HISTORY OF US AIR POWER. Historical Applications Dr. Silvano A. Wueschner
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1 HISTORY OF US AIR POWER Historical Applications Dr. Silvano A. Wueschner
2 WWII, the Cold War and the Korean War
3 Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy Doctrine Objective Theory Strategy Simulations & Exercises History Conflict
4 Overview World War II Early Cold War Korean War
5 Who were the prominent airpower theorists?
6 Theory City busting Bomb the people break their will Morale is a center of gravity Need air superiority Douhet Independent Air Force Industrial web -- bomb means of war Air power commanded by Airmen First Expeditionary Air Force St. Mihiel Mitchell Need air superiority Independent Air Force
7 Doctrine What role did ACTS and AWPD-1 play in forming our initial airpower doctrine? Hi-Alt Precision Day Bombing Strategic bombardment Industrial/Economic systems Bomber will always get through The Germany Plan 6,860 bombers 2,160,000 personnel 6 months = victory
8 Objective What were US objectives in Europe? Grand Allied Strategy Unconditional surrender Germany first Start in North Africa Strategic bombing Limit Pacific activities Channel invasion
9 Strategy What was the initial European Theater airpower strategy? How well did this initial concept work?
10 Doctrine AWPD-42 Change in doctrinal thinking Bomber does not always get through Air Superiority is key
11 Doctrine How did airpower doctrine in the Pacific differ from Europe?
12 Objective Objectives in the Pacific? Grand Allied Strategy Germany first, then Japan Unconditional surrender
13 Strategy What airpower strategy was employed? Island hopping campaign Area bombing Strategic interdiction of Japan Centralized control Atomic bomb
14 06 Aug 45 We have grasped the mystery of the atom.... The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living. General Omar Bradley 09 Aug 45
15 From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.
16 Theory Iron Curtain -- bi-polar worldview US vs USSR Democracy vs Communism WW III Would be fought in Europe Use of nuclear weapons inevitable
17 Doctrine FM : Command/Employment of Airpower Based on experiences in North Africa AF s declaration of independence Land and air coequal and interdependent Departure from FM Air superiority first requirement Airpower must be commanded by Airmen
18 Objective What were US post-wwii objectives? Truman Doctrine - Soviet containment NSC-68 - Paul Nitze Marshall Plan - Europe s economic recovery Keep the Cold War Cold - prevent WWIII
19 Strategy Berlin Airlift, Jun 48-Sep 49 Saved Berlin Demonstrated resolve Specific air routes avoided escalation
20 Strategy Reconnaissance/Surveillance Cost = 78 Airmen and 10 aircraft Develop nuclear bomber and ICBM force Forward basing
21 Long logistical lines Lack of heavy airlift NATO v. Warsaw Pact 1,400 bases/31 countries
22 Theory What were the prevailing theories influencing Korean War doctrine? Conflict = escalation to World War III Aggression must be checked (credibility) Europe would be the main theater Korea as possible diversion Limited resources
23 Doctrine Guiding doctrine was FM Force and organization design SAC and strategic bombardment Jet age
24 Objective What were the US objectives? Jun 50: Status Quo Ante Repel invaders Restore 38th parallel Oct 50: Unite peninsula Northeast Asian security Jan 51: Status Quo Ante Chinese intervention
![[Gen MacArthur s] would involve us in the wrong](/docs-images/79/80167458/images/25-5.jpg "war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, with")
25 Strategy Limited war (Europe was key) Tactical vs strategic airpower Couldn t bomb source (China) Limited targets Modern systems unused B-29s vs B-36 F-51 / Twin Mustang, F-80 F-86 comes on-line later Counterland Operation STRANGLE Offensive counterair MIG Alley Red China is not a powerful nation seeking to dominate the world. Frankly, in the opinion of the JCS, this strategy [Gen MacArthur s] would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, with the wrong enemy.
26 World War II Early Cold War Korean War Summary
27 The Vietnam War
28 Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy Doctrine Objective Theory Strategy Simulations & Exercises History Conflict
29 Vietnam War Theory and Doctrine Objectives Contextual Elements Operational Elements Strategies Lessons Learned Overview
30 Theory What were the prevailing airpower theories prior to the Vietnam War? Airpower Combined With Nuclear Weapons Appeared to be the Way to Fight Wars Preparation for General War Would Suffice to Win Any Limited War Technological Superiority Will Bend the Enemy to Our Will
31 Doctrine How were the prevailing theories translated into doctrine? Aircrew Training Concentrated on Nuclear Weapon Delivery No Provision For non- Nuclear Strategic Bombing
32 Doctrine AFM 1-1 (1964) Focused on Deterrence Nukes could deter all levels of conflict Introduced Flexible Response National leaders decide best use of forces SAC Training Manuals Focused on strategic bombing and nuclear weapons delivery
33 Johnson Administration Objectives Independent, non-communist South Vietnam Prevent Chinese and Soviet Participation and Possible Escalation - WWIII Persuade North Vietnamese to Desist by Convincing Them They Could Not Win Not Allow Vietnam War to Eclipse Great Society Programs
34 Strategy What airpower strategy was used to accomplish the Johnson Administration objectives?
35 Strategy ROLLING THUNDER (Mar 65 Nov 68) Strategic bombing and interdiction Railroad chokepoints, bridges, roads, ammo depots, petroleum storage, power production Gradual increase in bombing intensity Restrictions on # of sorties, targets, and weapons loads
36 Strategy Why is ROLLING THUNDER considered an ineffective campaign? Failed to Accomplish Objectives Conventional airpower applied in an unconventional war Concentrated on severing north vietnamese support Supply interruptions, destruction of fuel depots, etc., had little impact on Viet Cong Mirror imaging
37 1968: Dramatic Year Siege at Khe Sahn Tet Offensive Cronkite s view LBJ Withdraws MLK Assassinated RFK Assassinated Nixon Elected
38 Nixon Administration Objectives Vietnamization-US Withdrawal US Opted for No-Win Situation Peace With Honor --Willing to Exit Without a Total Victory for South Vietnam
39 Strategy What strategies were used to accomplish the Nixon Administration objectives?
40 Strategy LINEBACKER I (May 72 - Oct 72) Strategic bombing and interdiction Mined Haiphong Harbor, bombed railroad yards, highways, bridges, POL depots, power plants, war-related resources Electro-optical and laser guided bombs
41 Strategic Bombing Strategy LINEBACKER II (Dec 18-29, 72) Struck Targets In and Around North Vietnam s 10 Major Cities Depleted N.V. Air Defenses SAM Sites, Rail Yards, Supply Depots, Petroleum Storage Facilities, Power Production Plants, Civilian Morale
42 Strategy Why are the LINEBACKER operations considered effective campaigns?
43 Accomplished objectives LINEBACKER I Stopped the 1972 Spring Offensive Brought North Vietnam to peace talks LINEBACKER II Strategy Returned North Vietnam to peace talks Paved the way for total US withdrawal Conventional Airpower vs Conventional Forces
44 SUMMARY Vietnam War Theory and Doctrine Objectives Contextual Elements Operational Elements Strategies Lessons Learned
45 The Inter-War Years
46 The Inter-War Years Small regional conflicts Operation EAGLE CLAW Operation URGENT FURY Operation EL DORADO CANYON Shortfalls / failures in theory and doctrine
47 The Inter-War Years Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986) Directed Services to fight as Joint Team Removed Service Chiefs from combat chainof-command Joint Chiefs of Staff placed in Advisor roles Air Force coordinates on first Joint Doctrine, but Army Doctrine Took Lead in Determining Role of Airpower FM Operations
48 Theory What were the prevailing airpower theories prior to the Gulf War?
49 Doctrine How were these theories translated into doctrine? AirLand Battle Doctrine Focused on fighting Soviets in Europe Fulda Gap No provisions for independent air campaign using conventional weapons against non-soviet enemy Stuck in strategic/tactical stovepipes
50 Doctrine The Fulda Gap 8th GUARDS ARMY VII Corps
51 Doctrine AFM 1-1 (1984) AF has primary responsibility for maintaining US freedom to act throughout the aerospace environment Establish one authority for air defense and airspace control Missions: Strategic Aerospace Offense/Defense, Counterair, Air Interdiction, CAS, Special Ops, Airlift, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Maritime Ops
52 End of the Cold War
53 The Gulf War
54 Overview Operation DESERT STORM Contextual & Operational Elements Objectives Strategy Lessons Learned
55 Objectives 1. Immediate, Complete, and Unconditional Withdrawal of Iraqi Forces From Kuwait 2. Restoration of Kuwait s Legitimate Government 3. Security and Stability of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf 4. Safety and Protection of American Citizens Abroad * Iraqi disposition of forces in Kuwait on 6 August Regular army divisions were arriving from garrisons in Iraq, freeing Republican Guard units for further employment.
56 Strategic Bombing Strategy Major shift from AirLand Battle Doctrine Target War-Making Capacity/Enemy Morale Mitchellesque Warfare Target Centers of Gravity Conduct Parallel Warfare Leadership System Essentials/ Processes Infrastructure Population Fielded Forces/Agents
57 Lessons Learned Doctrine Was Updated (Joint and AF) Integrated Strategic & Tactical Airpower Leveraged Technology (Stealth, PGMs, Space) Major Reorganization (AF Transformation) Airpower Emerges as Go-To Force (Operation DELIBERATE FORCE and ALLIED FORCE, Operation DESERT FOX.) Emergence of Clinton Doctrine
58 Summary Operation DESERT STORM Inter-War Years Pre-Gulf War Theory and Doctrine Contextual Elements Operational Elements Objectives and Strategy Lessons Learned
59 The Post-Gulf War World and Airpower Development The Rise of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Persistence as the new paradigm - Autonomy vs. Accountability The Essentiality of Precision - The CNN Effect - Precision makes war affordable The Value of Stealth (?) The Promise of Directed Energy (?)
60 The Post-Gulf War World and Airpower Development (Cont d) Net-centric Warfare - The creation of virtual battlespaces - Bandwidth as King - Intelligence as Queen The Proliferation of Non-State Actors The Threat of Climate Change
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