CZECHOSLOVAKIA GENERAL. Area... I sq. km. Population (I925) :. per sq. km ,276 I. MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE.

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1 CZECHOSLOVAKIA GENERAL Area.... I sq. km. Population (I925) :. per sq. km ,276 o. 5 Length of railways:.. 13,594 km. A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS The army is under the President of the Republic, who under the Constitution is the supreme head of the army. In the event of war, the President of the Republic will appoint the Commander-in-chief of the army in the field. 1. I. MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE. The Military Secretariat of the President of the Republic acts as a link between the President of the Republic and the Ministry of National Defence. Political and Legal Sections: Legal, political, administrative questions, etc. General (Military) Sections etc. : Infantry, cavalry, medical, Air Departments Technical J Sections: Telegraph, railway, motor transport, train, engineers, etc. Artillery and Sections: Organisation, equipment, Armament technical, etc. Administration Sections: Commerce, industry, agriculture, etc. Clothing, etc. Special personnel service. Special medical service. Special service for investigations and experiments.

2 344 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 2. GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY (incorporated in the Ministry of National Defence). i Chief of General Staff, i deputy chief of General Staff, i first and i second assistant chief of General Staff. Department i : Organisation and mobilisation; 2: Operations; 3 : Intelligence; 4: Lines of Communication and transport; 5 ' Military training; 6: Physical training ; 7: Mental and moral training and propaganda; 8: Languages. Secretariat-general of the Inter-ministerial Committee for National Defence. B. MILITARY AREAS The Czechoslovak Republic is divided into 4 military areas. (I) Bohemia: Prague Military Command: Ist infantry division at Prague; 2nd «at Plzen ; Subordinate commands 3rd ««at Litomcrice 4th (c c at Hradec Kr6lov6; 5th c at Bud6jovice. (2) Moravia and Silesia: Brno Military Command. 6th infantry division at Brno; Subordinate commands 7th «( at Olomouc; 8th ( «at Mor-Ostrava. (3) Slovakia, Western and Central: Bratislava Military Command. gth 9 infantry division at Trnava; Subordinate commands i oth «{ at Bainska Bystrica; iith c at Kogice. (4) Eastern Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Russia : Uzhorod Military Command. Subordinate command: i2th infantry division at Uihorod. The military areas are divided into divisional districts: 5 in Bohemia; 3 in Moravia and Silesia; 3 in Slovakia; i in Sub-Carpathian Russia. Each military district has a divisional headquarters. Czechoslovakia is divided into 48 recruiting districts : 2o in Bohemia, 12 in Moravia and Silesia, 12 in Slovakia and 4 in Sub- Carpathian Russia. Each divisional district also serves as a district for the registering, classification and mobilisation of horses.

3 .'... G CZECHOSLOVAKIA,..«A' "* TERRITORIAL MILIIARY AREAS ^-' " 4.0 " ~ ' - '6 riome6ice ' \a ''' ~ ''' '' o -- o a - *\... Pha... radeckrialova'e -... o. PrlIzen..O Pa. G.. '.''. :. O omouc. It' V -2W4 4r :.... B rn II[a IL "'.. " ^ o V..'!'... :.. '. Ko~ce Jhorod,. AI-T D R I M H E ^ T~ ^ '. Banska BysfriceI.h oro ^ Brafslav a,, 1 g1i* L f Diiioa ~~~... ~ boundaries + ~ "+++*CI***;I t / :, NHO GRIE rarou44 - Area boundaries.... Divisional boundaries. ^ ^ Area headquarters. Divisional headquarters.

4 346 CZECHOSLOVAKIA C. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ARMY The Czechoslovak army comprises the following: i. Arms. (a) Larger combatant units: Infantry, artillery, air force and cavalry; (b) Auxiliary units: Technical troops (engineers, telegraph and railway troops); Transport troops: train and motor transport corps. 2. Services. (a) Scientific and educational establishments; (b) Technical services: Equipment, aviation, technical troops, train, motor transport and works, medical, administration, legal, chaplains, recruiting, remounts, veterinary, and military bands. D. HIGHER UNITS Four area military commands (for composition of these units, see under " Military Areas "). The active army consists of 12 infantry divisions, 2 mountain infantry brigades, i light artillery brigade (not forming part of a division), 2 heavy artillery brigades and 3 cavalry brigades. The mountain and cavalry brigades are not divisional troops. They have their own administrative staff and their headquarters are organised similarly to those of a division. E. ARMS AND SERVICES I. Arms. I. INFANTRY. (a) Infantry. 24 brigades of infantry of the line; 48 regiments of infantry; i tank battalion. Each infantry regiment comprises: Regimental headquarters; i auxiliary company; i technical company; 3 line battalions; i reserve depot. Each line battalion has 4 companies. are machine-gun companies. Nos. 4, 8 and 12 companies

5 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 347 (b) Mountain Infantry. 2 brigades, each brigade being composed of 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. For administrative purposes, each battalion is a separate unit. Each mountain infantry battalion comprises: Battalion headquarters with administrative services; i mountain technical company; 4 mountain companies; i reserve mountain depot with administrative services. The 4th company of each mountain battalion is a machine-gun company. (c) Frontier Guards. io independent battalions. Each battalion comprises: Battalion headquarters with intendances services; i technical company; 4 companies; i reserve depot with administrative services. No. 3 company in each battalion is a cyclist company, and No. 4 is a machine-gun company. Infantry Armament. 8 mm. Mannlicher rifle, '95 pattern with bayonet; 7.9 mm. Mauser rifle (now the regulation rifle for the Czechoslovak army); will be gradually substituted for the Mannlicher. 8 mm. Mannlicher carbine, '95 pattern with bayonet. 9 mm. revolver, Nickel model. 8 mm. heavy machine-guns with tripod mounting, Schwarzlose pattern. 8 mm. light machine-gun with fork mounting, Schwarzlose pattern. 2. ARTILLERY (14 brigades). (a) Light field artillery. 12 brigades. I6 regiments of light field artillery. Each regiment of light field artillery comprises: Regimental headquarters. 3 groups of light field artillery. i reserve battery with depot. Each group of light field artillery consists of the group headquarters with administrative services and 3 batteries. (b) Heavy field artillery. 14 regiments of heavy field artillery. Each regiment of heavy field artillery comprises: Regimental headquarters. 2 artillery groups. i reserve battery with depot.

6 348 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Each group of heavy field artillery consists of group headquarters with administrative services and 2 batteries of heavy howitzers and of heavy guns (one battery out of the three has a nucleus establishment), excepting 2 regiments which have 6 heavy howitzer batteries. (c) Mountain artillery. 3 regiments of mountain artillery and 12 independent mountain artillery groups. Each regiment of mountain artillery comprises: Regimental headquarters. 2 or 3 mountain artillery groups (7 groups in all). i reserve battery with depot. Each mountain artillery group consists of: Group headquarters with administrative services, 3 mountain batteries of guns or howitzers. Each independent mountain artillery group has also a reserve battery with depot. (d) Heavy artillery (2 brigades). 5 regiments of heavy artillery. Each regiment comprises: Regimental headquarters. 2-3 groups of heavy artillery (ii groups in all). i reserve battery with depot. Each group consists of 2-3 heavy batteries (30 batteries in all). (e) Special artillery. The special artillery includes a regiment of trench mortars (Minenwerfer), anti-aircraft artillery and a reserve (gunnery and rangefinding) company. The trench mortar regiment, of which only the cadres are organised, consists of regimental headquarters, a (training) battery of trench mortars and a reserve battery. The anti-aircraft artillery consists of three regiments, each of which comprises : (i) Regimental headquarters; (2) 2 groups of anti-aircraft artillery; (3) A searchlight group and a depot. The anti-aircraft artillery groups are independent administrative units combined in a regiment for tactical purposes. Each group consists of: (a) Group headquarters with administrative services; (b) 3 anti-aircraft batteries; (c) I searchlight company; (d) I reserve battery with depot.

7 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 349 Artillery Armament. (a) Field artillery. Light field artillery regiments: 8 cm. field gun, pattern I7. io cm. field howitzer, pattern i4. Heavy field artillery regiments : I5 cm. howitzer, pattern cm. gun, pattern 15. (b) Mountain artillery. Mountain artillery regiments and detachments: 7.5 cm. mountain gun, pattern 15. io cm. mountain howitzer, pattern i6. (c) Regiments of heavy artillery : 15 cm. gun (motor traction), pattern 15 /I6 15 cm. howitzer (motor traction), pattern cm. mortars, pattern i cm. mortars, pattern I6. 3. AVIATION. 3 air regiments. Each air regiment consists of: A number of air battalions (generally 2) of 5 or 6 flights each (altogether 17 companies, including 3 balloon companies) ; i photography section, i reserve air battalion and i air park. 4. CAVALRY. 3 brigades of 3 or 4 regiments, with i cyclist squadron each; Io cavalry regiments. Each cavalry regiment consists of: Regimental headquarters. 2 groups. I reserve group with depot. 3 cyclist squadrons are attached respectively to 3 of the cavalry regiments. Each group consists of: Headquarters and administrative services. 3 squadrons (2 regular and i special). The first group has two regular squadrons and I technical squadron, The second group has 2 regular squadrons and i machine-gun squadron. Each reserve group consists of i reserve squadron and I remount squadron. A group of armoured cars belonging to a tank battalion is placed each year at the disposal of a cavalry brigade for a period of combined training.

8 350 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Cavalry Armament. 8 mm. Mannlicher carbine, pattern '95, with bayonet; 9 mm. revolver, Nickel pattern; Cavalry sabre (the old Austrian sabre is being used provisionally). 5. ENGINEERS. 5 Engineer regiments (comprising 12 engineer battalions and i mountain engineer battalion, I bridging battalion, I mechanics battalion and I railway regiment of 2 battalions). The bridging battalion includes : (i) Battalion headquarters with administrative services; (2) 2 companies of bridging troops; (3) A mining company; (4) A navigation company; (5) A technical company with stores depot; (6) A reserve company with depot. The mechanics battalion includes : (i) Battalion headquarters with administrative services; (2) 3 construction companies (I-3) ; (3) A technical stores company with stores depot; (4) A reserve company with depot. Army Telegraph Corps. 3 telegraph battalions containing 3 to 5 companies; I wireless company, i depot company and i signalling school (total, I2 companies). Train. 5 battalions, 17 companies and i school. Motor Transport. 3 motor transport battalions, existing as cadres only and consisting of 12 companies. 3 depot companies. Motor transport schools. II. Services. (i) Technical Services. The technical services comprise the following branches: (a) Armaments: central arms depot at Prague and 12 divisional arms depots. (b) Technical air services : technical air school; central air depot at Olomouc; central air factories at Prague.

9 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 351 (c) Technical engineer service : central depot and workshops. (d) Technical army telegraph service: central depot and workshops. (e) Technical railway service: central depot. (f) Technical train service : central depot and workshops. (g) Technical motor transport service : workshops at Prague and Tren6in. (h) Constructional service. (2) Administrative Department. This department is responsible for the supply of rations, clothing, etc., to the army, and for the army accounts. (a) 12 divisional intendance depots; (b) i clothing depot and i bedding depot. (3) Medical Corps. There are 12 divisional hospitals, each with i auxiliary company attached; i hospital for disabled men; 8 bath establishments for disabled men; 3 medical depots. (4) Veterinary Department. (5) Remount Department: Stud farm and 3 horse-breeding depots. (6) Military Justice Department. (7) Chaplains Department. (8) Recruiting Department. (9) Secretariat. F. GENDARMERIE AND POLICE I. GENDARMERIE. The gendarmerie is a corps organised on military lines for the maintenance of order and public safety in accordance with the law and with the Government proclamations. It is under the control of the Ministry of the Interior and its agents. The Ministry of the Interior, after consulting the Ministry of National Defence, takes any necessary decisions regarding the details of organisation, effectives, training, service regulations, equipment and armament, and regarding the part which the gendarmerie shall take in the defence of the country against a foreign enemy. The effectives of the gendarmerie are made up from volunteers who have completed their military service. The officers of the gendarmerie are recruited: (a) from the gendarmerie, by promotion; (b) from the officers on the active and reserve lists. The present strength (I925) of the gendarmerie is as follows: (a) Administrative officers, i6o; gendarmerie officers, 281 ; intendance officers, 299 ; (b) Rank and file, 12,733.

10 352 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 2. POLICE. The Government has the power to form State police forces wherever it may be necessary. There is a corps of State police which is stationed: (a) At Prague, Liberec, Cheb, Karl. Vary, Mar, Lazn6, Plien, Kladno; (b) In Moravia and Silesia : at Brno, Jihlava, Znojmo, Mor. Ostrava, Opava; (c) In Slovakia: at Bratislava, Kosice, Komdrno, Lucenec, Parkan, Pregov, Rognava, Rim. Sobota, Zvolen; (d) In Sub-Carpathian Russia: at Uihorod, Berehov, Munkacevo. Strength (1925) : Administrative officials: 1,827; Executive services : 5,123. G. SYSTEM OF RECRUITMENT Military service in Czechoslovakia is universal and compulsory. All Czechoslovak nationals, and all persons who are permanently domiciled in Czechoslovakia and who cannot prove that they are of any other nationality, are bound to present themselves at the recruiting offices between January Ist of the year in which the person liable to military service reaches the age of 20 and December 3Ist of the year in which he reaches the age of 22. The duration of military service is 14 months' actual service with the colours. Military service begins on the day of joining. The armed forces of Czechoslovakia comprise: (a) The active army ; length of service with the colours is I8 months, but will be reduced to 14 months as from I927. (b) The first reserve (which, in the event of war, brings the active army up to the prescribed strength and replaces casualties). The first reserve includes all reservists up to December 3Ist of the year in which they reach the age of 40. (c) The second reserve (which is assigned to auxiliary duties at home, and may, in case of necessity, be used to replace casualties suffered by the active army in the course of operations). The second reserve includes all reservists up to December 3Ist of the year in which they reach the age of 50 Men of the first reserve who have completed the period of active service with the colours, as laid down by law, or the prescribed period of military training, are liable to periods of training as follows: a four weeks' course during the third year following their transfer to the reserve ; four weeks in the fifth year; three weeks in the seventh year; and three weeks in the ninth year following their transfer (14 weeks in all). Men who re-engage for one year are exempted from two of these courses, and men who re-engage for two years are exempted from them all.

11 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 353 Reserve officers are also required to attend training courses amounting in all to 20 weeks during the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth years after their transfer to the reserve. In exceptional circumstances, the President of the Republic may, on the advice of the Government, order the first three classes of the reserve to be recalled to the colours for a period wich must not exceed that which is strictly necessary. The Recruiting Law authorises the engagement of volunteers in the Czechoslovak army. Volunteers, who must not be less than 17 years of age, are required to perform 14 months' active service. In the event of mobilisation, and in time of war, volunteers may also be engaged for the duration of the war. In such cases the volunteers, if accepted, are required to serve until the general demobilisation. Men of other than Czechoslovak nationality cannot volunteer without the permission of the President of the Republic and of their home governments. H. EFFECTIVES Under Law No. 176 of 1924 the peace establishment of the Czechoslovak army is fixed at I50,000 men between October Ist and April Ist and at 90,000 men between April Ist and October Ist, for a period ending on September 3oth, BUDGETARY EFFECTIVES (1925). I. Officers. Central Administration and higher commands 89 8 General Staff Infantry , ,204 Artillery I I87 23 i,48i Cavalry Air Force Engineers Train i8 7 I6i Medical Corps-:;: Io I7 I 776 Miscellaneous , ,589 Total..... IIl ,9273 1,625 1, ,629 Engineer, telegraph and railway troops. 2 Including motor transport corps. 3 Including 3,256 staff captains. 23

12 354 CZECHOSLOVAKIA II. Non-commissioned Officers and Men: ,37I Officials and civilian personnel... 3,503 III. Horses. Cavalry... 6,641 Artillery ,708 Train i,o8i Miscellaneous.... 5,328 I. CADRES OFFICERS, N.C.O.s. Total... 18,758 Training Establishments and Scientific Institutions. Training Establishments : Staff College ; Intendance School; Military Academy: Medical School; Schools of Practical Training ; School of Gymnastics ; School of Infantry; School for Officers in charge of Depots School of Artillery; of Arms and Supplies; Air School; Riding School; School of Cavalry; Schools for Reserve Officers; School of Engineers; Training Centres for N.C.O.s.'; School of Military Telegraphy; Ski-ing Course; School of Railways; Language Courses. Train School; Photography Courses. Motor School; Scientific Institutions. Army Geographical Service; War Archives and Museum. Schools. Staff College. The Staff College is the principal military college; it was formed with a view to the development of military science and to the training of staff officers. The period of training in the college is three years. Military Academy at Hranice. The Military Academy trains officers for the infantry, artillery, cavalry and auxiliary arms. The period of training in the Academy is two years. Schools of Practical Training. The Schools of Practical Training for infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers and the military telegraph and railway regiments were created with a view to completing and extending the practical training of the students. The period of training in these schools is ten months. School of Infantry at Milovice. Training in the conditions of modern warfare is given in this school (movements of troops and trench warfare). Courses for officers and N.C.O.s of infantry and other combatant arms.

13 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 355 School of Artillery at Olomouc. The School of Artillery is the central establishment for the training of officers as gunnery instructors and for teaching the employment of artillery in war. A gas institute is attached to this school, where special courses are held for officers and N.C.O.s. Air School at Cheb. The Air School gives officers of other arms wishing to enter the Air Force the necessary technical training to enable them to become pilots and observers. It also trains reserve officers, N.C.O.s and men as pilots, mechanics and machine gunners. School of Cavalry at Pardubice. This establishment comprises: School for training cavalry instructors. School of cavalry practical training. School for reserve officers. School for cavalry N.C.O.s. School of farriery. Train School. The Train School is attached to a train battalion. Motor School. This school is attached to one of the motor transport battalions and trains the personnel of the motor service, including regular officers, reserve officers, and, if necessary, the rank and file. This establishment comprises: School for regular officers in the motor service. School for reserve officers. School for N.C.O.s. Practical training course. Intendance School. This school trains officers for the intendance service (who are recruited from the train and motor services), and administrative services. The officers of the principal arms and of the engineers and military telegraph and railway regiments are only admitted in limited numbers. The period of training is two years. Medical School. The period of training is eight months. School of Gymnastics (Physical Training). This school trains Physical Training instructors and fencing-masters. pupils of the school are drawn from officers and N.C.O.s. There are two courses of five months each every year. The Military Geographical Institute. Sections: Astronomy and Geodesy; Topography; Cartography; Printing; Economic and Technical Administration.

14 356 CZECHOSLOVAKIA II. Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. (i) The financial year coincides with the calendar year. The budget is prepared by the Administration in time to be submitted to the Chamber of Deputies during the month of September or October. It is generally finally voted in December. If, by the end of the year, the budget has not yet been voted, the Government must obtain from the Chambers a special authorisation for the intervening period. (2) Until the year 1926 the budget was composed of two parts (a) The administrative (general) budget. (b) The investment budget. The administrative budget included the general expenditure and receipts of the State, whilst the investment budget was charged solely with expenditure on construction of any kind (houses, barracks, railways, etc). There were no receipts credited to the investment budget, the Government obtaining the necessary funds by means of long-term loans. The 1926 budget represents a distinct reform, the investment budget having been incorporated in that of the administration. (3) The Czechoslovak budget was, until 1925, a gross budget. As from that year the receipts and working expenses of public undertakings, State domains and fiscal monopolies are not entered in the budget as in former years, but only net receipts and deficits shown. (4) Local authorities do not contribute to military expenditure. B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. i. Summary of Defence Expenditure. TABLE I I Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Administrative Budget: Koruna (ooo,ooo's omitted). Ministry of Defence.. 2, , , , ,935.4 Investment Budget: Ministry of Defence Total.... 2, ,166. I 2, , ,935.4 In view of the fact that the budgets for i925 and 1926 only contain the net surpluses or deficits from public undertakings, the following table gives the figures for expenditure on national defence for the preceding years in conformity with the 1925 system, so that the figures for the latter year and for 1926 may be compared with those for former years.

15 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 357 TABLE j Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Total expenditure by Ministry Koruna (ooo,ooo's omitted). of Defence according to the Budgets... 2,905.6 Less : Working expenses of 2, , , ,935.4 military undertakings.. oo i8.8 2, , , , ,935.4 Plus : Deficits of military undertakings , , , , ,935.4 Index number of defence ex- % % % % % penditure..oo _ Index numbers of wholesale prices: 1914 = io... 1, I, x 1922 = oo0... 0oo Defence expenditure reduced Koruna (ooo,ooo's omitted). to pre-war price level Index number of defence expenditure reduced to prewar % % % % % price level.. I o Average, January to September II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure. (i) The following table gives in detail the principal items of expenditure on national defence in the budget of the Ministry of Defence TABLE j Closed Accounts Koruna (ooo's omitted). Budget Estimates i. Central Administration. 2. National Defence: 49,590 26,175 38,629 43,688 39,717 Officers' salaries ,054 Pay to: 239, , , ,915 Men , , ,240 69,644 83,786 Civil Staff. 42,447 15,533 36,750 40,439 32,107 Stationery and printing. 20,656 20,912 22,815 21,524 22,028 Victualling ,595 Costs of administration and 317, , , ,967 working expenses of repair workshops... 11,474 4,684 Costs of administration and 3,321 2,011 1,232 working expenses of military stores... 35,802 20,890 13,407 10,958 o0,762 Clothing , , ,760 84,897 91,659 Bedding... 70,335 39,061 25,006 13,820 14,334 Quarters... Purchase and classification 19,286 20,537 25,492 29,747 29,450 of horses... 43,467 48,547 22,560 19,434 26,201 Maintenance of horses. 2,394 2,143 1,382 1,638 1,503 Medical service 14,761 11,235 15,86o 13,855 11,932 Pharmacists and pharmaceutical supplies ,953 10,684 10,016 10,469 8,925 Veterinary service

16 358 TABLE 3 (continued) i Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Military courts and prison. Koruna (ooo's omitted). Air service Engineering service , , , , ,868 Buildings... 33,314 24,122 17,910o 8,894 4,858 Telegraph and telephone 15,225 15,704 13,38i 9,537 8,740 service. Railway service ,077 11,675 14,805 20,783 13,835 Automobiles... 7,759 15,796 15,563 4,914 5,266 Transport... 70,641 70, ,664 70,007 53,482 Guns, rifles and other arms 54,790 38,361 21,539 16,127 11,570 Ammunition , , , , ,982 Optical instruments, etc. 160, , , ,428 92,146 Special armaments... 1,670 4,600 2,218 2,896 2,748 Administration and work- 7,053 16,479 20,104 21,461 23,475 ing expenses of arsenals. Inventions and artillery ex- 10,217 31,574 25,241 21,200 19,350 periments... Other experiments... 5,621 19,020 6,429 9,452 7,767 Rifle ranges.. 86i 922 1,272 1,551 1,404 Explosives ' Ammunition factory at 25,479 32,748 35,136 27,776 37,710 Policka... Ammunition factory (infantry) 4,980 5,280 4,844 5,809 5,439 Military academy Military schools 2,368 1,508 2,260 4,586 4,342 Instruction and physical Io,ooi 9,566 6,309 9,920 8,074 training... Geographical Institute.. 3,423 2,926 2,415 2,135 2,179 Commemoration of the 1,948 2,008 1,849 1,944 2,050 Liberation Campaign. Central Administration of 3,049 3,710o 2,156 2,235 1,029 War Graves Manoeuvres... 26,585 31,018 45,783 85,149 69,455 Travelling and transport 39,666 35,050 55,387 56,418 58,853 Relief Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenses... 4,545 3,842 1,359 1,970 2,000 Total of 2.. 2,509,035 1,931,451 1,986,195 1,751,980 1,818, Recruiting , ,463 1, Relief to disabled soldiers and their families -.. 1,441 2,110 1,344 2,275 1, Expenditure during the transitional period... 13,334 30,528 16,030 14, Investment expenses ,980 Expenses not budgeted for: 7. Military operations in Slovakia in ,379 8.: Expenditure for soldiers of Ukrainian nationality... 13, Reserves of clothing and equipment ,645 12,476 56, io. Nansen relief work , Total of 1-o10 2,73U,569 2,096,590 2,126,967 1,815,436 1,935,360 ii. Military undertakings: Arms factory 66, Aircraft factory 9,108 10,747 12, Military printing works... 3,421 3, Exploitation of military forests ,605 2,372 2, Military land under cultivation... 12,191 3, Total of i.. 100,825 19,995 18, GRAND TOTAL 2,831,394 2,116,585 2,145,753 1,815,436 1,935,402

17 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 359 (2) The following table shows the expenditure of the Ministry of Defence divided into ordinary and extraordinary expenditure: TABLE 4. Financial year Ordinary Expenditure Extraordinary Expenditure Total Expenditure Koruna (ooo's omitted) ,665,119 1,166,275 2,831, ,259, ,246 2,116, ,330,11I 815,642 2,145, ,241, ,653 1,815, ,335, ,068 1,935,402 (3) Under the heading "Air Service " in Table 3 are included all expenses relating to the air forces except officers' salaries and the cost of manceuvres. (4) As has already been said, since 1925 only the net surplus or deficit on military undertakings, as the case may be, is entered in the defence budget. The following table shows the receipts from and working expenses of military undertakings: TABLE j ~Koruna Closed Accounts Budget Estimates z. Aircraft factory ~x. Aircraft factory:~ ' (ooo's omitted). Receipts... 19,000 22,500 Working expenses.. 9,10o8 10,747 12,835 17,426 21,886 Balance , Military printing: Receipts.... 3,180 3,300 Working expenses ,421 3,488 3,132 3,286 Balance Exploitation of military forests : Receipts ,656 2,326 Working expenses.. 12,605 2,372 2,463 2,024 2,368 Balance Arms factory: Receipts... Working expenses.. 66, Military land under cultivation: Receipts... Working expenses. 1. 2,191 3, Total working expenses 100o,825 19,995 x8,786 22,582 27,540 Total receipts ,415 18,740 19,5x8 24,836 28,126 Balance ,410 --, , (5) Since 1924 agricultural land belonging to the army has not appeared in the budget of the Ministry of Defence but is worked by the Ministry of Agriculture. (6) Since January ist, 1923, the arms factory has been transformed into a private limited company.

18 360 CZECHOSLOVAKIA (7) In addition to the military establishments dealt with above, there are two ammunition factories the expenses of which appear in the administrative budget of the Ministry of Defence and not under the special heading " Military undertakings (8) The expenditure during the transitional period includes expenses in respect of Czechoslovak forces abroad (Czechoslovak Legionaries), for instance, social aid to sick and disabled soldiers and their families, etc. (9) The expenditure on national defence charged to the Investment Budget consists of costs of construction of barracks and other buildings and shootingranges. III. Receipts collected by Defence Departments. Receipts of the Ministry of Defence are of two kinds: (a) Receipts from military undertakings. Since 1925 the receipts from military undertakings entered in the budget are net receipts. In the budgets of the previous years gross receipts were entered. (b) Receipts collected by the Ministry of Defence in the course of its administration, mainly those derived from the sale of disused materials and official publications. Table of Receipts by the Ministry of Defence. TABLE 6. Receipts I J J 1926 Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Koruna (ooo's (a) omitted). Receipts of administration of National Defence 98,658 49,145 59,107 32,644 34,918 (b) Receipts of military undertakings... 98,415 18,740 19,518 2, * Net receipts. Total receipts ,073 67,885 78,625 34,878 35,546 IV. Expenditure referring to Preceding Years. (I) Public Debt Service. No interest on or amortisation of public debt is charged to the budget of national defence. It may be noted, however, that expenditure in the Investment Budget has been met from proceeds of loans. (2) Military Pensions are not charged to the budget of national defence but appear under the special heading " Pensions ". The following table gives the total amount of military pensions, including allowances on account of high cost of living and allowances to surviving dependents. TABLE Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Koruna (ooo's omitted). Military pensions ,663 I136,405 I170,293 I 150,597 j 186,420 The amounts contributed by military personnel and paid into the Treasury towards pensions are as follows:

19 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 361 TABLE Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Koruna (ooo's omitted). Contributions of military personnel. 18,242 18,821 16,8o6 16,711 C. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. State expenditure on civil aviation has amounted to: TABLE I 1923 I 1924 I Closed Accounts Budget Estimates Koruna (ooo's omitted). Expenditure on civil aviation 8,158 6,783 (,501 14,668 32,293 III Production and Exchange of Goods of Importance for National Defence. (P = Production; I = Imports; E = Exports.) I. FUEL (A) COAL, ETC. I92I I Metric tons (ooo's). Coal P 12,023 10,465 12,347 I5,I79 I2,754 I ,544 E 1,305 1,028 1,701 1,734 1,421 Lignite P 21,335 19,174 I6,266 20,460 18,789 I E 4,479 3,465 2,120 2,772 2,674 Coke P 1,4I ,8io I io i86 E o Briquettes P ,192 I 9.1 i.o 0.8 E (B) MINERAL OILS. Crude mineral oils P I Petrol and benzine I ioo 95 Residual and other oils, including I lubricating E I 4

20 362 CZECHOSLOVAKIA' II. ORES AND METALS (A) ORES. I Metric tons (ooo's). Iron P 8o ,174 I E ioo Lead P i 5.1 o.8 I E Manganese P I E Tungsten P I o.o01 E Zinc P , I E o.o6 Copper P o.oi o.oi C E 2.9 i.8 0o. 0.1 Chromium I i.0o E Sulphur pyrites P 35,147 8,968 I' E x. Cryolite I o.x E 0.02 o (B) SCRAP IRON. I x57 ii6 2 E o (C) METALS. Pig iron P i6 1,048 X,300 I i 63.9 X94.5 E Ferro-alloys I E o.i Steel ingots and castings P i,i8o 1,350 a 1,500 Iron and steel products I E Copper P I4 o E * i.i Nickel I 0.04 o E Aluminium and magnesium I* i E o.i Zinc and lead P I E * Including waste. 2 Scrap iron is included in pig iron. s Estimate. * Crude and semi-manufactured.

21 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 363 III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS (A) RAW MATERIALS I Metric tons (ooo's). Nitrate of soda I E o8 Salt P 1,817 1,560 I x x E o Sulphur P - I E o.oi o0.01 (B) MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. Nitrate of ammonia P - - I.... Cyanamide of calcium P Sulphuric acid. I E 1o I Nitric acid. I i i.i E Caustic soda P I i.3 E Spirits (alcohol) p I E xo IV. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (A) CEREALS I Metric tons (ooo's). Wheat P 1, ,070 I E o.i 0.4 i Wheaten flour I E 0.I Rye P 1,365 1,298 1,355 1,136 1,476 I x7o.1 E Rye flour I E i.3 Barley P 1,034 1,009 1, ,246 I I.I E Oats P 1,075 xo,39 1,337 1,204 1,304 I E Maize P I E o.o8 0.9 Rice I E o0.05 o.o o.1 (B) POTATOES. P 4,329 9,o69 6,224 6,514 7,499 I E i Thousand hectolitres.

22 364 CZECHOSLOVAKIA V. LIVE-STOCK (Effective Number and Trade.) I Head. Cattle Eff 14,391 I 3,280 94, , ,448 i68,411 E 19,819 4,367 3,302 10,48i 22,487 Sheep Eff 1987 Pigs Eff 12,058 I 26, , , , ,605 E I Horses Eff 1592 I 1,344 3,844 7,736 8,143 7,948 E I2,903 2,888 1, ,443 Goats Eff 1 1,227 I E 24 II 7 3 Mules and asses I - I 2 E VI. MEATS I I Metric Fresh, chilled and frozen I 292 4,413 7,953 12,I46 9,987 E ' Smoked, salted and dried I 3,848 5,698 9,660 9, E Ill ,059 4 i,680 Other, preserved I E IIO 48 1IO 469 tons. VII. VARIOUS PRODUCTS i Metric tons. (A) COTTON, RAW. I 92,085 77,101 79,879 II, ,518 E 1,735 5,053 3,564 5,527 5,371 (B) RUBBER, RAW. I ,247 1, ,o98 E Census of Thousand head. Excluding kids. 8 Including bacon, ham and sausages. Excluding bacon. Including rubber solutions and pastes.