillery, which is composed of : 3 Field Artillery regiments ; namely : I regiment, consisting of 2 light line " groups" of 2 line and i reserve battery each; 2 light reserve " groups ", of 3 reserve batteries each; i heavy line " ' group " of 3 line batteries; I heavy reserve " group " of 3 reserve batteries. I regiment, consisting of : I light line " group " of 3 line batteries; 2 light reserve " groups " of 3 reserve batteries each; i heavy line " group " of 3 line batteries; i heavy reserve " group " of 3 reserve batteries. i regiment, consisting 6f : i light line " group " of 2 line and i reserve batteries; i light reserve " group " of 3 reserve batteries; i heavy line " group," of 3 line batteries; i heavy reserve " group " of 4 reserve batteries.

4 DENMARK 363 The first of the above regiments is stationed in Sjaelland, the others in Jutland and Funen. The Coast Artillery consists of the Chief of the Coast Artillery and one battalion consisting of 5 line and 2 reserve companies. One of the 5 line companies is intended as an air defence company. 4. ENGINEERS. The Corps of Engineers consists of: The Inspector-General of Engineer Troops, 3 pioneer battalions consisting in all of 3 line and 6 reserve companies, i telegraph battalion of 2 line and 2 reserve companies, i directorate of engineers, i independent building department, i pioneer battalion (3 pioneer companies) and the telegraph battalion (not including reserve companies) is stationed in Sjaeland. The rest of the Engineer troops are stationed in Jutland and Funen. 3. AIR FORCE. The Air Force consists of: The Headquarters which is under the General Staff, The Flying School. 6. TECHNICAL CORPS. The Technical Corps consists of: I Master-General of the Ordnance-Commander of the Corps, i Colonel ~~I Colonel Directors, 2 Lieutenant-Colonels io Captains - of whom 4 are Assistant-Directors, io First Lieutenants and Second Lieutenants, 4 corps warrant officers, Ist grade, i corps warrant officer, 2nd grade, 4 staff warrant officers, 6 higher warrant officers, ii warrant officers, 8 technical officials, 49 artisans. 7. ARMY SCHOOLS. The Army Schools consist of: The Corporals' and Cornets' Schools, The Sergeants' Schools, The Lieutenants' Schools, The Officers' Schools, The School of Musketry, The Gymnastic School,

5 364 DENMARK The School of Equitation, The School of Gunnery, The Pioneer and Telegraph School, The Flying School. (a) Corporals' and Cornets' Schools are established for every arm or for parts of an arm. (b) Sergeants' Schools are established for every arm or for parts of an arm. These schools accept corporals who wish to be trained as sergeants of reserve. They have to undertake to serve at the conclusion of the school course for one year in the army and - if they pass the school examination - to remain available for service as sergeants of the reserve for six years. The instruction lasts for about one year. (c) Lieutenants' Schools are established for each arm or for any part thereof. The object of these schools is to train suitable second lieutenants, sergeants of reserve and cornets, as lieutenants of reserve. The instruction lasts for as much as six months and is succeded by a period of practical training with units. (d) The Officers' School is intended to train persons in the warrant officers' group and regular officers of the line, captains of reserve and lieutenant-colonels of reserve and also to give regular officers a wider training. The School consists of three classes: The warrant officers' class, the officers' class, and the special class, in addition to the courses for captains of reserve and for lieutenant-colonels of reserve. The object of the warrant officers' class is to train warrant officers. There is one class for all arms. Sergeants of reserve who have served in that capacity for two years may be accepted as pupils. The instruction lasts for about a year and includes military subjects and general subjects. Officers of the rank of cornet or of higher rank, may be accepted for the Officers' Class if they have passed a students' examination or a supplementary examination approved by Royal Decree, or a corresponding examination at the Officers' School. The object of the class is to give pupils the training which is required for regular officers in the line, especially with a view to service in smaller units. The instruction in this class lasts for about six months. Regular officers of the line are accepted in the special class. The class is intended to give pupils a wider education. The training in this class lasts for a period of three years. The Officers' School also includes a course for the rank of reserve Captain, and another for that of reserve Lieutenant-Colonel. The object of these courses is to instruct the pupils in the general military knowledge necessary for the various Chiefs of Sections and Sub-Sections.

6 DENMARK THE ARMY SUPPLY CORPS. The Army Supply Corps consists of: The personnel for the Headquarter Staff of the Supply Service. The personnel for the Supply Service and Accountancy, with Staffs and units. 9. THE ARMY MEDICAL CORPS. The Army Medical Corps consists of: The medical personnel, The hospital troops. The medical personnel includes: i Surgeon-General, Commander of the Corps, 4 staff surgeons, 27 higher surgeons, regimental surgeons, reserve surgeons, assistant surgeons, other ranks. The hospital troops are intended for service with hospitals and ambulances and as assistants to the medical officers with units. A permanent staff from the Infantry is employed with hospital troops. In addition, the hospital troops include: Corporals, under-corporals, other ranks. io. THE ARMY VETERINARY CORPS. The Army Veterinary Corps consists of: Veterinary personnel, Artificers. The veterinary personnel includes: i staff veterinary surgeon, commanding the Corps 8 higher veterinary surgeons Reserve veterinary surgeons, Assistant veterinary surgeons, Other ranks. The artificers include: 13 shoeing smiths. Officials. ii. THE PAY DEPARTMENT. The Pay Department is common to the Army and the Navy. consists of, i Chief Paymaster, 6 accountants. It

7 366 DENMARK 12. LABOUR TROOPS. The Staff of the Labour Troops is formed by personnel borne on the strength of the Infantry. It consists of: 2 captains, depot commanders, 2 corps warrant officers - Ist grade, 2 corps warrant officers - 2nd grade. The same staff does duty for the Hospital troops. 13. POLICE CORPS. The Police corps consists of 7 companies and i depot. SUMMARY TABLE OF COMMANDS AND UNITS. Divisions Regiments Battalions Squadrons Companies panies Batteries Act. Res. Act. Res. Act. Res. Act. Res. Act. Res. Act. Res. Act. Res. Infantry' Io Cavalry Artillery 5 Field Heavy 9 9 Light Coast Total. 3- i Engineers Train ' Including Life Guards. 2 Regiments of Life Guards. 3 Including I battalion of Life Guards. 4 Including i company of Life Guards. 5 Not including 4 regular artillery sections, 5 reserve light artillery sections, 3 regular heavy artillery sections and 3 reserve heavy artillery sections. 6 3 battalions of pioneers and I telegraph battalion. 7 3 pioneers companies and 2 telegraph companies. 8 Cavalry train. D. VOLUNTARY CORPS : LANDSTURM Volunteer corps which are organised and trained in such a way that they can be of assistance to the Army, may be affiliated to the Army by agreement between the Minister and the corps in question. The personnel have the same status in war-time as that of the personnel which most nearly corresponds to them in the reserve of conscripted branches of the Army. In time of war, Landsturm units shall be formed; their organisation shall be drawn up in peace-time. The Landsturm is formed partly of men trained specially for that purpose ; and partly of older untrained men who belonged to the army or the navy, but are no longer employed

8 DENMARK 367 with those services ; and partly of men liable to service who have received no military training. Officers and N.C.O.s of the Landsturm are selected from among former regular officers and N.C.O.s of the Line or Reserve who are retained at the disposal of the War Ministry, and partly of conscript or former conscript officers and N.C.O.s and, in addition, of any other persons who are considered suitable for such employment. E. THE DEFENCE OF BORNHOLM The defence of Bornholm is to be conducted by the head of the Bornholm recruiting district who is also Commandant of the Island. He ranks as Colonel, or Lieut.-Colonel of the Reserve, supernumerary to the strength of any unit. An Arms and Equipment Depot is to be established in Bornholm for the use of the Bornholm personnel, if required. F. HORSES AND TRANSPORT OF THE ARMY The following establishment of troop horses is maintained For every Infantry Regiment, and the Life Guards 14 horses )) )) Cavalry > 400 > )) )) Field Artillery Regiment, 6 groups 660 )) )) > > ) )) )) 5 5) 560 )) ) )) )) )) 4 )) 460 ) For the Engineer troops (Iceland ponies)... 6 )) Train Units )) ) the Officers' School )) the School of Equitation ) The troop horses with train units, the Officers' School and the School of Equitation are permanently in service. About Ioo of the infantry troop horses, about 640 of the cavalry, about 800o of the field artillery and about 3 of the engineer horses are boarded out with private persons. The Defence Minister is authorised to replace a certain number of the troop horses in the field artillery and train by motor vehicles. G. MATERIAL IN SERVICE IN THE UNITS Rifle or carbines ,780 Revolvers ,965 Automatic rifles Machine-guns Guns of a calibre less than 120m Guns of a calibre of 120 mm. or above... 15I

9 368 DENMARK AIRCRAFT OF THE ARMY. The Air Force of the Army is at present being organised and all the flying machines in use in the Army are school machines. AIRCRAFT OF THE NAVY. Heavier-than-Air. Complete aircraft: Bombing Fighting Reconnaissance Spare engines in units Lighter-than-Air. Dirigibles... Captive balloons H. RECRUITING SYSTEM-TRAINING I. GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR ENROLMENT, DISTRIBUTION AND TRAINING. All men of the ages prescribed in the Military Service Law, who are fit for service, are enrolled for service in time of war. Of the men fit for service, the following numbers are trained annually: In the Infantry Regiments.... 4,400 men )) )) Life Guards > )) )) Cavalry Regiments > Train ) Field Artillery... I,IIo, Engineers )) Technical Corps o, Army Supply Corps ) Hospital troops )) Army Medical Service, Veterinary Corps and Requisitioning Service, and Labour troops : as required. The numbers trained annually for the Landsturm. 1,500 men The recruits who are to be taken for service are called up from the territories east and west of the Great Belt in the same proportion as there are men between i8 and 25 years of age in those territories. The men who are to serve in Infantry units (except Life Guards), Cavalry, Field Artillery and Train stationed in Sjaelland are taken, by preference, from the territory east of the Great Belt. The men who are to serve in units stationed in Jutland and Funen are taken, by preference, from the territory west of the Great Belt. Men living in Bornleden are sent to serve in units in other parts of the kingdom.

10 DENMARK 369 The men who are to serve in the Life Guards, Engineers, Technical Corps, Supply Corps, Medical Service, Labour troops, Hospital Service, and Veterinary Corps, or who are to be trained in the Veterinary Corps are taken from all parts of the country. The men selected for service in the Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery and Engineers must be classified, as regards fitness for service, in category K i (fully fit for service). If sufficient men in this category are not forthcoming, the remainder are drawn from category K 2 (fit for service, within certain limits). The remaining branches of the service are recruited, first from the remaining conscripts in category K i, and next from those in category K 2. Conscripts who have received technical training may be employed during their military service in such a way that this training may be made use of by the Army. For the Medical Service, preference is given first to men who have passed the doctor's examination, and, secondly, to men who have been through an approved course of training in large hospitals. For the Veterinary Service, preference is given to men who have passed the examination for veterinary surgeons. Privates who, during the first period of training, are found unfit for service in the arm to which they have been allotted, but who are suited for service in the Train or Labour troops, may be employed on duties of the above nature with their own units, or elsewhere in the Army. They are held to serve for 200 days, including the day on which they join. When they are sent home on furlough they are struck off the strength of their units and transferred to the Train or Labour troops. Vacancies which have occurred in a unit are filled by calling up a correspondingly greater number of men of the same or the next year's levy to the arms concerned. 2. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS IN THE INFANTRY REGIMENTS. The men who have to be trained each year with the infantry regiments are called up either in May for a (longer) period of summer training, or in November for a (shorter) period of winter training. The first training lasts I5o days; but not more than 40 men who desire to be trained as bandsmen may be kept for 240 days. Fifteen days after the commencement of the training, not more than 64 men are selected from each contingent, from those least suited for infantry duties, as watchmen and messengers or for labour with units, staffs and institutions. Those selected are immediately struck off the strength of their unit and transferred to the Labour troops. They serve for 200 days. The required number of men from the Infantry are trained with the machine-gun companies and in the service of light mortars. 24

11 370 DENMARK The tollowing members of each levy are retained for continuation training after the expiration of the I5o days : (a) 9 per cent of the strength of the levy in the middle of the period of training, for twelve months' instruction as Cadet N.C.O.s. The men selected in this way are trained as corporals or cornets. (b) I,I20 private soldiers, 560 from each contingent, for go days. All men liable for service who have been released on furlough are called back to the colours for repetition training, twice in their first eight years of service - on each occasion for 28 days. 3. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH THE LIFE GUARDS. The 440 men who are trained each year with the Life Guards join in two contingents of equal size. The first period, of training lasts 305 days. 20 cadet N.C.O.s are selected from each contingent and are kept for continuation training for seven months in addition to the 305 days. They are trained as corporals or cornets. The numbers required are trained with the machine-gun company and in the service of light mortars. All conscripts sent on furlough are called up for continuation training, twice in the first eight years of their service, for 20 days on each occasion. 4. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS FOR THE LANDSTURM. Conscripts who are trained for the Landsturm have to serve for 60 days. They are not called up for continuation training, but if called up under special circumstances - e.g., for the formation of a security force - they may be called up before the conscripts of the Army if this appears desirable for military reasons. 5. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH CAVALRY REGIMENTS. The 300 men who are trained annually with the Cavalry regiments are called up in one contingent. The training is carried out with the line squadrons. The first period of training lasts 425 days. Thirty men are selected for training as cadet N.C.O.s.; their service is prolonged for 75 days beyond the regulation 425 days. They are trained as corporals or cornets. All conscripts who have been sent on furlough are called up twice, for 28 days on each occasion, for repetition training. (6) TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH THE TRAIN. The 260 men who are trained in each year are called up in two contingents.

12 DENMARK 371 The first training lasts 60 days, after which the men are all retained for 183 days' continuation training as rough riders, with staff sand units, or with train detachments. The men sent home on furlough may be called up for continuation training twice during the first eight years of service, for 28 days on each occasion. 7. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH THE ARTILLERY. (a) Field Artillery. The I,IIo men who are trained each year are called up in one contingent. The training is carried out with the line " groups ". The first period of training lasts 215 days. Field Artillery men are taken up to the required number for training with the anti-aircraft guns or in the balloon service. The following are retained for continuation training after the completion of 215 days: (a) go cadet N.C.O.s for 12 months; these are trained as corporals and cornets. (b) 195 privates for I95 days. Conscripts who have been sent on furlough are called up for repetition training twice in their first eight years' service, viz., once for 28 days and once for 14 days. Men who have performed their repetition training as privates are, however, exempted the 28-day period. (b) Coast Artillery. 450 men are to be trained annually with the Coast Artillery. The first training lasts eight months. 14 men out of each levy are retained for training as N.C.O.s and remain in service eight months. There are two subsequent trainings of 14 days each. 8. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS IN THE ENGINEER TROOPS. The 320 men who are trained each year with the Engineer troops are called up in three contingents. The training is carried out with the line companies. The first training lasts for 200 days. The following are kept for continuation training after the completion of the 200 days: (a) 32 cadet non-commissioned officers for 355 days. They are trained as corporals and cornets. (b) 50 privates for 2Io days. Conscripts who have been sent home on furlough are called up for repetition training twice during their first eight years' service, for 20 days on each occasion. Privates who have performed their repetition training as such are, however, exempted from being summoned for the first period.

13 372 DENMARK 9. FLYING SERVICE. For training in the Flying Service preference is given to conscripts who volunteer for this duty. The men selected may later on have to accept certain alterations in their conditions of service, as regards period of training, repetition training, etc. 10. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH THE TECHNICAL CORPS. The go men who are trained each year with the Technical Corps are called up in two contingents. The first period of training lasts for 200 days. Conscripts on furlough may, if necessary, be called up during their first eight years of service for repetition training twice, for 28 days on each occasion. ii. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH THE ARMY SUPPLY CORPS. The 40 men who are trained each year with the Army Supply Corps receive a first period of training lasting go days At the conclusion of go days, Io cadet reserve accountants are kept for repetition training for 125 days. They are appointed as corporals and are trained as reserve accountants. Conscripts on furlough may, if necessary, be called up twice during the first eight years of service for repetition training, for two periods of up to 50 days each. 12. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS FOR MEDICAL STAFF. Conscripts who are being trained for the Medical Service are called up for service for a period of not more than six months. After a first military and special preliminary training, they are appointed as assistant surgeons and undergo further training as such. Conscripts on furlough may, if necessary, be called up for service during the first eight years of service for repetiton training, for two periods of 28 days each. 13. TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS FOR HOSPITAL TROOPS. The go men who are trained each year for Hospital Troops serve for a period of 210 days. Conscripts on furlough may, if necessary, be called up for service in their first eight years of service for repetition training, for two periods of 40 days each. In addition to conscripts trained as Hospital Troops, some of the men in other units and in the Labour Troops are trained in first-aid and as stretcher-bearers.

14 DENMARK TRAINING OF CONSCRIPTS WITH THE VETERINARY CORPS. Conscripts who are under training for the Veterinary Service are trained for a period not exceeding six months. After the first military and special preliminary training they are appointed as assistant veterinary surgeons, and undergo further training as such. Conscripts on furlough may, if necessary, be called up for service during the first eight years of service for repetition training, for two periods of 28 days each. 15. LABOUR TROOPS. Conscripts who are called up for service with the Labour Troops serve for 200 days. The remainder of the personnel is obtained from the units of the Army. Men of the Labour Troops who are detailed as stretcher-bearers with the ambulances may, if required, be called up for repetition training for two periods of 14 days each during their first eight years' service. I. EFFECTIVE - (BUDGETARY) Officers on the active list.653 Officers of the Reserve (performing military service 30 days annually).460 Men belonging to the Corps of Special Officers (Officiants) Sergeants of the Reserve doing military duty.77 Non-Commissioned Officers of the Reserve (performing military duty only 30 days annually) Others ranks - exclusive of soldiers performing manual labour called up for service, every year... 8,625 Air Force: Personnel (flying and non-flying) Gendarmerie and Police: State Police Gendarmerie of the frontiers Local Police of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg....,469 Other Local Police... I,o64 Total... 3,734

15 374 DENMARK J. CADRES I. DIVISION OF PERSONNEL INTO RANKS AND GRADES. The personnel of the Army consists, in addition to privates, of: Officers and non-commissioned officers and persons graded as such. The officers and N.C.O.s consist of: (i) Permanent officers and N.C.O.s of the Line, divided into two groups: (a) the officers' group; (b) the warrant officers' group. (2) Permanent officers and N.C.O.s of the Reserve divided into two groups : (a) the officers' group, (b) the under officers' group. (3) Conscript N.C.O.s. The persons graded as officers and N.C.O.s are: The permanent military officiants of the Supply Corps, the Medical Corps and the Veterinary Corps, experts, permanent musicians, permanent artificers, etc. 2. ADMISSIONS, DISCHARGES, APPOINTMENTS, PROMOTION AND TRANSFERS OF OFFICERS AND N.C.O.s. No one can become an officer or N.C.O. without having been trained as a private. (a) Conscript Officers and N.C.O.s. Lance-corporals and corporals are appointed by the Commander of the unit. Cornets and second lieutenants are appointed by the War Minister. Appointments to the rank of second lieutenant are made from among cornets and N.C.O.s who have passed the officers' class at the Officers' School and sergeants of reserve who have passed the Cornets' School or have been trained as airmen. (b) Regular N.C.O.s of the Reserve. Sergeants of reserve are appointed and discharged by the War Minister. This rank is recruited from corporals who have passed the Sergeants' School and warrant officers discharged from the line, who serve as sergeants of reserve, but are still graded as warrant officers. Sergeants of reserve are liable for service for one year after the conclusion of the Sergeants' School course and for 30 days each year, as ordered by the War Minister, and also, if required, during mobilisation. Sergeants of reserve are discharged at latest on reaching the age of 40. (c) Regular officers of the warrant officers group. The higher grades of warrant officers are appointed, promoted and discharged by the King. The remaining grades by the Minister of War.

16 DENMARK 375 Warrant officers are recruited from sergeants of reserve who have passed the warrant officer class in the Officers School. Warrant officers are promoted from one grade to another, by selection, after a certain minimum period of service in each grade. In the General Staff, the Air Force, the Technical Corps and the Supply Corps the warrant officers' appointments are filled by warrant officers of units with not less than two years' service in their grade. No N.C.O. can be promoted to warrant officer after the age of 32. Warrant officers are discharged at the age of 55 ; higher warrant officers and staff warrant officers at the age of 6o, and corps warrant officers at the age of 65. (d) Regular officers of the line. Appointments, promotions and discharges of regular officers are made by the King. N.C.O.s who have passed the officers' class in the Officers' School and have subsequently served six months as N.C.O.s may be appointed first lieutenants. First lieutenants may be promoted captains in their own arms after four years' service as first lieutenants. Promotion is either by selection or seniority. If two promotions are made by selection, the next four shall be by seniority. Captains who have served four years in that rank may be promoted lieut.-colonel. Promotion is by selection. Lieut.-colonels may be promoted colonels by selection. Colonels of any arm may be promoted major-generals. Promotion is by selection. Major-generals may be promoted Lieut.-generals by selection. First lieutenants may be appointed to the General Staff after at least two years' service in their own rank. The captains' and lieut.- colonels' appointments in the General Staff are filled by officers of the various arms with at least two years' service in the respective ranks. The remaining officers' appointments in the General Staff are filled either by officers from the arms or by promotions in the General Staff. Officers are compulsorily retired as follows: First lieutenants, at the age of Captains, at the age of Lieut.-colonels and colonels at the age of.. 65 Major-generals and lieut.-generals at the age of 70 Officers are entitled to retire on pension at the following ages: First lieutenants, at the age of Captains, at the age of Lieut.-colonels and colonels at the age of.. 60 Major-generals and lieut.-generals at the age of 65 The above officers may also be allowed to retire on pension and be simultaneously transferred to the Reserve.

17 376 DENMARK (c) Permanent Officers ol the Reserves. Permanent Officers of the Reserves of the rank of Captain or upwards are appointed, promoted and discharged by order of the King; Lieutenants of Reserve by the Minister of War. Appointments to the rank of permanent officer in the Reserve can only be made at the request of the person concerned. Permanent Officers of the Reserve are liable to serve in the Army for a period, up to thirty days annually, to be decided by the War Minister, and also, if required, during the mobilisation of the Army. Lieut.-Colonels and Captains of the Reserve are also liable to perform any administrative service which is involved by their duties as Commanding Officers. II. Navy. Number Total Tonnage Depreciated Coast defence ships and monitors ,183 3,700 Destroyers and torpedo-boats , Submarines ,810 8oo Miscellaneous craft , Sea Service Shore Service Total of naval personnel , Mine-layer. 2 Depreciated tonnage (on January Ist, 1924) is calculated as follows: (i) For battleships; battle cruisers, coast defence ships, monitors, aircraft-carriers and miscellaneous craft, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of i/20 per annum from date of completion. (2) For cruisers and light cruisers, a reduction of 1/I7 per annum from date of completion. (3) For torpedo-craft and submarines, a reduction of I/i2 per annum from date of completion. III. Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. (i) The financial year covers the period from April ist to March 3Ist. The original estimates are submitted to the Folketing at the beginning of each ordinary session, that is, in October, for the financial year commencing on the following April Ist, and the budget is voted in March, immediately before the beginning of the financial year. Supplementary estimates are usually submitted to the Folketing in January for the

18 DENMARK 377 current financial year and are voted about the end of that year, that is, in March or April. The closed accounts for a given year ending March 3Ist are published in the following October. (2) The budget is divided into the two following groups: (a) Current revenue and current expenditure (Sections 1-25 of the budget). (b) Revenue from realisation of State capital and from increase of public debt, and expenditure for increase of State capital and redemption of debt (Section 26 of the budget). Expenditure for increase of State capital is, as a rule, limited to investments in public undertakings which normally yield a surplus, and grants of interest-bearing loans to municipalities, associations, etc. All military and naval expenditure is included in "current expenditure ", which is divided into ordinary and extraordinary. The latter comprises, in particular, expenditure resulting from increase of capital invested in buildings of a non-profit-yielding character (military works, schools, etc.), and also expenditure of an exceptional character. (3) As a rule the budget is drawn up on the system of net appropriations, so that receipts collected by the various departments in the course of their activities (revenue from school fees, from sale of products, from realisation of old materials - from contributions of local governments, etc.) are set-off against expenditure as " appropriation in aid ". (4) Local authorities spend certain insignificant amounts on billeting and on construction and maintenance of military buildings.

19 378 DENMARK B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. I. Summary of Defence Expenditure (net). TABLE I I I Original and Origial Closed Closed Supplementary Estimates Accounts Accounts Estimates e I (voted) (voted) Kr. (ooo's omitted) Ministry of War... 41,269 36,341 35,446 32,655 Ministry of the Marine ,960 I9,437 15,691 I5,404 Ministry of the Interior (recruiting, medical inspection and billeting)... 1,467 1,486 1,509 1,310 Total... 65,696 57,264 52,646 49,369 Defence expenditure index. Ioo 87 8o 75 Index number of wholesale prices : 1913 = ioo := Io Ioo 105 Kr. (ooo's omitted) Defence expenditure reduced to pre-war price level ,136 31,122 24,951 22,238 Index of defence expenditure % % % % reduced to pre-war price level..... Ioo ioo 'Average, April and May I924. NOTES. - (a) The figures in the table above do not include pensions or debt service. (b) The item " Ministry of the Marine " includes only the Naval Services and not the Civil Services charged to that Ministry. As regards the central administration of the Ministry, it has not been possible to specify the portion relating to civil functions. (c) The salaries of the Ministers of War and of the Marine are not included in the figures in the table above. II. Analysis of expenditure figures given in Table I. (I) Ministry of War. NOTE. - The division of expenditure is not quite the same in the budgets for I and I as in the budgets for the preceding years, alterations having been made in connection with the new Army

20 DENMARK 379 Law of I922 which came into force in I923. A few adjustments have been made in the tables for the purpose of rendering the figures for the different years as comparable as possible. TABLE 2, I Original ITEMS Closed Closed and Original Supplemen- Estimates ^ Estimates (voted) I. Ordinary expenditure Kr. (ooo's omitted) Central Administration i i Pay, etc., of Army... 19,414 16,974 10,962 11,529 Military Courts Provisions, etc.... 2,984 2,487 3,I56 3,446 Medical Service... 1,20I I,045 ' Clothing, etc... 1,272 1,543 1,554 1,554 Billets, etc.... Forts and buildings , ,931 2,616 2,284 Schools, etc Transport Service: upkeep and purchase of horses, etc.... 3,391 2,806 2,891 2,849 Air Force Service I,056 1,039 Daily allowances, General Command allowances, etc War materials, etc.... 3,475 3,216 2,684 2,668 General Staff : Topographical Section Bornholm's Defence Force Army chaplains, etc Miscellaneous items High-cost-of-living bonuses Expenditure arising from change of military organisation.... 3,426 Total Ordinary Expenditure... 38,006 34,III 32,211 28,655 II. Extraordinary expenditure: Construction of forts and fortifications Construction of a new military hospital Demobilisation of the Special War Service Occupation of North Schleswig... 2,350 1, Abolition of the land fortifications of Copenhagen Storing of ammunition and explosives Extraordinary purchase of materials 4,000 for the army... 2,000) Construction of a wireless station.. 28 o10 Barracks, etc Various Total extraordinary expenditure... 3,263 2,230 3,235 4,000 Grand total... 41,269 36,341 35,446 32,655 Previously included in "Miscellaneous items".

21 380 DENMARK (2) Ministry of the Marine. NOTE. - A new division of the budget of the Ministry of the Marine was introduced in the estimates for I and comparison of the individual items in those estimates with those of previous budgets is therefore only possible to a very limited extent. The total amounts, however, are strictly comparable. TABLE 3. I I I Original ITEMS Closed Closed and Supple- Original Accounts Accounts mentary Estimates Estimates (voted) (voted) I. Ordinary expenditure : Kr. (ooo's omitted) Central administration The Navy: Pay to officers, etc.... 4,399 3,86i 4,423 4, I19 Maintenance and new construction ,450 Schools Naval dockyards ,446 Dockyard factories Naval buildings, etc Billeting Hospitals The King's ship Dannebrog Miscellaneous Pay to personnel serving under transitory conditions Increase in high-cost-of-living bonuses Deduction on account of vacancies Total... 21,241 18,764 15,498 15,388 II. Extraordinary expenditure: Naval Air Service Construction of a hangar Construction of a coaling vessel... i,ooo 526 Constructions and dockyard buildings Miscellaneous items Total extraordinary expenditure 1, I93 I6 Grand total... 22,960 19,437 15,69I 15,404 (a) Air Service. Expenditure on the Military Air Force is included in the figures given in Tables 2 and 3. It is not possible, from the information available, to give a complete statement of expenditure for Air Service purposes. (b) Military establishments. The State maintains two military factories (the Army Powder Factory and the Military Clothing Factory) as independent undertakings, the surplus or deficit on these being carried direct to the receipts side of the General Budget (together with

22 DENMARK 38 I other State undertakings), instead of being charged to the budgets of the military ministries. Only payments for deliveries to the Army and the Navy appear in the military budgets. (c) Tables 2 and 3 do not include any expenditure for civil purposes, the appropriations to various civil institutions charged to the budget of the Ministry of the Marine having been excluded. The most important of these institutions are : The Lighthouse Service, the Coast Guard, Pilotage, the Salvage Service, the Hydrographical Service and the Metereological Service. The total appropriations for all the Civil Service, in the budget of the Ministry of the Marine amount to 6,o86,ooo Kronen in the estimates for the financial year I (3) Ministry of the Interior. TABLE Closed Closed Estimates Estimates Accounts Accounts Ordinary Expenditure Kr. (ooo's omitted) Recruiting and medical inspection 62I Billeting Total... 1,467 1,486 1,509 1,3IO III. Receipts in connection with Defence Expenditure. (i) Appropriations in Aid. As stated in the notes on budget procedure, the defence budgets are drawn up on the system of net appropriations, appropriations in aid being set off against expenditure. The total receipts deducted in this way are given in the following table: TABLE 5. I I Closed ACcounts Closed Closed Estimates Estimates Accounts Accounts Appropriations in Aid Kr. (ooo's omitted) Ministry of War Ministry of Marine... I87 387! Total

23 382 DENMARK (2) Surplus from Military establishments. The surplus from the Army Powder Factory was 3,000 Kr. in both and No surplus is expected for I or The surplus from the Military Clothing Factory amounted to I56,ooo Kr. in and 58,000 in I and has been estimated at I42,ooo and Io03,ooo Kr. for the years and respectively. These surpluses are not appropriated in aid, but shown as revenue from State undertakings in the General Budget. IV. Expenditure re/erring to previous years. (i) Debt Service. No interest on or redemption of public debt is charged to the military budgets, nor is information available as to what portion of the total debt is incurred for military purposes. (2) Military and naval pensions are not charged to the defence budgets. The total amount of these pensions is not shown separately in the budgets. SUPPLEMENTARY DETAILS. (i) The State contributes to private rifle clubs, the following amounts being charged to the budget of the Ministry of the Interior: ,000 Kr I54,000 Kr I35,000 Kr ,000 Kr. (2) The Civil Air Service is administered by the Ministry of Public Works. The expenditure on this item was : I ,000 Kr. I I,000 Kr. I I35,000 Kr. I ,000 Kr. In addition a considerable amount was spent on the purchase of a site for the construction of an air station (section 26 of the budget), viz. I ,366,000 Kr. I ,000 Kr. (3) No recent information is available as to the amounts spent by local authorities on billeting and on construction and maintenance of military buildings, but it is probable that the outlay is insignificant.

24 DENMARK I IV. Industries capable of being used for War Purposes. RAW MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. (Output, imports, exports.) I. FUEL (In thousands of metric tons.) A. Coal. B. Petroleum. Other Lubricafuel ting and Soft coal Coke Briquettes Lamp oil oil Benzine other oil OUTPUT. IMPORTS , I2 I92I 2, II , I I923 3, EXPORTS. i o_ I 0.08 I II. ORES AND METALS A. Ores. (In thousands of metric tons.) Iron OUTPUT. IMPORTS. Sulphuric pyrites I92I 0.2 i

25 384 DENMARK Iron Sulphuric pyrites EXPORTS I I92I II I I923 B. Metals. Pig iron Iron Zinc Lead Alumi- Iron Ironand steel nium alloys 1920 I92I OUTPUT. IMPORTS I I EXPORTS I I O.I - x Waste. 2 Including old iron and waste. 3 Waste. * Semi-manufactured iron. 5 Crude and semi-manufactured. 6 Crude.

26 DENMARK 385 III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS (In thousands of metric tons.) A. Raw material. I920 I92I Nitrate Nitrate Salt Sulphur of sodium of lime OUTPUT. IMPORTS. I I I92I I. 9 I EXPORTS B. Manufactured products. Sulphuric Nitric acid Soda Spirits acid (millions of litres) OUTPUT IMPORTS. Hectol. 1 2 I o0.0o I92I I o0.i I I EXPORTS I92I O.Oi Caustic soda. 2 Crude and " denaturalised ". 25

27 386 DENMARK 1920 I92I IV. VARIOUS PRODUCTS (In thousands of metric tons.) Cotton OUTPUT. IMPORTS. Rubber I I i EXPORTS. Sources. Communications from the Government on January 20oth and June 26th, I923. Lovtidende for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret I922 Afdeling A II. Lov om Haerens Ordning af 7 August I922. (Law on Military Organisation). Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender, I924. (State Almanack, 1924). Handbog for Haeren (Army Almanack, 1923). Closed accounts for the financial year I and Original and supplementary estimates for the financial year I voted by Parliament, Original estimates for the financial year I voted by Parliament. (Supplementary estimates will probably not be voted before the end of the financial year, viz., about March or April 1925.) Statistisk Aarbog 1923 (Statistical Year-Book for 1923). Produktionsstatistik 1922 (Statistics on industrial output). Danmarks Vareindf0rsel og- Udforsel, 1920, 1921, 1922 (Imports and exports of Denmark). Vareomsaltningen med Udlandet, December 1923 (Foreign trade, December I923). 1 Including waste.