History & Current Status of Emergency Management

Transcription

1 History & Current Status of Emergency Management Chapter 1 Chapter Objectives Describe the development of emergency management (EM) in the United States Recognize the role of the private sector in disasters Discern the role of the public sector in disasters Understand the role of volunteer organizations in disasters Be familiar with the fundamental elements of international disaster relief Profession of Emergency Management Who was the first Emergency Manager? Profession did not exist 50 years ago Since Cold War, has developed & grown Full-fledged profession today DHS State/Local EM Large number of volunteer organizations Major businesses Many people in the profession today have college degrees 1

2 Evolution of EM in the US Civil Defense (CD) Originated during WWII Expanded during the Cold War Prepare for nuclear war with the USSR Most CD directors held part-time posts Threat has changed Evolution of EM in the US (cont.) Natural & Technological Disasters in the US Until the 1950s, disaster management mostly a state/local responsibility Feds intervened on a case-by-case basis Disaster Relief Act of 1950 Allowed Federal Government to get involved w/o Congressional approval Disaster Relief Act of 1974 & The Stafford Act of 1988 Established disaster declaration process Evolution of EM in the US (cont.) Thus, the US had a dual track EM system Civil Defense Natural & Technological Disasters Problems: Redundancies EM offices scattered throughout Federal Govt. 2

3 Development of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) President Carter recognized need to centralize nation s EM efforts 1978: Formed FEMA through Reorganization Plan #3 1979: FEMA became operational Became a cabinet-level post under Pres. Clinton Has had its ups and downs Absorbed by the Dept. of Homeland Security after 9/11 Programs & Agencies Becoming Part of FEMA Federal Insurance Administration (Department of Housing & Urban Development) National Fire Prevention & Control Administration (Department of Commerce) Federal Broadcast System (Executive Office of the President) Defense Civil Preparedness Agency(Department of Defense) Federal Disaster Assistance Administration (Department of Housing & Urban Development) Federal Preparedness Agency (General Services Administration) National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program (Department of Commerce) Earthquake Hazard Reduction Office (Executive Office of the President) Dam Safety Coordination Program (Executive Office of the President) Federal Response to Consequences of Terroristic Incidents (no previous assigned agency) Coordination of Emergency Warning (no previous assigned agency) Source: National Governor s Association 1979 Some Key Events in FEMA s History (up to 2001) 1989: Hurricane Hugo & Loma Prieta Earthquake (issue of catastrophic event) 1992: Hurricane Andrew (use of Federal Response Plan or FRP) Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) 1993: James Lee Witt named FEMA Director First emergency manager to hold post Focused on mitigation Project Impact FEMA became a well-respected Federal agency 3

4 FEMA, Terrorism & DHS September 11, 2001: Terrorist attacks Moved EM back to a top priority 2003: Creation of Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Combined 22 Federal Agencies FEMA became part of DHS 2005: Hurricane Katrina Poor Federal response Exposed DHS s focus on terrorism 2009: Craig Fugate named FEMA Director Keys Tasks of DHS Border & Transportation Security Emergency Preparedness & Response Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear Countermeasures Information Analysis & Infrastructure Protection DHS Mission 1) Protect US from further attacks 2) Reduce US vulnerability to terrorism 3) Minimize damage from potential terrorist attacks and natural disasters 4

5 Native American Tribes Have their own public safety departments Can report directly to Federal Govt. Over 564 Federally recognized tribes Consideration of cultural issues Historical preservation Recognition of sacred lands Other Public Sector Involvement in Emergency Management Local & state governments 1st line of defense in disasters State govt.s the link between local govt.s and the Federal Govt. Most states have some form of EM office Other Public Sector Involvement in Emergency Management (cont.) Pubic Agencies Dealing w/disasters involves partnerships Public Private Volunteer International relief sector Federal Government Examples The National Response Framework (NRF) integrates various federal agencies to accomplish specific tasks or Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 5

6 Private Sector Activities Need to protect businesses & employees FEMA s (2010) Guidance: Companies have a moral duty to protect their employees, area & environment Companies need to follow existing local, state & federal laws related to safety Companies can return to business much more quickly, which not only helps the business, but the community & regions Companies diminish their chance of being sued Companies obtain a positive image from good disaster & crisis planning Companies often have their insurance costs reduced Voluntary Sector Activities Focus on people needs Play key roles during response Victim & responders aid - e.g., feeding, sheltering Play key roles during recovery Focus on victims - e.g., assist to repair or rebuild homes National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD) Created in 1969 Today coordinates over 50 voluntary organizations Examples of Voluntary Organizations ACTS World Relief (Foundation of Hope) Adventist Community Services American Baptist Men American Radio Relay League, Inc. American Red Cross Billy Graham Rapid Response Team Brethren Disaster Ministries Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation Catholic Charities USA Church World Service Episcopal Relief & Development Feeding America Habitat for Humanity International Operation Hope Human Society of the United States Source: NVOAD, national-members.html The Jewish Federations of North America Latter-Day Saint Charities Lutheran Disaster Response Mennonite Disaster Service Mercy Medical Airlift National Association of Jewish Chaplains National Baptist Convention USA National Organization for Victim Assistance Nazarene Disaster Response Noah s Wish Presbyterian Disaster Assistance Southern Baptist Convention The Salvation Army United Church of Christ United Methodist Committee on Relief United Way Worldwide World Vision 6

7 International Humanitarian Sector Poor nations need outside help Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play key role Additional types of hazards for poor nations Drought Famine (Civil) War 7