NETHERLANDS. Area... 34,000 sq. km. Population (XII. I932)... COLONIES. Area

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1 NETHERLANDS Area ,000 sq. km. Population (XII. I932)... 8,1 I83,000 Density per sq. km Length of railway system (XII. I93I).... 3,639 km. COLONIES Area Population Netherlands Indies.. 1,9oo,ooo sq. km. 60,731,025 (X. I930) Surinam... 5o,o000 sq. km. 155,888 (3I. XII. 1930) Curacao sq. km. 71,769 (3I. XII. I931) MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARMED FORCES. The Netherlands army comprises the forces stationed in the home country and those stationed overseas which are independent of the former. The armed forces of the home country are organised on a mixed basis : a small permanent force consisting of regular soldiers, and a militia, most of whose members serve with the colours for only i65 days (period of initial training). The armed forces of the home country consist of the land army, the air force and the navy and are under the authority of the Ministry of National Defence. The armed forces stationed overseas consist of a permanent force made up of regular soldiers and a small conscript contingent which spends only 165 days with the colours (period of initial training). I. Army. ORGANS OF MILITARY COMMAND AND ADMINISTRATION. I. MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE. The Ministry of National Defence is the central authority for the administration of the army and navy.

2 It is organised in the following Departments NETHERLANDS 477 Ist Department.-Legal Department. Deals with all Parliamentary correspondence, all questions not of a purely technical. or administrative character, and also legal and international questions. 2nd Department A.-Naval Staff. 3rd Department A.--Naval Personnel. 3rd Department B.--Army Personnel. Officer, N.C.O. and volunteer personnel ; Army pensions ; Furlough; Recruiting for the Home Country and the Colonies; Appointment of civilian officials; Bonuses. 4 th Department A.--Navdl Material. 4 th Department B.-Army Ordnance. Technical questions; Armament of land forces; Artillery stores; Artillery centres ; Supply of artillery stores. 5th Department.-Engineers. Inspection of engineer troops ; Training and instruction of engineer troops; Upkeep of defence works, training grounds and military buildings ; Military works ; Leasing of premises ; Prohibited areas. 6th Department.-Army Service (Intendance). Supplies for men and horses; Medical Service; Clothing and equipment; Military quarters. 7th Department.-Military Recruiting. Law on compulsory military service; Inspections and exemptions; Duration of first period of training and of repetition training; Men debarred from service ; Drawing of lots ; Regulations for the distribution and incorporation of men called up for military service; Separation allowances. 9th Department.-Pilotage Service. ioth Department.-Naval Survey Branch. IIth Department.-Secretariat, Indexing and Archives Service. 12th Department.--Internal Services. 2. GENERAL STAFF. The General Staff consists of the Chief of the General Staff and the following Services: Communications Service ; Intelligence Service; Anti-aircraft Service ; Topographical Service ; Carrier-Pigeon Service; Air Service; Motor-Transport Training Company; Military and Historical Archives of the General Staff; Higher Military School. 3. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENCE. The Council of National Defence is a permanent advisory body, which deals with matters relating to the national land and sea forces and other means of defence.

3 478 NETHERLANDS The following are ex officio members of the Council: the Chief of the General Staff, or, in his absence, a Staff officer; the Officer commanding the Field Army; the Officer commanding the " Vesting Holland " (fortress of Holland) ; the Chief of the Naval Staff, or, in his absence, the Chief of the Naval Staff Office in the Ministry of National Defence ; the Officer commanding the Helder Fortified Zones, the Deputy Naval Officer Commanding at Flushing; four civilian members appointed by the Crown; the Inspectors-General of the various arms, the Chiefs of the services subordinate to the Ministry of National Defence, and a Squadron Commander or Commander-in-Chief of the Navy on the Active or Retired List, appointed by the Crown. The Council is organised in three Sections : defence generally ; land defence; naval defence. The Minister of National Defence may attend meetings of the Council. In that case he takes the chair. 4. MILITARY COMMISSION. In order that there may be no doubt as to the justification for the financial and personal burdens involved by the defence of the country, a Commission has been appointed to ascertain whether the funds and personal services, provided under the existing laws, have been employed in the most economic and effective manner for promoting the defence of the country. This Commission is also authorised to put forward recommendations in regard to modifications in the existing laws which might appear desirable from the above standpoint. TERRITORIAL MILITARY AREAS. i. MILITARY AREAS. The Kingdom is divided into four Military Districts corresponding to t.he four Divisions and commanded, respectively, by the following officers : First Area : The General Officer Commanding the ist Division (The Hague); Second Area : The General Officer Commanding the 2nd Division (Arnhem) ; Third Area: The General Officer Commanding the 3rd Division (Breda); Fourth Area : The General Officer Commanding the 4th Division (Amersfoort). 2. RECRUITING AREAS. With a view to carrying out the regulations concerning the incorporation in the various military corps and services of men entered on the rolls, the Kingdom is divided into twelve recruiting areas. I. HIGHER FORMATIONS. COMPOSITION OF THE ARMY. The Field Army consists of the General Headquarters of the Army at The Hague, 4 divisions, i light brigade, i coast artillery regiment,

4 NETHERLANDS 479 i anti-aircraft artillery corps, i regiment of engineers and i bridging and boat minelayers corps. The establishment of a division is : headquarters; 2 infantry brigades of 3 regiments each and i artillery brigade of 2 regiments. The establishment of the light brigade is : brigade headquarters i cyclist regiment ; 2 hussar regiments and i mounted artillery corps. 2. ARMS AND SERVICES. Infantry. 24 infantry regiments. i cyclist regiment. The infantry and cyclist regiments consist of 3 training companies (r rifle, i machine-gun and i specialist company). Cavalry. 2 regiments. Each regiment consists of 5 squadrons, r being a reserve squadron. Artillery. Field artillery: 8 regiments. Coast artillery : i regiment. Anti-aircraft artillery : i corps. Mounted artillery: i corps. Foot artillery : 2 regiments. Each field artillery regiment has 3 training batteries. The coast artillery regiment consists of 2 companies. One of the 2foot artillery regiments contains 3 and the other 2 training batteries. The mounted artillery corps has 2 training batteries, and the anti-aircraft artillery corps consists of 2 training companies. Engineers. i regiment of engineers. i bridging and boat minelayers corps. The regiment of engineers consists of 3 battalions of 2 companies each. The bridging and boat minelayers corps consists of 2 companies.

5 480 NETHERLANDS Air force. The air corps, consisting of headquarters and 2 companies, is stationed at Soesterberg. There is also i detachment at Schiphol. The permanent strength of officers, and other ranks is, roughly, 400. Air Material. (Home Country and Overseas.) (I93I.) Number Total horse-power Aeroplanes stationed in the home country ,635 Aeroplanes stationed overseas ,057 Total I26,692 Of the above 321 aeroplanes, 210 are in regular use in the tactical units, 48 form a reserve for regular use in the tactical units, 6i are kept for air training and there are 2 ambulance machines. Intendance. The Intendance Service is directed by a Chief Intendant and comes under the Ministry of National Defence. The Intendance Service consists of the intendants of the different divisions of the army. in the field; the directorate of central military clothing and equipment depots; the company of intendance troops (Utrecht). 'Central military clothing and equipment depots.-these depots manufacture and keep in store all articles required by the army. They supply the army through the garrison depots. (Depots : Amsterdam, Woerden.) Military Administration. This Service consists of the administrative personnel, i school for reserve officers and i school for reserve N.C.O.s. Administrative officers are attached to each corps and unit. Medical Service. This Service is commanded by an inspector and comes under the Ministry of National Defence ; the veterinary and pharmaceutical services are, respectively, under the command of a senior veterinary and senior pharmaceutical officer. Medical officers with the rank of major are attached to the military hospitals and sick-wards. Medical stores depot.-there is a central depot for medical stores at Amsterdam. Companies of hospitalorderlies.-there are 4 of these (Utrecht (2); Breda (2)).

6 NETHERLANDS 48I SUMMARY TABLE OF UNITS. Divisions Brigades Regiments Battalions Squadrons Companiesf Batteries Home Country: Higher units.. 4 i Infantry Cavalry Artillery... 4 Field... I Coast Anti-aircraft Mounted Foot Engineers.. - i 3-8 Colonies :1 Higher units.. 2 Infantry Cavalry Artillery '4 Engineers I 3 See subsequent pages for further particulars regarding the colonies. 2 Including i cyclist regiment. 3 Including 25 machine-gun companies. 4 Including 2 reserve squadrons. 5 Including 15 garrison battalions, 3 depot battalions, and 2 gendarmerie battalions. 6 Including 6 machine-gun companies; excluding the additional companies in which the annual recruits are trained.? Excluding i depot squadron. MATERIAL IN SERVICE IN THE UNITS. (I929.) Rifles, carbines, pistols, revolvers... I9,200 Automatic rifles Machine-guns Guns or howitzers (calibre less than 120 mm.) 140 Guns, howitzers or mortars (calibre from 120 mm. upwards) Tanks.. ROYAL GENDARMERIE AND MILITARY POLICE. I. ROYAL GENDARMERIE. The Royal Gendarmerie constitutes a section of the State police forces. It is under the Ministry of Justice and is organised in a headquarters staff, 4 divisions and i depot. The gendarmerie is recruited by voluntary enlistment from among soldiers who have completed their initial period of training or from among non-soldiers possessing the certificate of pre-regimental training. The period of the first contract is six years. The gendarmerie is armed with carbines, pistols and swords. The strength of the gendarmerie is some 1,200 (including 25,officers). x6

7 482 NETHERLANDS The gendarmerie is commanded by an inspector. First division (Headquarters : Bois-le-Duc). This division consists of the southern part of the province of Zeeland, the western part of the Island of Walcheren and the province of North Brabant, not including the north-eastern part of the latter. Second division (Headquarters : Majstricht). This division consists of the province of Limburg, the north-east of the province of North Brabant and the south-eastern part of the province of Gelderland to the south of the river Waal. Third division (Headquarters: Arnhem). This division consists of the province of Gelderland up to the east of the river Yssel, and including certain districts west of that river, and the provinces of Overijssel, North Holland, South Holland and Utrecht. Fourth division (Headquarters : Groningen). This division consists of the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe and the province of Friesland, not including the south-western part of the latter. Depot : Apeldoorn. 2. MILITARY POLICE. The military police is organised in a headquarters staff (The Hague), 4 companies (with headquarters at The Hague, Amsterdam, Breda, and Zutphen) and i depot company at Nieuwersluis. The military police is not responsible for the protection of the frontiers, with the exception of a small portion of frontier in South Limburg, which is supervised by a force of 44 men belonging to the military police. In war time the military police could be utilised for the maintenance of order in the rear zones. The military police is armed with carbines, pistols and swords. It also has at its disposal hand-grenades, 37 machine-guns, 3 armoured cars and i motor lorry. It is recruited by voluntary enlistment from among soldiers who have completed their first period of training ; the initial engagement is for six years. The strength of the military police is some 700 officers and men. The inspector of the Royal Gendarmerie also acts as inspector of the military police, the commander of which may be an officer of the gendarmerie. The other officers, N.C.O.s. and rank and file are seconded from the corps to which they belong. 3. COMMUNAL POLICE, MUNICIPAL POLICE AND STATE POLICE. The communal police and the municipal police have no permanent organisation. The approximate strength of the municipal police is one man to from 350 to 450 inhabitants. The communal police is scattered among the villages and communes at the rate of one or two men per commune. The State police (rural guards) is under the Ministry of, Justice. It is armed with carbines, pistols and swords. The approximate strength is 1,250 men,

8 NETHERLANDS CUSTOMS OFFICERS. The Customs officers are under the Ministry of Finance ; they are organised in inspectorates and sections with an approximate strength of 4,900. The Customs officers responsible for supervising the frontiers are armed with 1,200 revolvers. They also have at their disposal io boats, 7 armed with 2 37-mm. guns and i machine-gun. RECRUITING SYSTEM AND PERIOD OF SERVICE. i. RECRUITING AREAS. MEDICAL COMMITTEES. The Kingdom is divided into 12 recruiting areas. Each area is commanded by an infantry major or lieutenant-colonel, who is responsible for the posting and enrolment of men, registered in the communes or groups of communes in that area, who belong to the annual contingent for active service. There are 33 medical committees and i inspection board for the whole Kingdom: The medical committees report on the physical and intellectual qualifications of conscripts as a basis for the posting of the latter. The inspection board carries out medical examinations in case of appeal, etc. 2. REGISTRATION. The following are, as a general rule, registered for compulsory military service (i) Netherlands subjects who, on January Ist of the year in which they reach g19 years of age, are domiciled in the Netherlands or within a radius of I5 kilometres beyond the Netherlands frontier or whose legal guardians are domiciled there on that date; (2) Foreigners who, on the prescribed date, are domiciled in the Netherlands, except persons who have declared themselves subjects of a State in which Netherlands subjects are not liable for compulsory military service, or of a State which applies the principle of reciprocity in regard to compulsory military service. The number registered for I929 was 73, EXEMPTIONS. The law provides for the following exemptions : men with a brother in the service, breadwinners, men indispensable for the support of their families, ministers of religion or theological students, etc., under the provisions of a treaty or in exceptional cases. The exemption may be permanent or temporary. 4. EXCLUSION. The following are, generally speaking, debarred from service : (i) Men who have been sentenced to one or more periods of civil or military imprisonment, exceeding 6 months in all ; (2) Men'who have been expelled from the army.

9 484 NETHERLANDS 5. DRAWING OF LOTS. There is a Commission which determines, for each class, by public drawing of lots-a system which applies throughout the Kingdomthe conscript who is to be No. i in the alphabetical list of each commune or group of communes; the registered names are then numbered in the order of each list,' starting from No. i as thus determined, and are allotted for active service up to the amount of the contingent fixed for each commune or group of communes, not counting men who are exempt. The registered men over and above this. contingent may be incorporated in case of need, but they are not liable for military service in time of peace. 6. INCORPORATION. Out of the whole Kingdom not more than I9,500 men are taken as an annual contingent for active service; to.these must be added men who were detailed for active service when the lists of the last class but one were compiled, but who, at the end of the year of that class, were returned as absent. Of this number a maximum of I,ooo are posted to the navy. The strength of the contingent to be supplied from the communes or groups. of communes for active service is fixed in proportion to the number of men entered on the rolls. Men entered on the rolls must be drafted to the service immediately the strength of the contingent has been determined. 7. DURATION OF MILITARY OBLIGATION. Men chosen for active service are regarded as discharged from military duty : (a) ' On October ist of the year in which they reach 40 years of age, except in the case oi officers or N.C.O.s.; (b) On October Ist of the year in which they reach 45 years of age in the case of officers or N.C.O.s. (a) General. 8. SERVICE WITH THE COLOURS. Men liable to service must serve with the colours: (a) For the first period of training; (b) For the repetition course; (c) In case of war, threat of war, or other emergency. Men not normally liable to compulsory service cannot be called up for service, except in the case of war, threat of war, or other emergency.

10 NETHERLANDS 485 (b) Duration of Service. I. The total period of service to which the effectives recruited by conscription are liable in the land and air armed forces is as follows : Land armed forces (corporals and men) 205 days for infantry and the stretcher-bearers, cyclists, non-mounted artillery and transport service, engineers, intendance and motor transport service; 350 days for hospital orderlies; 400 days for mounted artillery and transport service; 490 days for cavalry. The average service with the colours is 222 days. Air armed forces: 280 days for the naval air force; 360 days for the land air force. The total period of service is obtained by adding the first period of service and the reservists' training course ; the latter lasts 40 days, except in the case of hospital orderlies (20 days), while conscripts in the air service are exempted from the reservists' training course. The total period of service to which unmounted conscript noncommissioned officers are liable is 324 days (first period of service with the colours, together with reservists' training course not exceeding 54 days), with the exception of conscript non-commissioned officers in the medical and air services, for whom the periods of service are 357 (first period of service with the colours and reservists' training course not exceeding 27 days) and 360 (first period with the colours only, with no reservists' training course) days respectively. The total period of service to which mounted conscript noncommissioned officers are liable may exceed the total period to which ordinary conscripts are liable by 14 days. In the case of conscripts having undergone the course of instruction for reserve officers, the first period of service with the colours is 12 months. Reserve officers are called to the colours each year for the reservists' training course for a period of from 6 days to about 3 weeks. II. For men of the land forces who have taken certain preparatory military courses, the first period of training is reduced to 4 months, if the men are serving with the arm or service for which they have taken a preparatory course. III. The first period of training begins immediately upon incorporation, except in certain cases specified in the law. IV. Recruits may be required to divide their periods of training into two or more parts, which are not necessarily consecutive. V. Men may be either entirely or partially exempted from the first period of training. VI. When due for discharge from service with the colours, a recruit may be retained if he has not reached the requisite standard of training.

11 486 NETHERLANDS 9. RECRUITING FOR THE YEAR I930. Arms Number of recruits Infantry... 13,535 Cyclists Cavalry.... 1,20I Artillery ,636 Engineers ,815 i.. Air force Intendance IIO Medical service Io Miscellaneous 1... Active Army. Total... 23,457 CADRES. OFFICERS. The officers on the active list are supplied from the Military Academy at Breda. Royal Military Academy, Breda.-The Royal Military Academy is for the training of officers in the infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers and military administration for service with the laird forces in the Netherlands arid the colonies. The courses last 3 years. Engineer officers subsequently take an advanced practical course lasting i year. Cadets admitted to the Academy must undertake to serve for 7 years in the army. Senior Military College, The Hague.-The Senior Military College is for the training of Staff officers. Officers receive (a) General military training for the higher commands and for service with the General Staff ; (b) Special training for the Intendance Service. Schools for officers on furlough : infantry, cavalry and artillery. School for reserve officers. School of preparatory military training. School of marksmanship. School of chemical warfare. School-company of the motor service. Riding school. Academy of gymnastics and sport. Reserve. The reserve of officers is recruited from volunteers and conscript recruits. ' Including 355 officers on the reserve list.

12 NETHERLANDS 487 The course lasts 240 days for the first category, and a year for the second category. For reservists' course, see : (b) Duration of service. N.C. O.s. There are training courses lasting 9 months for candidates for the rank of sergeant. For reservists' course, see : (b) Duration of service. VOLUNTEER LANDSTORM. The volunteer Landstorm consists of (a) The Landstorm associations, which assume responsibility : I. For training men for the preliminary qualifying certificate for military service; II. For the pre-regimental and voluntary training of officers and N.C.O.s. (b) Corps founded for specific objects, namely, the motor transport corps, the navigation service, the railway service, and the service for giving warning of the approach of aircraft (20 groups). Men belonging to the reserve of the land forces may with their consent be entered as " special volunteers " on the lists of the 19 district corps of the volunteer Landstorm ; the latter may be called up in case of need (internal police). The number of these " special volunteers " on the lists amounted to 54,000 men on January Ist, I932. EFFECTIVES. I. AVERAGE DAILY NUMBER OF EFFECTIVES REACHED DURING THE YEAR Armed forces stationed In the home country Overseas * General total Total Total Total effectives Officers effectives Officers effectives Land armed forces.. 16,293 1,568 39,083 I,I301 55,376 2,698 Formations organised on a military basis 1, ,604 3 Air armed forces.. 809o ,786 1, * See pages 493 and 494, budgetary effectives of the army and actual strength of the militia, landstorm and police in the Netherlands Indies. 1 Of whom 38,669 (including 1,II5 officers) for Netherlands Indies, 212 (including ii officers) for Surinam, and 202 (including 4 officers) for Curasao. 2 Regular members of the Royal Gendarmerie. a Java and Madura. 4 Officers or officials ranking as officers. 5 Of whom 724 regular officers, reserve N.C.O.s, regular N.C.O.s, corporals, men and conscripts having completed at least I2 months' service. 6 Of whom 653 officers, N.C.O.s. and men having completed at least I2 months' service..

13 488 NETHERLANDS The average number of effectives of the table above is reached on the basis of the following data: Officers N.C.O.s. and men Average Total Total number of Number days' duty Number days' duty Nefectives Armed forces stationed in home country the Regular and permanent personnel ,359-4,6741 6,033 Reservists and conscripts.. 6,897 76,285 47, ,668,715 10,260' Armed forces stationed overseas Regular and permanent personnel ,060-38,I65 Reservists and conscripts ,495 2, , Air armed forces (land and navai air force) , , Of whom 675 men belonging to the military police. 2 Of whom 28,819 reservists, 5,791 conscripts with more than 6 months' service, and 12,791 conscripts with less than 6 months' service. Of whom 75 regular officers. The figures in the following tables differ in character from the figures in the preceding table. These two kinds of returns are not comparable with each other. 2. EFFECTIVES ON APRIL IST, I93I. Officers Warrant officers, sergeants, Total corporals and privates Arms, etc. Militia Reservists On the On the Voluntary. O r active list reserve list service Serving Officers Men Serving Serving Infantry ,395 1,641 6,315 1,174 5,050 9,130 Cavalry , ,890 Artillery , , ,018 3,977 Engineers II ,330 Commands and staffs 234 1,227 I,I ,461 1,442 Gendarmerie 22-1, ,150 FlyingCorps Motor transport Volunteer landstorm - 1i i6o Military police. I Total I93I.. 1,428 8,172 6,735 II,449 2,146 9,600 20,330 Total ,453 7,868 5,760 II,241 9,321 -

14 NETHERLANDS BUDGETARY EFFECTIVES FOR THE YEARS I932 and I933. I. Officers of the Active Army. Lieut.-Generals Major-Generals Colonels I General Headquarters and General Staff Military Administration I I Infantry Cavalry i I i i Artillery i I 6 6 Engineers.e I I 3 3 Air force 1... Medical, Veterinary and Pharmacy Services I I 2 2 Total II II Lieut.-Colonels Majors Other officers Total General Headquarters and General Staff o io Military Administration Infantry Cavalry Artillery Engineers I 77 Air force'.. I I Medical, Veterinary and Pharmacy Services o o Total Io8 Io I,I8 1,146 I Permanent personnel. II. Reserve Officers in Effective Service. In I932, 3,73I reserve officers were recalled on effective service from 6 to 27 days; in I933, the number of recalled officers is 4,804. III. N.C.O.s. and Men. Volunteers Reserve Recruits Number Days Number Days Number Days I Infantry.. 1,726 1,72I I2,444 ii,68o 6,948 6,589 2,216,413 2,o78,391 Cavalry.. 24I ,206 83, , ,923 Artillery.. 8o i IO,990 22,265 ioi 125 2,444 2,5IO 995,46I 966,027 Engineers ,882 I4, , ,304

15 490 NETHERLANDS 4. SUMMARY TABLE OF BUDGETARY EFFECTIVES. (Home Country.) Officers N.C.O.s, corporals and men Militia Reservists Volunteers On the On the Voluntary on furlough active list reserve list service Serving On furlough ,853 5,469 7,761 11, ,908 2,941 24, ,578 5,973 6,002 15, ,728 3,974 24, ,535 6,304 6,495 11, ,885 3,932 23, ,537 6,510 6,337 10, ,213 3,528 20, ,498 6,865 6,033 IO,74I 310,856 3,346 17, ,483 7,168 5,791 10, ,570 3,205x 17, ,485 7,559 5,748 10, ,752. 3,1771 I7,236 I ,453 7,868 5,760 11, ,949 2, ,195 1 Serving and on furlough. The total effectives of volunteer N.C.O.s and men in the permanent service for the infantry, cavalry, artillery and engineers is : 3,071 for 1932, and 3,000 for I933. The number of temporary volunteers is 766 (including 434 reservists) for i932, and 866 (including 504 reservists) for I933 ; they serve respectively for. I22,395 and I43,013 days (including 10,883 days for I932, and 10,739 days for 1933, for the reservists). The recruits serve for 4,102,57I days in 1932, and 3,929,645 in VOLUNTEER LANDSTORM Lieutenant-Colonels Majors Captains ist and 2nd Lieutenants Officers ' N.C.O.s GENDARMERIE AND POLICE. Gendarmerie Police Total 1932 I I933 I Officers i i N.C.O.s and men.. 1,186 1, ,848 1,859 Total... 1,21 1, ,890 1,901 'Excluding 70 reserve officers for 1932, and 73 for 1933, serving for six to eight days each

16 NETHERLANDS 49I 7. HORSES IN SERVICE IN THE ARMY Staff Infantry Cavalry... 1,506 1,505 Artillery.. 1,917 2,Io5 Miscellaneous Total... 3,842 3,725 NETHERLANDS INDIES I. ORGANS OF MILITARY COMMAND AND ADMINISTRATION. The Governor-General is in supreme command of the army and navy in the Netherlands East Indies. The command of the army of the Netherlands East Indies is exercised by a Lieutenant-General with the title of Commander of the Army and head of the War Department in the Netherlands East Indies. The War Department consists of the following sections : i. Secretariat. 7B. Intendance. 2. Infantry. 8. Cavalry. 3. Artillery. 9. Topographical Service. 4. Engineers. I o. Compulsory Military Service 5. Military Administration. and Reserve. 6. Medical Service. ii. Remounts. 7 A. General Staff. i. Higher Units : 2 divisions (in Java). 2. Arms and Services Infantry. 2. COMPOSITION OF THE ARMY. 6 regiments. 2 constabulary battalions. 13 garrison infantry battalions. i company forming garrison infantry corps. 3 depot battalions (6 companies). i garrison machine-gun company. i cyclist company. i constabulary corps (13 detachments). Each infantry regiment contains 3 battalions of 3 native companies each ; i machine-gun company is attached to each regiment. Two out

17 492 NETHERLANDS of every 3 battalions have each an additional company in which the annual recruits are trained. The constabulary battalions consist of 3 companies, and the depot battalions have also 3 companies. Cavalry. 6 squadrons. i depot squadron. Artillery (2 regiments). Field artillery : 3 batteries. Mountain artillery 9 batteries. Howitzer artillery : 2 batteries. Position artillery : i company. Each battery has 3 guns of 75-mm. in the case ot field and mountain artillery and 3 guns of Io0-mm. in the case of howitzers. Engineers. i battalion (3 companies). Air force. i group of aeroplanes of 3 flights. The flying school. The observation school. The photo-technical service. The wireless and meteorological service. The transport service. The artificer company. Intendance. Military Administration. Medical Service. Veterinary Service. Topographical Service, including several sections. 3. RECRUITING SYSTEM. European inhabitants who are Dutch subjects are liable to compulsory military service ; otherwise the army consists of European and native volunteers. Compulsory military service consists of service in the " militia (first period of training) and service in the Landstorm. Service begins in the calendar year during which the conscript reaches the age of eighteen (although enrolment may take place earlier at the recruit's request, and ends on October Ist of the calendar year in which he reaches the age of forty-five (even if he has enrolled as a volunteer or has undergone compulsory service in the Netherlands

18 NETHERLANDS 493 or elsewhere). The foreigners -and natives are not subject to the compulsory military service. The total period of service to which the effectives recruited by conscription (corporals and mnen) are liable in the land and air armed forces is as follows : Land armed forces: 205 days for unmounted troops; 400 days for hospital orderlies and mounted artillery; 490 days for cavalry. Air armed forces: days (for officers of the naval air force : 270 days). The total period of service is obtained by adding, the first period of service and the reservists' training courses; these last 40 days. In the case of conscripts who take the officers' training course, the first period of service with the colours lasts 12 months., The reserve officers may be called up for training for a maximum period of 28 days per annum. 4. EFFECTIVES.' i. Army. (a) Budgetary Effectives (I932). Officers N..s Total and men War Department Infantry ,271 27,832 Cavalry ,002 1,028 Artillery ,280 2,377 Engineers ,223 1,266 Airforce.i Miscellaneous ,I3I 2,411 Total... I,o98 34,096 35,1942 (b) Native Auxiliary Corps (I932). (Budgetary Effectives.) Officers Other ranks... 1,460 Total ,506 1 For average daily effectives, see p In I930, of the total of 37,219 men, 30,230 were natives and 6,989 Europeans.

19 494 NETHERLANDS (c) Strength of the Militia. January Ist, I932 Incorporated.. 17,642 Unfitted for service after incorporation Removed for other reasons ,023 Net total of incorporated ,396 Postponed..... I,044 Untrained ,735 Trained.... ii,676 Absent Deserters (d) Strength of the Landstorm. January ist, I932 Incorporated ,513 Removed Net total of incorporated... 16,255 Untrained ,195 Trained ,060 Absent Officers (e) Strength (officers) of the Reserve. January ist, I932 Infantry... Cavalry Artillery Engineers Air force... Miscellaneous services Police. 2 (January ist, 1932.) Officers, N.C.O.s and men , MATERIAL IN SERVICE IN THE UNITS. January Ist, I931 January ist, 1932 Rifles or carbines ,647 41,919 Pistols or revolvers ,312 7,465 Automatic rifles Machine-guns... Guns or howitzers of a calibre less than 20o-mm Guns or howitzers or mortars of a calibre of 20o-mm. or above.. 24 Tanks After deduction of persons unfitted for service after incorporation and removed for othe reasons, and of deserters. 2 General police, armed police and rural police.

20 SURINAM.' i infantry company. Budgetary strength, I officers, I92 N.C.O.s and men. CURASAO. i infantry company. NETHERLANDS 495 Budgetary strength, I933 : 4 officers, I84 N.C.O.s and men on police service in the islands of Curasao and Aruba. These two islands also possess a garrison of 3 officers and Ioo N.C.O.s and men of the marines, belonging to the Royal Navy. In the Home Country. II. Navy. i. PERIOD OF SERVICE. The total period of service with the colours for all categories of conscripts lasts 280 days (first period, 240 days; and reservists' training course, 40 days). In Territories Overseas. Officers : 360 days (270 days for officers of air forces). After their first period of service, they pass into the naval reserve. Petty officers : 270 days for the first period, and 47 days for the reservists' training cqurse. Signallers, fitters, etc. : days (including 40 days for the reservists' training course, or 47 days for those promoted to non-. commissioned rank). Other ratings without special rank: days (including 47 days for the reservists' training course). 2. EFFECTIVES. Daily Average of Effectives during Total effectives.... 8,613 Officers

21 496 NETHERLANDS 3. LIST OF UNITS, (193i and 1932.) NOTE.-The first date in brackets gives the date of ithe launching of the ship ; the second that of its completion. The dash (-) signifies that the construction has not yet been completed or that the date of completion is not known. Battleships (coast-defence ships) I. De Zeven Provinci'en Standard displacement, 5,644 tons. Length, ( ) 333 feet. Beam, 56.1 feet. Draugh, 20.2 feet. H.P. 8,080 = i6 kts. Guns : 2 II-inch; inch; Io 13-pdr. 2' Jacob Van Heemskerck Standard displacement, 4,445 tons. Length, (I ) feet. Beam, 49.9 feet. Draught, I8.9 feet. H.P. 6,400 = i6.5 kts. Guns : inch; inch ; 6 I3-pdr. 3. HertogHendrik (1902-i904) Standard dis-placement; 4,371 tons. Length, feet. Beam, 49.8 feet. Draught, 19 feet. H.P. 6,300 = i6 kts. Guns : I 9.4-inch; inch; 4 I3-pdr. Cruisers : i. Celebes (building) Standard displacement, 5,900 tons. Length, feet. Beam, 51.5 feet. Draught, I6.i.feet. H.P. 80,00ooo = 32 kts. Guns 6 6-inch ; 4 4-inch. 2. Java ( ) Standard displacement, 6,670 tons. Length, 3. Sumatra ( ) feet. Beam, 52.6 feet. Draught, i8 feet. H.P. 65,000 = 30 kts. Guns : Io 5.9-inch; 4 I3-pdr. (A.A.). 8 destroyers No. Type Date of Displace- Torpedo- Draught launching ons) Speed tes (feet) (tons) (20.8-inch) i Evertsen i Piet Hein... i Kortenaer.... i De Ruyter.. I926 i Van Galen ,316 i Witte de With I,ooo= 34 kts i Banckert i Van Nes torpedo-boats : edate Displace- Speed Torpedo- Draught No. Type of launching ment H.P.? -ntuh ) ( 2 Z. 7-Z ;500-5, Z. I-Z. 4.. I 1916-I , G. 6, 15, I I o 2,

22 NETHERLANDS (26 in I931) (+ 5 building) submarines 1 Date of Displace- Max. No. Type launching launching (tons) ment H.P. Speed T (kts.) Ma (tons) tubes draugt (feet) 3 K. XIV-K. XVI.. 7 Building I,020 3, K.XVII-K.XVIII 9 1,040 8 I i,8oo 15 i I933 I I2 3 K.XI-K.XIII , ii i M.I. (ex UC. 8) I K. VIII-K. X.. 1I ,400-1, K. V-K. VII , K.III-K.IV ,800-, II I K.II ,8oo i I I submarines belong to Netherlands East Indian Marine. 2 Mine-layer. Miscellaneous units (sloops, mine-layers, mine-sweepers, etc.) of a total tonnage of 38,950 tons.

23 498 NETHERLANDS SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS. (1932.) Number Tonnage Artillery' Type Guns Vessels Vessels I Tubes Number Calibre Build- In ice Build- i. (inc) In Build- 35 IBul- IBser-id Total ser- H sr- i vice ^ce ing 0 service ing vice ing 0 vice [ ing Battleships ,46o - 14, Cruisers... 2 I 313,340 5,900 19,240 - I I Destroyers , I, Torpedo-boats 9-9 2,448-2,448 Submarines I,228 3,849 I5,o I65 5 Total ,004 9,749 61, Not including guns under 3-inch inch. 1i7.7-inch. 5,204 in Including I2 of 2i-inch, 70 of 20o.9-inch, 4 of i8-inch and 79 of 17.7-inch. III. Expenditure on National Defence. i. ACTUAL EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR I929. Land Naval Air forces forces forces Total Florins (ooo,ooo's) Effectives i Transport I 0.7 I6.9 Buildings II.O War material Total... I I3.I I90.9 NOTES.-I. The above figures represent actual expenditure for the year I929 with the exception of those relating to naval forces stationed overseas, which represent the voted estimates for that year. 2. Expenditure on buildings for land forces and air forces in the above table includes expenditure on construction and repair of buildings for war material. 3. The receipts derived from transfers of property, etc., effected during the year 1929 for purposes other than national defence amounted to 4.6 million

24 NETHERLANDS 499 florins. These receipts! are not deducted from the gross amounts included in the expenditure for the three armed forces. Florins 4. Outstanding amount, at the end of the financial year 1929, (ooo,ooo's) of block credits voted in respect of expenditure for more 'than one year Outstanding amount, on December 3Ist, 1929, in respect of purchases on credit or deferred payments relating to goods delivered or services rendered in cases where the due dates of payment are later than those customary in contracts of the same kind which do not provide any special credit facilities..... None 6. Statement, for the financial year 1929, of loans made to, or participations acquired in, enterprises having among their objects the furnishing of goods or services for armament purposes, where these have been excluded from the return on the ground that they are not regarded as armament expenditure.... None 7. Expenditure in respect of pensions for the year 1929 ' I. Military personnel : (a) Service pensions (b) Invalidity pensions (c) Mixed pensions II. Civil personnel: Pensions III. War pensions, if a distinction is made in the national budget between ordinary pensions and war pensions.. IV. Pensions or other compensation granted, apart from the regulations regarding normal pensions, for premature retirement, discharge or loss of office resulting from a reduction of the armed forces BUDGET EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARS 1928 TO I933. The data in the table below are in continuation of those given in earlier editions of the Armaments Year-Book. These data should not be compared with. those in the foregoing table, which are based on the answer of the Netherlands Government in response to the Council's request for information concerning the state of its armaments (see Preface, p. 4) Closed accounts Draft estimates Florins (ooo,ooo's) Ministry of War As from 1929) 3.4 Ministry of the Ministry of Marine Defence Ministry for the Colonies i Total Index numbers of:. Wholesale prices (i9i3 = ioo) ' Retail prices : Cost of living ( = ioo) i68 i6i I52 I January December 1932.

25 500 NETHERLANDS NOTES.-I. Expenditure on the air force is included in the expenditure of the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Marine (as from I929, Ministry of Defence). 2. That portion of the defence expenditure which is defrayed by the contributions from the budget of the Netherlands Indies is included in the above figures. 3. The figures of the Ministry of the Marine (as from 1929, Ministry of Defence) do not comprise the civil expenditure (for pilotage, etc.) which is charged to that Ministry under the heading " Non-military Expenditure ". Such expenditure has been as follows : I Closed accounts Estimates Draft estimates Florins (ooo,ooo's) Non-military expenditure i Military- pensions were accounted for, up to and including 1928, under the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Marine and, as from 1929, under the Ministry of Defence. This expenditure, which is not included in the figures above, has amounted to i I930 I I933 Closed accounts Estimates Draft estimates Florins (ooo,ooo's) Army and navy pensions I9.0 I The figures given under the heading "Ministry for the Colonies" represent defence expenditure in Surinam and Cura9ao, excluding pensions (amounting to about 0.2 million florins each year), It should be noted that the military formations stationed in those colonies perform many functions of a civil character, especially in connection with the health organisation. The costs of defence in the Netherlands Indies are borne by the budget of that colony, which is independent of the budget of the Home Government. This expenditure (excluding civil expenditure) amounted to : 1928 I Closed accounts Estimates Florins (9oo,ooo's) Department of War I 81.4 Department of the Marine