PARTICIPATION UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS. v~ S*>^ in the. Lieutenant General ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, IR. "SB*****

Transcription

1 v~ S*>^,t m m m"\ J \^^^Bt Z»'»'^m'*%%% w» m J m m Mia^pZ*yi»'*~»Zj^tl^» m w m'm a»'mi^^^uju ww ^ " " " " ' " " " " '?((^ l "SB***** PARTICIPATION v UNITED STATES in the ARMY FORCES PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS Lieutenant Geneal ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, IR. <KS-.< DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS. DOD DIB » ' ^«ih

2 HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES, MIDDLE PACIFIC OFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL APO 95& In eply efe to: 3 August 1946 KPXMS /19 (3 Aug 46 ) SUBJECT: TO Iwo Jima Paticipation Repot Commanding Geneal Command and Geneal Staff School * Fot Leayenwoth, Kansas 1; So much of Pat 1, Section VII, paagaph 2a, page 33 > Iwo Jima Paticipation Repot, as eads "162 d Antiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment" is amended to ead "163dAntiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment, 2. It is equested that copies of subject epot on file in you headquates be amended accodingly. E. P.. CRANDELL Colonel, AG-D Adjutant Geneal V

3 HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AEMY FORCES, KIDDLE PACIFIC OFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL APO 958 In eply efe to: 3 August 1946 KPXMS /19 (3Aug 46 ) SUBJECT: TO Iwo Jima Paticipation Repot Commanding Geneal Command and Geneal Staff School Fot/Leavenwoth, Kansas a*< 1; So much of Pat 1, Section VII, paagaph 2a, page 33 > Iwo Jima Paticipation Repot, as eads <f162.d Antiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment" is amended to ead "163dAntiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment*" 2. It is equested that copies of subject epot on file in you headquates be amended accodingly. E. P* CRANDELL Colonel, AGD Adjutant Geneal

4 c 4:St A: V \ N> \»

5 HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES, kiddle PACIFIC OFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL APO 953 In eply efe to: 3 August 1946 UEQBS /19 (3Aug 46 ) SUBJECT: TO Iwo Jima Paticipation Repot OMRnuUtlim t llutotmlllbuff BtlMWfl «t I*»Twn»tk, Uuu t 1; So much of Pat 1, Section VII, paagaph 2a, page 33, Iwo Jima Paticipation Repot, as eads <f162.d Antiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment" is amended to ead dAntiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment, 2, It is equested that copies of subject epot on file in you headquates be amended accodingly. mn E. P* CRAmELL Colonel, AGD Adjutant Geneal

6 «( j«* > %.», f fy T G^OO-10 i.».{ V ) ji«li 1 s o JUtt I^6

7 3 > M HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES. MIDDLE PACIFIC OFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL APO 958 Ineply efe to: 4 Febuay 1946 SUBJECT: Iwo Jima Opeation "Detachment 11. TO The Chief of Staff, United States Amy, Wa Depatment, Washington 25, D. C. 1. At the conclusion of the captue of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, the vaious commandes of the Amy foces which paticipated in the battle submitted epots of thei opeations to the Commande in Chief, Pacific Ocean Aeas, in accodance with his diective. Copies of these opeational epots have no doubt been funished the Wa Depatment though Navy channels. 2. The epot which is heewith submitted was dawn up to supplement the opeational epots efeed to supa, and to make of ecod the duties and esponsibilities that wee assigned to the Commanding Geneal, United States Amy Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas, in connection with the opeation. It gives in detail the administative, taining, and logistic esponsibilities, and the pepaations incident to the plan of opeation. It pesents an accuate ecod of the pat played by the Headquates, United States Amy Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas, in suppot of the Iwo Jima opeation. ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, J., <q Lieutenant Geneal, U.S. Amy, Commanding.

8 «ffl^^^ PARTICIPATION IN THE IWO JIMA OPERATION BY / THE UNITED STATES ARMY FORGES PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS - FEBRUARY MARCH 1945 LIEUTENANT GENERAL ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, JR., U. 3. ARKY COMMANDING i * i

9 Sv;wL ft dull ILU INDEX PART SUBJECT PAGE Intoduction. 1 Headquates, United States Amy Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas. 3 2 Amy Ai Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas 65 I 3 Cental Pacific Base Command South Pacific Base Command Replacement Taining Command ComG-enPOA Repesentative in the Maianas, Amy Gaison Foce, Iwo Jima Assistance Rendeed to the Navy and Maines Summay and Conclusions ) Annex 1 List of Paticipating Amy Foces. 335 Annex 2 Selections fom Obseves 1 Repots. 341 Annex 3 Oganization Diagam of Task Foces. Annex 4 Map of Westen Pacific Aea. Annex 5 Map of Iwo Jima

10 "» ',! \ w yj^vw'^ vuk U-^^^ INTRODUCTION w. L hh ' ' ' ' ~~^ :^**Hh... j i

11 -U ; INTRODUCTION A, SUBJECT AND PURPOSE OF REPORT. 1. The subject of this epot is the paticipation by the United States Amy Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas (USAFPOA) in the opeation against Japanese-held Iwo Jima, coveing the peiod fom the beginning of planning fo the opeation to 16 Mach 1945, the date the island was declaed secue* 2. Although the assault phase of the Iwo Jima campaign was entiely a Maine Cops opeation unde the contol of the V Amphibious Cops, the ultimate success of this opeation esulted in no small degee fom the coopeation and suppot of the Amy headquates and commands of the Pacific Ocean Aeas. [ 3. It is not intended heein to pesent an opeational epot o to teat of the activities of Naval o Maine foces, but athe to discuss the logistical suppot of the opeation ( accomplished by Amy agencies, and the mounting and taining of Amy toops. Obseves 1 comments ae included only when they petain to the planning, oganizing, taining, equipping, o logistical suppot endeed by Amy foces. Although this epot is being published afte the temination of the wa, it has been witten as ifit had been pepaed on 16 Mach 1945, 4. The chief value of this epot is to make possible a cleae undestanding of the scope of effot equied to suppot offensive opeations in the Pacific Ocean Aeas, 5. Simila epots will be endeed to show the extent of paticipation by United States Amy Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas, in opeations which took place subsequent to the Iwo Jima opeation. B. PLAN OF REPORT. 1* In ode to facilitate analysis, the activities and esponsibilities of HUSAFPOa and of each of its majo echelons of command ae pesented in a sepaate pat of this epot. Each pat pesents a factual summay of the activities of the command concened, insofa as those activities elate to pepaations pio to the Iwo Jima opeation, and suppot and ehabilitation duing the opeation. 2. One pat is devoted to assistance endeed to Naval and Maine units by USAFPOA agencies. 3. The final pat of this epot (Summay and Conclusions) includes the pincipal lessons leaned by Amy units paticipating in the opeation. MS! 1

12 3 HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS PART I

13 UNCIASSa PART ONE - HUSAFPOA INDEX - SECTION SUBJECT PAGE I PERSONNEL (G-l) AND RELATED STAFF SECTIONS 7 II COMBAT INTELLIGENCE AND CENSORSHIP (G-2) V IV ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING (G-3) SUPPLY (G-4) INCLUDING EXCHANGE OFFICER, TRANSPORTATION OFFICER AND FISCAL OFFICER 21 1? ' V LONG RANGE PLANNING FOR OPERATIONS 25 V V T VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII ADJUTANT GENERAL 31 ARTILLERY OFFICER 33 CHEMICAL WARFARE OFFICER 3? ENGINEER 39 ORDNANCE OFFICER 47 QUARTERMASTER 49 SIGNAL OFFICER 55 SURGEON 59 f X IMPI ftoofiimmßßi^^^m_ l^#^^^mif Iff

14 L V tf w L - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - S CTIU% I Pfoi3QM&L (S-l) AfD HjSLAT&D STAFF SaJTIOI^S A. ORGANIZATION* On 9 Qctooe 1344, tne Commande-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Aeas (CinCPOA), diected tne Commanding Geneal, United States Amy Foces, Pacific Ocean Aeas (ComGenPOA) to povide a gaison foce fo I?*o Jima. CinCPOA futhe equested the nomination of a geneal office of tne Amy ai foces as gaison foce commande. Majo Geneal James. Chancy was nominated by tne Commanding Geneal, USAFPOA. On 18 Novembe 1944, afte acceptance by CinCPOA, Majo Geneal Ghaney was designated as commanding geneal of the I^o Jima gaison foce. On 2 Decembe 1944, HUSAFPOA activated Headquates and Headquates Company, Amy Gaison Foce, Iwo Jima (APO 86) with tne following ovehead: Offices Waant offices Enlisted men Total PxiQCUli ji NT» Pio to depatue fom the continental United States, Majo Geneal Chancy had selected cetain key staff pesonnel. In ode to fulfilladditional equiements fo the gaison foce headquates, the husafpoa eplacement office submitted to the Vi'a Depatment a equisition fo enlisted and office pesonnel. On 13 Novembe 1944, 'the Wa Depatment advised HUSAFPOA that the bulk of pesonnel fo this gaison foce was scheduled fo oveseas shipment in mid-decembe In view of the late scheduled snipment of gaison foce pesonnel and the esulting shotage of sceening and taining time, HUSAFPOA secued appoximately 80 pe cent of tne equied pesonnel fom local souces. The emaining pesonnel equiements of the Iwo Jima gaison foce wee obtained fom pesonnel aiving fom the continental United States. By 19 Januay 1945, Headquates and Headquates Company, Amy Gaison Foces, Iwo Jima, had been filled to authoized stength. Theeafte, only cetain mino adjustments wee necessay in ode to pemit as ignment of the best qualified pesonnel to coesponding vacancies within the headquates. C. CHAPLAIN.! Planning. The HUSAFPOA chaplain section was esponsible fo adequate planning and pope taining of chaplain pesonnel fo thei duties with the Iwo Jima Amy gaison foce. '" "^ ' '*" * >~'ih w T*-?* -TEN -7

15 t 2. Oganization. a. Tne table of oganization fo tne chaplain section at tne Amy gaison foce was pepaed by tne HUSAFPOA chaplain section. Tne assignment of thee chaplains, one Catholic, one Potestant, and one Jewish, to the gaison foce headquates was made afte consultation with supevisoy chaplains of CPBC and AAFPOA. b. Confeences wee held with the fleet chaplain to aange fo assignment of a Potestant and a Catholic chaplain to each hospital 'ship and toop ship. The limited numbe of Jewish chaplains made it necessay to select competent offices and enlisted men of the Jewish faith to conduct eligious sevices fo each ship and fo each unit that went ashoe. These men wee given adequate supplies to enable them to cay out thei eligious activities. 3. Supply and equipment. Religious supplies wee issued hy OPBJ, as indicated in the CP3O section of this epot. 4. Tainini b. A school was conducted, with combat-wise chaplains as instuctos. c. Chaplains of tne Iwo Jima Amy gaison foce wee given instuctions egading the poblems of gave egistation, maintaining ecods, map eading, and liaison with the Ameican National Red Coss epesentative, the special sevice ofiice, and the infomation-education office. duties. d. Chaplain's assistants wee schooled in cleical c. Pio to depatue, a final eview of all plans and taining was conducted. a. The administative chaplains of tne Iwo Jima Amy gaison foce wee given access to all epots of pevious opeations filed in the HUSAFPQA chaplain's office. They wee biefed on the vaious, egulations concening chaplains 1 activities. 5. Inspect ions. Seveal inspections wee conducted by HUSAFPOA chaplains in an effot -to insue that adequate supplies had pocued fo shipment. * D, IH3P JTQR Cifif&ifL* n pepaation fo the activation of the Iwo Jima gaison foce, KU3AFPOA equisitioned a lieutenant colonel fom the "Wa Depatment to seve as gaison foce inspecto geneal. Tne HUSAFPOA Inspecto Geneal offeed and

16 iunisned assistance to all echelons of the gaison foce in solving administative poblems.. JUD&S ADVOCATE. The HUSAFPOA judge advocate paticipated in the detemination of gaison foce judge advocate pesonnel equiements. He also pepaed those potions of lettes of instuction to the gaison foce commande wnich wee petinent to the administation of militay justice and the settlement of claims. 1. Cout-matial juisdiction. Geneal cout-matial juisdiction was secued fom the Wa Depatment fo tne Ifo Jima gaison foce. 2, Le^al assistance. Tne gaison foce stafi judge advocate was designated legal assistance office to assist militay pesonnel in connection with thei pesonal affais. 3. Biefing, Tne xiu3a*'poa judge advocate neld confeences *ith pesonnel of tne gaison foce judge advocate section elative to poblems concened witn militay justice, domestic and foeign claims, civilian aiiais, geneal pisones, and legal assistance. Infomation gained fom pevious opeations was impated to the gaison foce judge advocate. 4. Inspection. An inspection was made of the gaison foce judge advocate section fo tne pupose of detemining the eadiness status of tne section, and any assistance equied. F. PROVOST MARSHAL. On 13 Octobe 1944, the HUSAFPOA povost mashal?as diected to detemine militay police toop equiements fo intenal secuity of Iwo Jima, to include the handling of enemy civilian intenees and pisones of wa. The HUSAFPOA povost mashal assisted in planning to secue necessay toops; to estimate thei shipping equiements; to povide equipment, facilities and supplies needed to execute thei mission; and to aange fo subsequent suppot. Lessons leaned in pevious opeations wee funished to tne gaison foce povost mashal though the medium of infomal confeences. 1. Oganization. With tne knowledge that only militay police units then on the U3AFPOA toop basis would be available, toop equiements wee detemined afte a study of the taget aea. Consideation was given to tne last available census figues which indicated that less tiian 1,300 civilians wee on Iwo Jima in Statistics elative to the numbe of pisones of wa captued in pevious Cental Pacific opeations wee utilized in making estimates of pooable needs. Afte equiements had been detemined, they wee funished to tne Cental Pacific Baj^ Command (CPBC) fo..^

17 2. Equipment and supply. In conjunction with the HUSAFPOA enginee, the povost mashal made plans to povide a suitable pisone of wa compound on the taget. G. SPECIAL SERVICES OFFICER. TheIwo Jima gaison foce commande was given authoity to take final action, within HUSAFPOA policies, on all special sevice activities. 1. Oganization. Two offices and 13 enlisted men wee pocued diectly by the HUSAFPOA special sevice section fo the gaison foce headquates. 2*2 * Facilities. The following eceational facilities fo Amy enlisted pesonnel wee Included In the base development plan: a. Five outdoo theates, each complete with sceen, pojection booth, stage, dessing ooms, and benches. b. Eight softball and two hadball diamonds. c. Ten had-sufaced fo use as combination tennis, aeas, paved, basketball, handball couts. each 60 x 120, volley-ball, and d. Two eceation buildings, equipped with tables and chais, each with a total floo aea of 4,000 squae feet, containing lounge, canteen, game oom, witing oom, and administative office. c. One quonset hut o pefabicated building, 40' x 48 1, funished with shelving, tables and benches, to house a basic cental libay of 1,000 volumes. f. One quonset hut o pefabicated building, 20' x 24', pe isolated unit of men, fo use as a day oom. g. One T/O-type 20 x 100 building, as descibed in TM 5-280, fo each battalion o equivalent aea. h. Locke ooms, showes, and latines to be installed whee swimming locations wee established. 3#3 # Equipment and supply. The HUSAFPOA special sevices office ecommended to the gaison foce commande, though G-4, that a thee-months 1 allotment of special sevice cedits be equisitioned to equip the facilities included in base development plan. 1: f

18 - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - SECTION II COMBAT INTELLIGENCE AND CENSORSHIP A. ORIENTATION, Duing Novembe and Decembe 1944, the HUSAFPOA G-2 section devoted appoximately 10 man-hous to the oientation of pesonnel of the Iwo Jima gaison foce G-2 section. A detailed pictue was given of the then-cuent situation, including a summay of ai, gound, and Naval activities (fiendly and enemy) in the Pacific Ocean Aeas, with specific data on estimated enemy stength and dispositions. X. The situation in the Southwest Pacific Aea, the China Theate, and the India-Buma Theate was also coveed. Assistance was i given the gaison foce G-2 section in making ovelays and plotting the significant infomation. At a confeence held 23 Novembe 1944, an estimate of the enemy gound, sea, and ai [ stength and capabilities on Iwo Jima, was pesented to the gaison foce commande and his staff. i B. INTELLIGENCE PUBLICATIONS, JT 1, Maps and teain bulletins. Aangements wee made fo { the pinting by the 64th Enginee Topogaphic Battalion of maps and vaious teain bulletins and studies equied by Amy, Navy, Maine, and Ai Foce components of the task foce. An oiginal objective study of Iwo Jima was pepaed by the I * f ~~i -^ (G-2 HUSAFPOA G-2, of which 350 copies wee distibuted to Amy, Navy, \ Maine, and Ai Foce units paticipating in the opeation* i At the equest of the Commande, Amphibious Goup One, 500 additional copies of maps included in the study wee pinted fo futhe distibution within his command. Duing the planning phase of the opeation the HUSAFPOA G-2 teain and objective files wee made available to the V Amphibious Cops and the Iwo Jima gaison foce. Such teain studies as wee desied by these oganizations wee issued to them. f 2. Intelligence bulletins and peiodic epots. The 3d, 4th, and sth Maine Divisions, the V Amphibious Cops, and othe Maine units, at thei equest, wee made ecipients of t all HUSAFPOA G-2 Intelligence Bulletins. Headquates, Fleet Maine Foce Pacific, eceived all HUSAFPOA G-2 Peiodic Repots, The Iwo Jima gaison foce eceived both the bulletins and the epots. 3, Technical manuals, A few weeks pio to embaking fo Iwo Jima, technical manuals coveing the installation and opeation of the Japanese 20-llne, model one, codless switchboad and the Japanese model 92 telephone wee published by the ASFEEIST detachment, A total of 300 copies of each wee funished V Amphibious Cops fo distibution to Maine units. It was intended that this infomation would pemit exploitation of standad Japanese communication equipment captued by the assault foces ii &ti : *d ;i (1(

19 C, COUNTERINTEIIKeENCE CORPS, As a esult of a thoough eview of available infomation concening the Japanese population on Iwo Jima, it was detemined that a small counteintelligence cops detachment of fou agents would be sufficient to suppot the gaison foce. Accodingly, on 5 Decembe 1944, this pesonnel was secued fom souces available to the Cental Pacific Base Command gaison foce* D. CENSORSHIP. (CPBC) and attached to the 1. Oganization. Since censoship functions wee concentated in the CPBC chief censos office, censoship pesonnel was povided by that headquates* Policies wee established by a liaison between the CPBC chief censo, the CinCPac-CinCPOA chief censo, and HU3AFPOA 0-2. Activities of the base censoship pesonnel and policies established fo the Iwo Jlma opeation ae futhe discussed in Pat 3, Section IIof this epot. Supply and equipment. In compliance with diectives fom HU3AFPOA, the CPBC chief censo povided all necessay base censoship supplies and equipment equied by the gaison foce censoship detachment. E. JAPANESE INTERROGATOR-INTSRPRETER-TRAN3LATOR TEAM. On 18 Decembe 1944, one Japanese inteogato-intepete-tanslato team (Japanese lit team), consisting of one office and 10 enlisted men, was attached to the Amy gaison foce 0-2 section. Aangements wee made fo this Japanese lit team to pefom pactice Inteogations at the Amy pisone of wa camp on Oahu. In addition, captued documents wee made available to this team fo tanslation pactice. The team was povided with the equipment authoized by T/0 and E T. F. ARMY SERVICE FORCES ENEMY EQUIPMENT INTELLIGENCE SERVICE EAM. 1. Oganization. In ode to insue that the maximum intelligence was obtained fom captued enemy mateiel, autho- «< ization was secued fom CinCPOA to attach to Headquates, V Amphibious Cops, a detachment (thee offices and six enlisted men) of the Amy Sevice Foces Enemy Equipment Intelligence Sevice Team (ASFEEIST). This detachment was augmented by pesonnel (one office, 26 enlisted men) obtained fom the 239th Quatemaste Salvage and Collecting Company, which was stationed at Saipan. The above pesonnel was combined with pesonnel fom the Joint Intelligence Cente, Pacific Ocean Aeas (JICPOA), to fom a JICPOA Salvage Unit, mmjtsgfleß -12

20 a. The ASFESI3T detachment constituted the enemy equipment section of this JIGPOA Salvage Unit. Odnance, signal, medical, quatemaste, chemical, and enginee subsections wee oganized. The senio office of this detachment was designated as the office-in-chage of the JIGPOA Salvage Unit. b. Detachment, 239th Quatemaste Salvage and Collecting Company, povided dives and mechanics fo the assigned tanspotation. It assisted in the physical collection, tanspoting, packing, and cating of captued mateiel. 2. Taining* Upon equest of the V Amphibious Cops, the V ASFEEIST detachment conducted a couse of instuction, on the island of Hawaii in the use of Japanese communications equip* ment. Six lectues and demonstations, each of appoximately I two hous 1 duation, wee pesented. Appoximately 1,200 offices and enlisted men of the sth Maine Division attended. /" 3. Pocessing of enemy equipment. In pefomance of its pimay mission, the ASFEEIST detachment supevised the collection, packing, and shipment to JICPOA of captued enemy equipment which appeaed to have intelligence value, which was needed to fillmilitay equiements, o which could be used fo taining puposes. The detachment also funished consideable quantities of enemy equipment to assault toops fo use in combat. It assisted toops in the epai and maintenance of such equipment. Pisones of wa* who appeaed to be potential souces of infomation concening enemy mateiel wee inteogated by ASFEEIST pesonnel. Pesonnel of this detachment ecoveed many enemy documents and deliveed them to the pope intelligence agencies. G» LIAISON. One office was attached to the V Amphibious Cops G-2 section, on 5 Decembe Close liaison was established between the V Amphibious Cops and HUSAFPOA G-2. Diect liaison was maintained between the ASFEEIST detachment and staff offices of the V Amphibious Cops. Seveal confeences wee held duing which details concening the employment of the ASFEEI3T detachment and the pocedue fo V handling captued mateiel wee ageed upon. In addition, a HUSAFPOA G-2 office maintained pesonal liaison with CinCPAC headquates duing the opeation in ode to obtain infoma <. tion equied by HUSAFPOA and the Wa Depatment. H» REPORTS? Infomation fom task foce commandes was coli lected and tansmitted by adio daily to Wa Depatment and othe inteested commands. A HUSAFPOA G-2 weekly peiodic f epot was also distibuted. I. LESSONS LEARNED AND CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN. Independent censoship detachments should be activated in advance of an

21 opeation and attached to the vaious oganizations with which they ae to seve. This would peclude the pactice of dawing on local censoship stations fo pesonnel. Such a policy has since been adopted with the esult that six independent censoship detachments have been activated by HUSAFPOA and then attached to oganizations eithe cuently engaged in, o eamaked fo, opeations.» /^^ _14 _

22 BV^JsLff F> fll p c <D a w d> CO <D cd ft os ft aj o o < o H P as p CQ c o H 4^ O a> H H O O IlIfMAim

23 - «atu PART 1 HUSAFPOA SECTION ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING (G-3 ' A» PLANNING. Initial planning fo the Iwo Jima opeation began upon eceipt of CinCPOA Joint Staff Study, dated? Octobe Final planning and pepaations wee begun upon eceipt of CinCPOA Opeation Plan 11-44, dated 25 Novembe Immediate action was taken to detemine the Con of the gaison to detemine gaison units available and to oganize the gaison foce. feences wee held with epesentatives foce being fomed, and with CinCPOA, toop equiements. B. ORGANIZATION. 1. Fomation of Iwo Jima. Amy gaison foce. Headquat es~luiittfeidquli^^ Atilley Goup, was used as the nucleus fo the fomation of Headquates and Headquates Company, Amy Gaison Foce, Iwo Jima, which was activated on 2 Novembe As soon as the gaison foce headquates was capable. of functioning administatively, cetain units wee eleased to its contol. The emaining gaison foce units wee eleased to the contol of that headquates as equested by the gaison foce commande. A list of units compising the Amy gaison foce is shown in Annex No. 1 to this epot. f j 2. Opeational contol of Iwo Jima. Amy gaison foce On 8 Decembe 1944, the two Jima gaison foce was attached to the V Amphibious Cops fo opeational contol. C. TRAINING. In ode to keep advised of taining needs as they developed duing the pepaatoy phase, the HUSAFPOA G-3 maintained liaison with the Iwo Jima gaison foce. This liaison, and occasional diect call made upon appopiate agencies, expedited the solution of taining poblems. Aangements wee also made though CPBC, fo the use of Amy taining facilities in the Hawaiian aea by Naval and Maine agencies. 1. Naval and Maine pesonnel. Selected Naval constuction and Maine pesonnel wee tained In mine wafae technique at the CPBC Mine Wafae School. The facilities of the Unit Combat (Jungle) Taining Cente on Oahu wee utilized by Naval and Maine pesonnel. In conjunction with the chemical office, the HUSAFPOA G-3 coodinated the taining of Naval mota-boat cews and flame thowe tank cews. Aangements wee made, though CPBC, fo the use of Amy taining aea in the Hawaiian goup to facilitate ai suppot taining of Navy and Maine pesonnel. a illy!haj? B^P%l mm HHF^WWi^^^^^^^^^WfflPßil^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 17

24 2. Aming of eplacements. The policy was adopted wheeby Amy eplacements would be amed and tained while in the eplacement depot. 3. Mine taining. It was diected that Amy enginee toops be tained In pepaation fo emoval of the types of shells expected to be used as land mines by the enemy. 4# Aicaft identification. Impoved aicaft identiflcation taining techniques wee adopted duing the pepaation of the staging oganizations. 5. DUKW taining. The taining of DUKW units eamaked fo this opeation was expedited. D. INFORMATION-EDUCATION OFFICER. 1. Planning. a. Subsequent to a templated base development, study of Iwo the pesonnel Jima and the conoganization and of the gaison foce infomation-education section wee detemined. b. A 50-watt Amed Foces Radio Station (AFRS) was included in the Iwo Jima base development plan. 2. Oganization. Pesonnel equiements fo the gaison foce infomation-education section totaled 3 offices and 4 enlisted men. 3. Supply and equipment. Assistance was povided the gaison foce infomation- education section in adopting ecommended equipment lists fo the opeation. 4. Biefing. Confeences and biefing sessions wee held with gaison foce infomation-education offices to familiaize them with existing policies and pocedues in egad to the. infomation-education pogam. Inspections of supplies, equipment, and mateials wee made duing pepaation fo the opeation. "^"TRGfi&SiJtu

25 19 I? p <M at v o oo c % a d o a -> M a o OQ o E-i H <M <D

26 Ui % F [gpflßmi PART 1 - HUSAPPOA - SECTION IV SUPPLY (G^4K INCLUDING EXCHANGE OFFICER. TRANS T I i. ~ A. PREPARATION. 1* Planning. Planning by the HUSAFPOA G-4.fo the Iwo Jima opeation began in May Oveall decisions on supplies, mateials, and sevice pesonnel wee obtained as a esult of joint study by CinCPOA, Maine Cops agencies, and HUSAFPOA. Necessay supply levels fo both landing and suppot wee established. Inasmuch as this was pimaily a Maine assault opeation, the final equiements wee decided by Naval and Maine Cops agencies. a. The HUSAFPOA G-4 section pepaed and issued an administative ode to the Commanding Geneal, Iwo Jima gaison foce, which set foth supply, evacuation, constuction, and administative details. In addition, the G-4 section submitted mateial to G-5 fo Inclusion in the lette of instuctions that was Issued to the Commanding Geneal, Iwo Jima gaison foce. b. Logistic equiements wee geneal in scope. Levels of supply fo established equiements wee indicated by HUSAFPOA. CPBC took necessay action to Implement the G-4 diectives. f o. Base development planning, a esponsibility of G-4, was subject to evision as the changing concepts and situations dictated. These evisions wee effected in conjunction with the HUSAFPOA enginee, who was chaged with the pepaation and execution of detailed plans coveing base development. 2. Oganization. It was decided that the 471st, 473d, 475th, and 476th Amphibian Tuck Companies and the 442dand 592dPot Companies, stationed on Oahu, would be employed and would aive at the taget in the assault echelon. These units wee committed fo the opeation because of thei advanced taining status. The Headquates and Headquates Detachment, 43d Amphibian Tuck Battalion, aived at Iwo Jima In the seoond echelon. To eplace the 442dand 592dPot Companies, the 439th and 441st Pot Companies wee bought to Oahu fom Kwajaleln and Makln Island. b. Afte consideation of the numbe of toops com pising the assault and gaison foces, the tonnage equie ments fo supply and fo base development, and the condition

27 Ban ik'llxv^!i ih^jb/ of the beaches, It was detemined that the following tanspotation cops units wee equied: one amphibian tuck battalion headquates, fou amphibian tuck companies and two pot companies. 3. Supply and equipment. Inasmuch as this was pimaily a Maine opeation, the HUSAFPOA 0-4 section had a elatively mino ole with espect to supply coodination and supevision duing the assault phase. The gaison foce was composed pimaily of Amy units, howeve, and the G-4 section was esponsible fo equipping and supplying these gaison foce units. Except fo the gaison foce headquates, special T/0 and E's wee not equied fo this opeation, as had been the case in pevious opeations. Since the majoity of the unite had thei full allowances of equipment and wee popely equipped to pefom thei pimay missions, no special poblems wee involved in the outfitting of these units. In geneal, the pocuement of supplies and equipment was handled by CPBC. The necessay facilities equied on Iwo Jlma fo Amy units wee detemined, and equiements wee submitted to the HUSAFPOA enginee. The facilities consisted of housing and administation buildings, stoage sheds, and soting aeas. b«emegency eseve stocks left ove fom pevious opeations wee used fo this campaign. c. Supply and equipment pogams wee not affected by the oveall changes in opeational plans which developed pio to commitment of the foces in assault. d. Initial supplies and equipment fo the finance section of the Amy gaison foce wee obtained by equisitions submitted by the gaison foce finance office though nomal supply channels to CPBC. The exchange office eceived exchange supplies in a simila manne. Popety accounting and policy elative to the maintenance of ecods was accomplished in accodance with existing Instuctions and diectives. f. Gw4 pesonnel made peiodic visits to the Amy Gaison Foce headquates and units on Oahu in ode to assist in mounting the gaison foce and to insue that supply equiements wee fulfilled. 4» Taining. The taining of sevice units and othe elements of the Iwo Jima gaison foce was conducted unde the geneal supevision of the appopiate majo echelons of CPBC. G-4 execised staff supevision to the extent of eceiving and checking, all taining status epots submitted 22

28 /*" by patlcifmln^j*unbxs. Coective measues wee instituted as equied. B. SUPPORT, The mission of the HUSAFPOA 0-4 section was to povide logistical suppot fo Amy units and to funish Class 1 supplies fo the Maine foces embaking fo the taget. In geneal, the suppot fo this opeation was limited initially to poviding outine maintenance and assuing that maintenance supplies and equipment wee deliveed to the taget on schedule. Liaison was maintained with CPBC to insue that the pope suppot was given. Having gained expeience fom poblems encounteed in mounting pevious opeations, nomal pecautions wee taken, and no majo difficulties wee encounteed in poviding the equied suppot.! Re supply. The supply pogam fo Iwo Jlma was pedicated on shipments of successive echelons. By this means, a steady Inflow of supplies was maintained. The emegency eplacement supply pogam was based on a system of eceiving and stoing supplies at Salpan fo movement to the taget as equied. Inasmuch as it was contemplated that the assault foces would emain on the taget fo but a vey limited time, no special povisions wee made to funish supply equiements othe than the' usual nomal mountingout equiements. Requisitions wee submitted to CPBC by gaison foce elements, pio to mounting out, fo dellvey of supplies at a subsequent peiod. It was anticipated that the supplies on these equisitions would be deliveed to the taget on o about D plus 120 and not late than D plus 150. The small aea of the taget made it necessay to handle the loading of supplies in egula Incements and in limited quantities. 2* Evacuation. Evacuation of pesonnel pimaily Navy function. 3. Salvage. The salvage, epai, and e-issue of equipment on the taget was pimaily a Maine Cops function. f'! C. LESSONS LEARNED AND CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN. Duing the peiod of loading and embakation of toops, some confusion was caused by the fact that tonnage equiements had been undeestimated. Appoximately 1,000 measuement tons of supplies could not be loaded due to a lack of shipping space. It was necessay to make special plans to fowad these supplies at the ealiest possible date in ode to insue thei aival in sufficient time to be of use to the oganizations concened. Estimates on tonnage equiements will eceive special study in planning fo futue, opeations in ode to avoid a ecuence of this poblem. UlwuLfiOwEiI&LIJ IslSill^^^^^^^^^Bjj^^

29 I^^TKDBSWED ' 4-> v a o bo C 2 &4 o < tn bd C H a o

30 25 UNOLASSIFIEIHHHHHHHK - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - SECTION V LONG RANGE PLANNING FOR OPERATIONS (G-5 A, PLANNING. 1. Initial ove-all planning. a. The basic planning fo the Iwo Jima opeation was pepaed - and fowaded to HUSAFPOA as CinCPOA Joint Staff Study DETACHMENT, dated 7 Octobe This staff study outlined the mission of the Iwo Jima opeation as follows: to seize the Iwo Jima ai base fo suppot of opeations v against Japan, to potect the Maianas fom enemy aicaft, and to povide a base fo fightes escoting B-29 aicaft to tagets in Japan. The staff study futhe Indicated a scheme of maneuve which might be employed, and povided a tempoay list of Amy gaison equiements totaling 12,565 toops. b. Afte consideing two tentative ealie dates, (20 Januay and 3 Febuay 1945), a final taget date of 19 Febuay 1945 was set and confimed by CinCPOA. / " 2. Gaison foce equiements. a. Upon eceipt of CinCPOA Joint Staff Study DE~ TACHMENT, ecommendations of the geneal and special staff sections wee obtained as to numbe and type of units equied, togethe with the designations and availability of these units. A CinCPOA waning ode fo the Iwo Jima opeation was eleased on 9 Octobe 1944 which Indicated the pincipal foces involved. These included the following Amy suppoting toops: - V 3 amphibian tuck companies 3 antiaicaft atilley gun battalions 2 155mm coast atilley battalions 1 egimental combat team fo gaison 3 fighte goups 2 squadons of night fightes 1 heavy bombadment goup 1 signal ai waning company It was stated that the island commande would be a geneal office of the Amy Ai Foces, to be nominated by ComGenPOA. b. As a esult of HUSAFPOA staff confeences, a adio was tansmitted to CinCPOA on 14 Octobe 1944, popos

31 26 of the following atilley toops fo ga ing the employment ison at Iwo Jima: SOJ 1 antiaicaft atilley goup 3 antiaicaft atilley gun battalions 1 automatic weapons battalion (plus 2 batteies) 1 antiaicaft atilley seachlight battey 1 seacoast atilley battalion It was futhe ecommended at this time that, in view of the lage amount of atilley planned above, the gaison equie ments fo a egimental combat team be educed to one infanty egiment. c. In addition to the atilley units listed above, a equest was fowaded to. HUSAFPOA fom the Iwo Jima island commande fo an antiaicaft atilley opeations detachment to coodinate and opeate the ai defense command post. d. In anticipation of a elatively high casualty ate among antiaicaft pesonnel because of enemy ai opeations, it was ecommended to CinCPOA that a combat eseve be established befoe D-day consisting of two antiaicaft gun battalions and two antiaicaft automatic weapons battalions which could be shipped as unit eplacements to the taget any time subsequent to D-day. B. ORGANIZATION. 1. Availabilityof units. a. Of appoximately 25,000 Amy toops needed fo the Iwo Jima opeation, all but 9,000 could be povided fom theate souces. Howeve, 1,100 additional toops wee needed to eplace units deployed fowad fom CPBC. b. On 20 Octobe 1944 a adiogam listing toop equiements fo Iwo Jima which could not be met fom the cuent USAFPOA toop basis was fowaded to Chief of Staff of the Amy. The Wa. Depatment eplied on 3 Novembe 1944, fowading a list of those units which could be made available to meet the opeational equiements and anothe list of units which wee not then in existence, but which could be activated in the continental United States to meet futhe equiements. c. Since the time element pecluded the activation of units in the continental United States and subsequent shipment to the fowad aeas fo employment, Wa Depatment authoity fo local activation was equested on 23 Novembe

32 UNOLASS'FfEB"""""*"** and eceived on 26 Novembe CPBC was theeupon diected to funish cetain designated units. In Instances whee it was stated by the Commanding Geneal, CPBC, that the loss of paticula units would wok hadships on CPBC, o would esult in cutailing the functions of that. command, the etention of the unit in the Hawaiian aea, as against the equiements of the opeation, was eviewed by the staff sections concened and pesented to ComGenPOA fo decision. 2. Infanty. Afte eviewing the Infanty units available to ComGenPOA fo duty with the Iwo Jima gaison foce, it was ecommended to CInCPOA that the 147th Infanty Regiment, then in New Caledonia, be employed. This ecommendation was concued in by CinCPOA on 2 Novembe Atille v. a. Of the two 155mm coast atilley battalions equied, only one was available in POA fo employment. A e- quest was theefoe fowaded to the Wa Depatment 14 Octobe 1944 fo one 155mm coast atilley battalion to be made available fo shipment no late than Decembe When the Wa Depatment indicated that none was available, CinC- POA diected the Commande, Fowad Aeas, to designate a? battalion to meet this equiement. The 44th Coast Atilley Battalion then on Salpan, was so designated* b. On 18 Octobe 1944, CInCPOA poposed the employment in gaison duty of the 483dAntiaicaft Atilley Automatic Weapons Battalion, then on Ulithi. HUSAFPOA con- cued in the poposal. i c. As a esult of the equest by the Iwo Jima is land commande fo a 120mm antiaicaft atilley gun battalion, it was ecommended to CinCPOA on 2 Novembe 1944 that V such a battalion be employed on Iwo Jima in lieu of a 90mm battalion. It was futhe ecommended that the 752dAntiaicaft Atilley Gun Battalion (120mm), then.scheduled fo employment at Guam, be diveted to Iwo Jima and that its em ployment at Guam be filledby a 90mm battalion. CInCPOA concued in this poposal. On 29 Decembe 1944, the 752 d Gun Battalion was odeed to Salpan fo movement theefom - to Iwo Jima, upon call of the gaison foce commande. Its Inteim duty at Saipan would povide additional potection at that base against enemy aicaft. i d. In view of the anticipated enemy ai eaction to the landing on Iwo Jima and to the development of ai bases, the island commande's equest fo an antiaicaft atilley opeations detachment was appoved. The 163 d Antiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment was made unclassiß^^^

33 available to the gaison foce. c. To the ecommendation that a combat eseve of two antiaicaft gun battalions and two antiaicaft automatic weapons battalions be established befoe D-day, CinC- POA eplied that futhe action would be taken on this plan, if necessay, about D-day. In view of the light enemy ai opposition offeed, howeve, antiaicaft pesonnel casualties did not equie the fomation o employment of such a eseve. 4. Amy foces in the assault. Of t^e units to be utilized as gaison toops, the amphibian tuck companies and the pot companies wee employed by the V Amphibious Cops in the assault. These units wee attached to the Maine foce pio to mounting fom Hawaii. a. It has been ecommended and appoved by GinCPO A that epesentatives of the Amy Sevice Foce Enemy Equipment Intelligence Sevice Team accompany the assault toops fo the pupose of obtaining intelligence Infomation on enemy equipment. In ode to suppot this agency popely, a detachment of a quatemaste salvage collecting company was tempoaily funished fom Saipan. 5. Base development. a. The oiginal base development diective, issued by CinCPOA on 11 Octobe 1944, chaged ComGenPOA with poviding the sevice toops to suppot the base at. lwo Jima. The enginee toops equied fo constuction, howeve, wee to be povided by Naval constuction battalions. It was futhe indicated that aifield constuction would be fo light, medium, and heavy aicaft. ComGenPOA's potion of the base development plan, amplifying esponsibilities and the facilities equied to accomplish them, was pepaed and fowaded on 10 Novembe b. On 26 Decembe 1944, as a esult of a ecommendation by the Commanding Geneal, AAFPOA, fo the development on Iwo Jima of an aifield suitable fo B-29 aicaft, the base development plan was modified by CinCPOA to indicate that ai field #2 would be so constucted as to enable staging of B-29 aicaft. One enginee aviation battalion was made available to augment the constuction foce. 6. Echelon shipping schedule. a. At Iwo Jima, as in the Maianas, beach capacities and unloading facilities wee so esticted as to pemit the unloading of only a limited amount of cago duing any given peiod of all units and mateiels into an echelon schedule. 6ia*K gt t, fc, g

34 29 The elative echelon of Amy units was established and fowaded to CinCPOA fo integation into an oveall shipping schedule. It was necessay to echelon units, equipment, and mateiel until D plus 90. b. Constant alteation of the echelon schedule was necessitated by changes in availability dates of units o the substitution of units which equied diffeent mounting points. All units mounting fom the continental United States and moving by wate to Iwo Jima wee equied to have wate shipment pioity established fo such movement. These pioities wee coodinated between the gaison shipping echelon and the oveall Pacific Ocean Aeas toop movement schedule.

35 fa Wk m Ceemony At sth Maine Division Cemetey

36 31 - PART 1 HUSAFPOA SECTION VI -?- * -j I f * «ADJUTANT GENERAL. A. POSTAL FACILITIES, V V c! Planning. Although thee wee elatively few Amytoops in the assault, ComGenPOA was chaged with the oveall postal esponsibility fo the Iwo Jima opeation. It was necessay, theefoe, to povide in the fist echelon of shipping, an Amy postal unit of sufficient size to egulate mail fo all sevices. Fequent confeences wee held with epesentatives of the Maine divisions, the V Amphibious Cops, CoaSevPac, and CinCPOA. In addition, close liaison was maintained with the paticipating oganizations thoughout the opeation. Because of the excellent coopeation and suppot of the othe sevices, it was possible to utilize to the maximum extent the postal facilities of all thee sevices. 2. Opeation. /» V v a. An LST was povided by the Navy to seve as a floating post office fom D plus one until the establishment of postal facilities on Iwo Jima. The outing mail to all toops on Iwo Jima was accomplished jointly by Amy and Naval pesonnel aboad the LST. A eseve stock of $25,000 in stamps and stamped envelopes, was maintained, fom which stamp stocks of all sevices wee eplenished. An adequate stock of V-mail foms, fo use by all fbces, was also maintained. Incoming mail was initially eceived fom sea planes and distibuted though the post office aboad the LST. Tanspotation of mall was diveted to land based caft when this sevice became available. Outgoing mail was pocessed on the floating post office and dispatched though the same channels. The Amy postal unit went ashoe 7 Mach 1945 and fomally activated the Amy postal unit on 13 Mach b. In ode to shoten the time Inteval duing which pesonnel would be without mail, delivey of mail was accomplish ed at evey possible oppotunity. Delivey of mail was effected to boat side pio to depatue. Theeafte, all mail was diveted to the Navy, which sevice effected delivey at Eniwetok and Saipan. As the successive echelons of shipping cleaed Saipan, mail was sent diectly to the taget, whee mall fo the vaious sevices eveted to the nomal tanspotation agencies. The common use by both sevices of all tanspotation agencies woked smoothly and effectively. As each successive echelsn of Amy toops aived at Iwo Jima, mail was diveted fom the continental United States-Honolulu channel and sent diectly to Saipan, whee it was e-outed to

37 32 $ the pope destination, w 3. Supply and equipment* Postal supplies caied by the postal unit consisted of T/0 and E supplies listed fo an "M" type unit, and in addition, supplies fo two sub-units. Total supplies oughly appoximated the equiements of the T/0 and E fo an H F" type unit. 4. Taining, Pio to the depatue of the 86th Amy Postal Unit fom the Hawaiian aea, a thoough couse in on-the- Job taining was conducted at the 15th Base Post Office and othe Amy post offices on Oahu. This taining was unde the active supevision of the HUSAFPOA postal office, and the Commanding Office, 15th Base Post Office. 5. Inspections, Pio to the depatue of the 86th Amy Postal Unit all unit equipment was inspected by the Commanding Office, 15th Base Post Office. 6. Re supply. V-Mail facilities wee made available at both Saipan and Guam. A eseve stock of stamps, stamped envelopes, and postal supplies was maintained at Saipan. Mail tansfe facilities fo all classes of mail wee maintained at Saipan. B. CASUALTY REPORTING The HUSAFPOA casualty office was placed -on duty as an obseve with the gaison foce in ode to assist in the oganization of casualty epoting pocedues. In this capacity, he was able to ende specialized assistance in the oganization and planning of the entie adjutant geneal section, as well as to develop the casualty epoting pocedues. C. MACHINE RECORDS PROCEDURES, HUSAFPOA maintained close liaison with the Amy gaison foce headquates to plan the details of stength accounting pocedues and to Insue povision of an adequate supply of machine ecods foms pio to depatue. Locato cads wee funished in duplicate to the Amy gaison foce headquates. One set was used by the post office and the othe by the adjutant geneal section. D. PERSONNEL» Seveal specialists in pesonnel mattes wee obtained to complete the adjutant geneal section of the gaison foce. Assistance was given to the gaison foce headquates in effecting last minute eplacements fo hospitals ized individuals and those unqualified fo sevice in the fowad aea. In addition, the HUSAFPOA adjutant geneal funished detailed infomation elative to pesonnel administative pocedues. E. LESSONS LEARNED. AND CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN, The use of an LST as a floating post office duing the assault phase poved to be vey pacticable. In_ utue opeations it is planned to continue the employ mlftt?ll n /Ifft#1FWPWiFi installation, ; lini 1ii\\ i^yi " UliuLtOcJ ILU

38 33 «PART 1 - HIJsAFPOA*' SECTION VII - ARTILLERY OFFICER A. ORGANIZATION. 1. Assault foces. The following foces paticipated in the assault and emained as pat of the gaison foce: Headquates and Headquates Battey. 138th Antiaicaft Atilley Goup so6th Antiaicaft Atilley Gun Battalion, 90 mm / (Semimobile) 483 dantiaicaft Atilley Automatic Weapons V Battalion ( Semimobll e ) \. 2. Gaison foces. The following additional antiaicaft and coast atilley units wee assigned to the gaison foce: ifesd Antiaicaft Atilley Opeations Detachment. 947th Antiaicaft Atilley Gun Battalion, 90mm (Semimobile) i. 752dAntiaicaft Atilley Gun Battalion, 120mm (Semimobile). Batteies C and D, 206th Antiaicaft Atilley Automatic Weapons Battalion (Semimobile) Battey C, 295th Antiaicaft Atilley Seachlight I Battalion. 44th Coast Atilley Battalion 176th Coast Atilley Battalion B; TRAINING. 1. Selection of units. Insofa as possible, the units selected fo this opeation wee those that wee best pepaed fom the standpoint of taining. 2. Pocedue. Futhe taining of units pesented no poblems not heetofoe encounteed. The couse of taining pescibed fo these units followed established pocedue. Individual and unit taining was stessed. This taining was augmented by specialized combat taining fo amphibian opeations. a. Antiaicaft atilley gun battalions fied pactice missions with VT-fuzed ammunition; excellent esults wee achieved. Gun battalions scheduled numeous tactical movements and fiing execises, including fiing at watebone tagets, fiing at wate egistation points, and landwad fiing using field atilley methods. The 483dAntiaicaft Atilley Automatic Weapons Battalion had paticipated in two ;if f -)

39 DHCLASSIFtEn pevious amphibious opeations and had fied a taget pactice at Ulithi immediately pio to mounting, fo this opeation. Batteies C and D, 206th Antiaicaft Atilley Automatic Weapons Battalion had engaged in moe than two months of concentated taining and fiing in pepaation fo this opeation. b. One seacoast atilley battalion was tained on Oahu, and one was tained on Saipan. Taining included tactical movements and fiing pactices. Sevice pactices wee fied using nomal, ada, and emegency methods of fie contol. Batteies of the 176th Coast~Atilley Battalion fied special pactices, using the AN/MPG-1 ada fo puposes of 'familiaization with this equipment. Landwad fiing poblems wee also included in the taining. C. EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLY.! Special equipment. In ode to educe shipoing space, an effot was made to issue units only the minimum essentials of equipment. a. In addition to the equipment pescibed by T/0 and E, the 483dAntiaicaft Atilley Automatic Weapons Battalion was equipped with seven multiple machine gun moto caiages, M-16. These weapons poved supeio, in mobility and ease of handling, to the multiple machine gun caiage, M-51. b. One tacto, D-7, with doze, was Issued to each of the fou P utomatic weapons batteies and the fou gun batteies paticipating in the assault. These dozes wee of geat help in unloading equipment, pepaing positions, pnd in towing wheeled vehicles though the volcanic-ash of Iwo Jima. c. Pio to mounting out, the two seacoast atilley battalions wee equipped with new 155mm guns, MIAI. Each of these battalions was also supplied with two tactos, D-7, with doze. New ada sets, modified SCR-584, wee issued to all fiing units, in lieu of Mak XVI sets. d. In ode to pocue combs, t infomation on the new seacoast atilley ada set, AN/&PG-1, a pe-poduction model of this type was issued to the 176th Coast Atilley Battalion as additional equipment. To povide mobility, this set was installed in vans and tailes made available fom salvaged equip ment. 2. Ammunition supply. a. Atilley units in the assault wee povided seven units of fie. Only HE shell with mechanical with time fuze was issued to gun units duing the actual assault. Cavitized shell with VT fuze was funished antiaicaft gun batteies afte the landing.

40 s«*-f i^'a : 't'i *«*«fc "b. Gaison units not paticipating in: the assault wee povided with five units of fie. Appoximately onehalf of the ammunition povided fo antiaicaft gun batteies was cavitized shell with VT fuze. c. Ammunition fo e- supply of atilley units was shipped to the Maianas egulating station, whe<e it was held on call of the foce commande. d. No changes in the HUSAFPOA unit of fie fable have been contemplated as a esult of Amy antiaicaft fiing expeience in this opeation. D «REHABILITATION. Necessay ehabilitation of atilley c units was accomplished oniwo Jima. All atilley units in the assault emained as pat of the gaison foce. f V. E. LESSONS LEARNED AND CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN. S w L. 1. Tacto dozes. Tacto dozes poved indispensable. In addition to facilitating the constuction of gun positions and othe field woks, they funished motive jpowe fo moving wheeled vehicles though the soft, volcanic-ash soil. Special lists of equipment fo atilley units paticipating in futue opeations will include tacto dozes on the following basis: One pe antiaicaft atilley gun and automatic weapons fiing battey One pe field atilley fiing battey One pe seacoast atilley battalion headquates One pe seacoast atilley fiing battey 2. Machine gun caiage M-51, The multiple machine gun caiage, M-51, poved to be unsatisfactoy in this opeation. Its geat weight pecluded efficient mobility in the soft soil of Iwo Jima. Action has been initiated to eplace the M-51 machine gun caiage, in mobile and semimobile automatic weapons units, with the multiple machine gun taile mount, 11-55, which weighs less than half as much as the M-51"caiage. 3* Sandbags. Thee was a definite need fo sandbags in constuction of field fotifications. Without sandbags, evet ments wee difficult to build in the soft, volcanic-ash sand. Although the type of sand on Iwo Jima is unusual and pobably will not be encounteed in futue opeations, sufficient quantities of sandbags willbe pocued on opeational pojects to satisfy any need. /""".,<*&\ <s "tpf fm:g^g j«p.

41 " UttlLgP -P aj o v o < i

42 - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - SECTION VIII CHEMICAL WARFARE OFFICER A. PREPARATION, 1* Planning* The HUSAFPOA chemical office coodinated planning to insue that all Amy pesonnel eamaked fo the Iwo Jima gaison foce wee adequately tained and equipped fo defense against chemical attack; that chemical wafae sevice units wee povided fo the gaison foce and tained in the pefomance of thei missions; that all toops amed with chemical wafae weapons and munitions wee familia with thei pope employment, cae and maintenance; and that all possible assistance was given to the Navy and Maines. 2* Oganization* a* Based on the size of the poposed gaison fo Iwo Jima, it was detemined that a chemical wafae sevice platoon, consisting of one column AB, one AE, one BA, and one CB, T/0 and E 3-500, would be equied to.povide the necessay administative, maintenance, and depot functions. The Commanding Geneal, CPBC, was diected to activate on a povisional basis, such cellula type oganizations fom local esouces* A equest was fowaded to the Wa Depatment to secue activation of this unit and to include it in the USAFPOA toop basis* Upon eceipt fom Wa Depatment of authoity fo such activation, this unit was designated as the 271st Chemical Sevice Platoon* b. Numeous confeences and discussions wee held with the Iwo Jima gaison foce chemical office to acquaint him with the expeiences and lessons leaned fom pevious opeations and to ende all possible assistance to this office. 3* Supply and equipment. A plan fo automatic supply of chemical wafae munitions and equipment to Amy toops was coodinated by the HUSAFPOA chemical office. Initialmounting supplies and the fist maintenance supply shipment fo the gaison foce wee povided fom theate depot stocks* A special equest of Fleet Maine Foce, Pacific, fo the constuction of eight main-amament medium tank flame thowes was ganted, and CPBC was diected to constuct the flame thowe tanks fo delivey to the Maines* All equests fom the Navy fo 4*2" mota ammunition fo use by Navy mota boats wee filled fom Amy stooks* 4. Taining* The HUSAFPOA chemical wafae section supevised chemical wafae schools and demonstations conducted by CPBC fo the gaison foce* Specialized taining of mota gunboat cews and flamethowe tank opeatos was coodinated though this office*!.

43 B. 3UPPORT* Automatic esupply by block shipment was continued fo this opeation. The fist block shipment was povided fom Oahu. Subsequent shipments wee made diectly fom the continental United States. Based on the detailed composition of the Iwo Jima gaison foce and the lessons leaned fom pevious opeations, adjustments wee made in the composition of the standad chemical wafae block. C. REHABILITATION* Chemical wafae equipment and supplies lost o endeed unseviceable duing the opeation wee eplaced fom automatic esupply shipments and depot stocks of 3PBC and CPBC. D. LESSONS LEARNED AND CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN, 1. Taining of cews fo mota boats* The 4.2 M chemical motas mounted on LCI boats poved thei effectiveness in suppot of amphibious landing opeations. Howeve, it became appaent that moe intensive and polonged taining in the use of this weapon should be given mota cews befoe committing them to an opeation. Navy mota men should be as familia with this weapon as ae gound foce units which employ the 4.2 M chemical mota. A ecommendation to this effect was fo waded though channels W chemical mota mounts. Although all mounts fo the 4.2 M chemical motas mounted on LCI caft poved satisfactoy, the einfoced mounts designed and constucted at Peal Habo poved to be much moe substantial than those manufactued fom standad design in the continental United States. 3. Flame thowe tank. a. The flame thowe tank (a medium tank equipped with a lage-capacity flame thowe mounted as a pincipal weapon in place of the 75mm gun), which was designed and modified on Oahu and funished the Maines fo this opeation, poved to be an effective weapon fo both assault and mopping-up opeations. Flame thowe tanks wee used to bun out caves and pillboxes and to attack tagets which could not be educed effectively by othe weapons. As a esult of the success of the flame thowe tank, poduction of a lage numbe of an impoved model was equested of the Amy by Fleet Maine Foce, Pacific, The impoved model etained the 75mm gun and 40 ounds of 75mm shell* The flame thowe tube was mounted coaxially with the 75mm tube. No sacifice of flame thowe fuel was equied. b. The Iwo Jima opeation demonstated the necessity fo intensive taining of chemical wafae opeating cews, maintenance and sevice pesonnel, and flame thowe tank-infanty teams. In pepaation fo futue opeations, taining pocedues wee designed to give thoough taining to flame thowe pesonnel.

44 39 - PART 1 HUSAFPOA SECTION IX - A. PREPARATION. y <* «\ v^-' k ENGINEER 1. Base development. Pepaation of plans fo the development of Iv/o Jima as an aicaft staging base was an Amy esponsibility. The HUSAFPOA enginee was esponsible fo planning all aspects of enginee paticipation in the development of this base. ( V a. It was planned that an existing aifield in the southen potion of the Island be developed to consist of one unway by 5,000* sufaced by double bituminous asphalt emulsion suface teatment. Taxiways and paking and sevicing aeas fo 147 fighte planes wee to be constucted and sufaced in the same manne. b. The cental aifield was planned as the majo development of the island. The existing cental aifield consisted of an east-west unway, by 4,425', and a notheast-southwest unway 210' by 5,225. It was planned to lengthen the notheast- southwest unway to 8,500* fo B-29 use, to pave it with 2" asphaltic concete. It was contemplated that the east-west unway be utilized to initial opeations while wok was pogessing on the main extension. It was futhe planned to build an Identical notheast-southwest unway, 200' by 8,500, f paalleling the fist B-29 stip. Upon completion of the B-29 stip, the east-west unway was to be sufaced and used as a sevice and paking stip, with aviation gasoline fueling loop facilities incopoated into the paking stip. Taxiways and hads tan ds wee to be constucted, as equied, with 2M2 M asphaltic concete paving in confomity with that on the unways. While planning was in pogess, and pio to assault of the Island, aeial photogaphs evealed that the enemy had instituted extensions of the notheast- southwest unway in a manne simila to that poposed by HUSAFPOA. c. Also planned was the constuction of a thid aifield noth of the cental field, with a 200' by 5,000' unway fo fighte opeations. Bituminous suface teatment was to be povided. d. Two main teminal tank fams, one on each side of the island, wee planned fo aviation gasoline stoage. Total planned capacity of these fams was 280,000 baels in 10,000 bael bolted tanks. Each fam was to have tanke mooings and submaine pipe lines. A double 6M6 M connecting pipe line with pumps was planned fo coss-island tansfe. t?i p «*

45 c. A pipe loop fueling system was planned fo efueling B-29 aicaft at a ate of 30 pe hou, each plane eceiving appoximately 4,ooo,gallons. Gound econnaissance indicated the feasibility of a second fueling loop of like capacity. As a esult, final plans included facilities fo efueling 60 B-29 aicaft pe hou. f. Two 6,000 bael tank fams and thee eady tank systems all connected to the main 6 lf double tans-island pipe line, wee planned fo field opeating stoage. g. One main moto vehicle gasoline stoage tank fam of two 10,000 bael tanks, with connections to the east tanke mooing, was located on the east side of the island. In addition, eight 5,000-gallon eady tanks wee povided fo di-spesed filling station use. h. Plans included Diesel fuel stoage of five 10,000 bael tanks to be located in the vicinity of the two 10,000 bael moto vehicle gasoline stoage tanks, with submaine pipe line connection to the east tanke mooing. Fou 5,000 gallon tanks wee to be povided fo dispesed fillingsta-# tions. 2. Geneal constuction. a. Fotification plans povided fo installation of 40 miles of babed wie entanglements and constuction of 80 pill boxes, 10 blockhouses, 300 minefield sections, and appoximately 270 gun emplacements of vaious types. b. Electic powe and distibution was povided on a basis of 50 watts pe man fo 26,500 men. c. Compounds fo pisones of wa and civilian in tenees, one of 40,000 squae feet, and one of 1,000,000 squae feet, wee povided in planning calculations. d. Miscellaneous constuction mateials, including 500,000 boad feet of lumbe, 10,000 feet of nestable culvet * and vaious small items, wee to be stockpiled. Designs wee pepaed fo constuction of 20 miles of new oad and constuction of 50 miles of existing oads and tails. f. Wate supply distillation units wee povided on a basis of an aveage day. In addition, well-dlllitg equipment and pumps fo 15 gallons pe man pe day wee funished. Hospital equiements wee calculated on a basis of 10 gallons pe bed pe equiement of five gallons pe man pe

46 ws A! k '& $&&& day distillation capacity and 30 gallons pe bed pe day well capacity. g. Povision was made fo fou sets of fie fighting equipment, including cash tucks, pumpes, fie tucks, and ai aid siens. V V V h. Housing facilities wee planned fo appoximately 26,500 men. These included tent floos, showes, latines of standad T/0 and E type, and quonset huts. In addition, plans wee developed fo all necessay hops, waehouses, and special type buildings equied by both Amy ai foce and Amy gound foce units and one standad T/0 and E type 500 bed pefabicated hospital. 3. Navy esponsibility. The Navy was esponsible fo planning all habo development. Planning shipping space fo Amy and Navy supplies was also a Navy esponsibility. 4. Supply and equipment. a. Since a limited numbe of enginee toops was scheduled fo the opeation, supply planning consisted lagely of poviding the necessay enginee equipment, both T/0 and E and excess T/0 and E, to the othe Amy units involved. A composite list of enginee equipment in excess to T/0 and E funished to the Amy units paticipating is attached, as Addendum No. 1 to this section. This list does not include the equipment funished fo base development. b. The oveall equiements fo equipment, mateials, and supplies wee divided by echelons and submitted to the OPBC enginee fo the equisitioning against appoved base development authoization of opeational poject CP-33. This poject had been pepaed oiginally fo anothe objective with consideably diffeent chaacteistics. It was theefoe necessay to pepae supplemental pojects and an extensive pogam of line-item divesions fom the equisitions peviously submitted against CP-33. c. Schedules identifying enginee mateials and thei coveing equisitions wee pepae^ fo each of the, landing echelons. Although these echelon shipping schedules wee established moe than 60 days in advance of the fist diect shipments fom the continental United states (about v 100 days befoe the opeation), only one majo evision was i necessay. The decision to include a B-29 unway in -the ibas# development plan esulted in changes in echelon plans and i necessitated ush pocuement of an additional shipload of asfchalt, an asphalt plant, and accessoy equipment. f!ff^, 41

47 5. Oganization. Afte detemination by HUSAFPOA of enginee toop equiements fo base development, the espective majo echelon commandes wee diected to funish the e quied units fom enginee foces unde thei commands. A list of toops thus allocated is shown below. a. AAFPOA funished the 811th Enginee Aviation,Battalion, fo employment on the base development poject. b. At the diection of HUSAFPOA, CPBC oganized a povisional sevice platoon (wate distillation) fom pesonnel available in that command. This unit was funished to opeate wate distillation units until such time as wate distillation would no longe be necessay, o until elieved by an enginee sevice wate distillation team scheduled to aive In Septembe c. A HUSAFPOA poposal fo assignment of an enginee sevice battalion (T/0 & E 5-500) composed of cellula type units, to this Iwo Jima gaison foce was appoved by the Wa Depatment. Availability dates fo the vaious components fell in the peiod June-Octobe This battalion had an aggegate stength of 25 offices and 498 enlisted It included the following: men. 1 headquates and headquates company, enginee sevice battalion 1 enginee sevice platoon (supply) 1 enginee sevice platoon (maintenance) 1 enginee sevice platoon (utilities and tanspotation) 3 enginee sevice detachments (fie fighting) 1 enginee sevice detachment (wate supply) 6. Taining. a. Upon equest of HUSAFPOA, taining of the enginee sevice detachment (wate supply) in the opeation of Navy- type distillation units was aanged by the Amy Sevice Foces Chief of Enginees. b. The Wa Depatment, at the equest of HUSAFPOA, povided a specialized taining in the opeation and maintenance of aviation gasoline tank fams to a utilities team in the enginee sevice platoon (utilities and tanspotation). c. CPBC was diected to tain the povisional sevice platoon (wate distillation) in the specific type distillation pocess.

48 43 mili*niiifst 1 f f V? \?. Maps. a. The majoity of the planning and opeational maps utilized in this opeation wee poduced by facilities of CPBC fom aeial photogaphs and fom existing maps and captued enemy documents funished ComG-enPOA by the Joint Intelligence Cente, Pacific Ocean Aeas (JICPOA). Data fom these souces wee fowaded to the 64th Snglnee Topogaphic Battalion fo compilation and dafting. b. Repoduction of maps was accomplished by the CPBC Enginee Map Repoduction Plant at Fot Shafte, the Honolulu Lithogaph Company, Ltd., (unde the diection of the CPBC enginee), and the 64th Enginee Topogaphic Battalion. c. The mapping wok fo the Iwo Jima opeation which was accomplished duing the peiod 1 Septembe 1944 to 1 Januay 1945 by foces available to the HUSAFPOA enginee is summaized in Addendum No. 2 to this section. B. SUPPORT. 1. Supevision of shipments. The HUSAFPO'A enginee maintained geneal supevision ove all shipments of enginee supplies and equipment. Supevision was accomplished pimaily by the HUSAFPOA enginee liaison section at the San Fancisco Pot of Embakation (SFPOE) and by the HUSAFPOA supply contol section of the enginee staff. A system of ecods was developed by the enginee liaison section which supplemented the nomal pot ecods and enabled selective follow-up and loading of diect shipments of enginee cago in accodance with the shipping integation schedules pepaed by the HUSAFPOA enginee staff. 2. Cago loading. The cago loaded in some echelons at the San Fancisco Pot of Embakation appoached 100 pe cent of the mateials scheduled. It is estimated that fo the entie opeation the quantity of enginee mateial by line item actually lifted aveaged ove 85 pe cent of the cago peviously scheduled. 3. Exceptions. Majo items not shipped in accodance with shipping integation plans wee hospital mateials, Navy type quonset magazines, and cetain citical items of enginee supply such as geneatos and eefes. Each of these exceptions constituted a special case and the only genealization to be dawn is that diect shipment of enginee base development mateials fom depots in the continental United States is diectly dependent on available stocks and a thoough system of follow-up.!

49 C. REHABILITATION, The small numbe of enginee toops involved made a compehensive plan fo ehabilitation unnecessay. D. LESSONS LEARNED AND CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN,! Planning, Planning should be made fo ealie shipment of cetain supplies. Action has been taken to insue such planning fo futue opeations. 2. Taining. In oganizing a composite sevice battalion fo opeation of a specific base, it is advisable to detemine, ac the ealiest piossible date, the type of installations which' willbe opeated and to make ealy aangements fo the po \ sion of special taining wheneve necessay. On this opeat lqu some loss of time in shipping elements of the enginee apvice battalion esulted fom delays in aanging fo special t :i.ing in the opeation and maintenance of aviation gasoline t- k fams. In futue opeations, ealie aangements fo s cialized taining will be made with the Wa Depatment. 3. Supply. a. All mateials fo the Iwo Jima aviation gasoline tank fam assemblages wee specially pocued fom the Navy. They wee assembled and shipped by the San Fancisco Pot of Embakation unde diect supevision of an enginee office fom HUSAFPOA. This unusual pocedue poved most effective. It esulted in the fist shipments of complete tank famfassemblages into this theate eve made by the Amy. Action has been taken to aange fo pio outine assemblage of Amy tank fams planned fo futue opeations. b. Aangements should be made fo the ealie shipment of nails fo use with salvaged lumbe and dunnage. Action has been taken to Insue this supply in futue opeations. c. Available intelligence should be caefully studied to detemine the amount of beach sufacing which will be equied fo the apid development of beach exit oads, as well as fo sufacing the beach Itself; adequate quantities should be povided. Duing the Iwo Jima opeation, a need aose fo moe pieced plank matting than was available. Howeve, satisfactoy sufacing was obtained by the expedient of mixing clay fom the upland with the beach sand*.. «^ * **'***&

50 ENGINEER EQUIPMENT IN EXCESS OF T/O AND E FURNISHED TO ARMY UNITS PARTICIPATING IN THE IWO JIMA OPERATION Item Quantity Pump, 55 GPM 23 Pump, 166 GPM 15 Pump, 200 GPM 4 Reefe box, 125 cubic feet 1 Refigeato, 26i cubic feet, t GED 1 Repoduction equipment set, ammonia pocess 1 Saw, chain, 24 H 1 Saw, chain, 36" GED 2 Saw, potable, 12" 1 Seachlight, 60 M 20 Shovel, 3/4 cubic yad, cawle mounted 8 Shovel, 2 cubic yad, cawle mounted 1 Sien, ai aid 1 Sien, fie vehicle 1 Sien, 7M7 M oto 5 Sien, vehicle type, electic 3 Spaye, insect 5 Tacto, GED, MOIGD Tacto, 36 CBJP D-4W 1 Tacto, DEHP, D-7 4 Tacto, 70-90, DBHP, TD-18 3 Tacto, , CBHP, D-8 3 Wate puification unit 1 Angledoze, fame and blade 3 Beake, paving 6 Compesso, ai, 314 CFM 1 Conveyo, tuck loade, GED 1 Distillation unit, 2000 GPD 10 Distillation unit, 2500 GPD 40 Distillation unit, 5000 GPD 7 Floodlights, electic, taile mounted 7 Floodlights, cabide, 8000 CP 48 Geneato, 3KVA 19 Geneato, 500 watt 1 Geneato, 1-1/2 KW 12 Geneato, 3 KW 13 Geneato, 5 KW 7 Geneato, 15 KW 13 Geneato, 25 KW 1 Geneato, 30 KW 6 Ice Make, 2000 lbs 1 Moto Outboad, 22 HP 7 Mowe, tacto dawn 1 Addendum No. 1 to SECTION IX, PART 1 i i

51 46,/ SUMMARY OF MAPPING WORK FOR IWO JIMA 1. Geneal Included in this wok wee maps and mateial coveing Iwo, Chichi, Haha, and Muko Jlmas, Pagan Island, and seveal of the smalle islands and goups in the Ryukyus. Dawings at 1:10,000 scale M. anged in size fom 19" x 21" to M x 40 Othe dawings wee fom x 20.5" to 33.25" x 43.25". 2. Photomapplng wok: a b Scale 1:10,000, a total of 13 sheets in fom two to seven colos each, fo a total of 68 plates. Scale 1:10,000 educed to 1:20,000, a total of 11 sheets in fom one to seven colos each, fo a total of 70 plates. c d c f Scale 1: 10,000 enlaged to 1:5,000, a total of seven sheets in fom six to seven colos each, fo a total of 43 plates. Scale 1:20,000, one sheet in six colos, fo a total of six plates. At vaious odd scales, epoduced at the same scales, a total of 16 sheets in fom fou to five colos each, fo a total of 74 plates. Summay of wok Map sheets. Plates Repoduction wok: Sets o Impescopies Sheet 8 sions Maps and chats 172, , ,705 Bulletins and othe data 6,000 6,000 16,700 Mosaics ,000 TOTAL 186, ,199 1,026,405 Addendum No. 2 to SECTION IX, PART 1

52 PART - 1 HUSAFPOA - SECTION X ORDNANCE OFFICER A. PREPARATION. 1. Oganization. The Amy Gaison Foce, Iwo Jima, odnance section was chaged with planning and pepaation of the odnance suppot fo the gaison foce units. Odnance e- quiements wee fowaded to CPBC afte appoval of the HUSAFPOA planning staff* Afte consultation with the CPBC odnance office, the following units wee scheduled fo the Iwo Jlma gaison foce* f L w Headquates and Headquates Detachment, 16th Odnance Battalion th Odnance Heavy Automotive Maintenance Company. 102dOdnance Medium Maintenance Company. 362dOdnance Maintenance Company 845th Odnance Depot Company. 1914th Odnance 156th Odnance Ammunition Company. Bomb Disposal Squad. 207th Odnance Bomb Disposal Squad. (Antiaicaft). 2. Supply and equipment. (Supply planning and functioning ae discussed in fullin the CPBC section of this epot). Thee wee no unusual mattes of supply; esponsibility fo supply was vested with AGF units. 3. Taining. Allodnance units wee given Intensive taining in ifle maksmanship, fist aid, defense against chemical wafae, Jungle taining and such specific technical taining as was needed fo the mission assigned to the paticula unit. Appoximately one month 1 s time was allotted fo this taining, which poved to be invaluable. 4. Special pepaatoy activities. a. In pepaation fo the Iwo Jima opeation all vehicles and self-popelled weapons wee pocessed to minimize salt wate coosion and ust. b. Deep wate foding kits wee made available to all authoized units.

53 M * ** :^^wp^o*\.*», B. SUPPORT,! Re supply? Odnance^T'esupply was automatic fo an initial 150-day peiod. It consisted of successive block shipments, each containing a 30-day supply. Afte this peiod, esupply was to be effected by equisition. The fist esupply shipment was loaded at Oahu and was scheduled to aive in the Maianas by D minus five. The second esupply shipment was loaded in the continental United States and was scheduled to aive in the Maianas by D plus five. The thid and subsequent esupply shipments wee loaded in the continental United States. They wee to aive at Eniwetok at 10-day intevals beginning on D plus 20. a. The minimum level fo Class IIand Class IV supply was set at 60 days. A 30-day opeating level was established fo these two classes of supplies. b. The following levels of supply of aicaft ammuni tion, bombs and pyotechnics wee established: Quantity in missions Type Aicaft Initial supply Opeating level Fighte Seach Bombe 5 10 Heavy stike bombe VBH Maine topedo bombe VBTV c. The following ammunition levels of supply wee established fo gaison foce gound units: luantity (in units of fie Type weapons Caied with unit Minimum level

54 49 - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - SECTION XI QUARTERMASTER A, PREPARATION.! Planning. Plans fo the quatemaste section of the Iwo Jima gaison foce, and fo sevice units wee based on the following factos: a. The gaison foce would consist of appoximately 30,000 Amy pesonnel. b. Quatemaste esponsibilities would include the eceipt, stoage and issue of Class Isupplies to all shoebased oganizations (Amy, Navy, and Maine). o. Afte D plus 120, the following levels of quatemaste supply wee to be maintained: CLASSI Minimum level 0 eatln level Type B ation Type 0 o X ation, o both 10 Type D ation 2 Peishables Limit of avail avail- able stoage CLASS II CLASS IV (less constuction and fotification mateiel) Oganization. A study of toop equiements fo the gaison foce was initiated on 9 Octobe 1944, at which time the HUSAFPOA quatemaste was pesented with the following estimate of toop equiements, as pepaed by CinCPOA: 2 quatemaste tuck companies 1 headquates and headquates detachment, quatemaste battalion - 1 quatemaste depot company (less detachment) 1quatemaste laundy company less one platoon 4 quatemaste sevice companies 1quatemaste bakey company 1gaves egistation platoon? hj,,

55 b. Based upon a peliminay study of the taget aea, the type of units ecommended fo the gaison foce, and the oveall gaison foce stength, the following quatemaste units wee ecommended: *? 2 quatemaste tuck companies 1 headquates and headquates detachment, quatemaste battalion, with attached medical toops and chaplain 1 quatemaste depot company 1 quatemaste laundy company & quatemaste sevice companies 1 quatemaste bakey company 1 gaves egistation platoon 1quatemaste laundy detachment, type 1 1 platoon, quatemaste gasoline supply company # 1 quatemaste salvage epai company (less one platoon)? These units wee known to be available fom souces unde the contol of Commanding Geneal, CPBC. c. The balance of toop equiements was to be povided fom the continental United States. Subsequent study and toop availability infomation fom the continental United States evealed that the following units would be available: Type unit Numbe Readiness Date quatemaste tuck companies 2 Januay 1945 quatemaste sevice companies 2 Apil 1945 quatemaste laundy company 1 Mach 1945 quatemaste depot company 1 May 1945 d. It was contemplated that the quatemaste laundy company should move diectly toiwo Jima fom the continental United States, and that the two quatemaste sevice companies, the two quatemaste tuck companies, and the quatemaste depot company should move to Oahu to eplace simila companies made available by the Commanding Geneal, CPBC. c. In Novembe 1944, a company headquates and one platoon of a quatemaste gasoline supply company wee stationed at Saipan. It was detemined that one platoon, plus 10 enlisted men fom the company headquates, could be made available to the Iwo Jima gaison foce without advesely affecting the class 111 supply functions of the Saipan island commande. The concuence of the Saipan island commande and ComFwdAea (Naval) wee obtained fo this^ifckdaawal. B^!\ ff?:b h\c VsIL?i*i1-50

56 51 ' ~"** f" < *S- Jfcs.''" '' '? *^**"j2!i''4'iiift%issts^ f. By Wa Depatment diective the HUSAFPOA G-2 was chaged with the esponsibility of collecting Japanese weapon b and equipment fo shipment to the continental United States fo study and taining puposes. No quatemaste salvage collecting company was Immediately available fo this task fom CPBC o fom the continental United States; theefoe, in ode to meet this equiement, one platoon of a quatemaste salvage collecting company was withdawn fom Saipan. An office and one section was scheduled to land in the assault; the second section was to land in the 7th echelon. This platoon was employed unde the supevision of the Amy Sevice Foces Enemy Equipment Intelligence Sevice Team (ASFEEIST). g. The Iwo Jima gaison foce quatemaste section consisted of thee offices and eight enlisted men. With the exception of one office, this pesonnel was funished by CPBC. 3. Supply and equipment a. In accodance with CinCPOA diective, the follow ing levels of quatemaste supply accompanied all toops: DAYS OF SUPPLY CLASSI Assault echelons Late echelons Type B ation 10 10?10-in-l ation Type C ation 5 7 Type X ation 5 3 Type D ation 2 2??Amy quatemaste ation accessoies pack, o equivalent' post exchange and ships sevice stoe supplies Wate in cans o dums with two gallons pe man pe day fo five days fo all units landing between D-day and D plus 30 CLASS II Essential maintenance, items of clothing, equipment and geneal supplies * CLASS 111 Fuels and lubicants (less aviation and vehicle gasoline) 30 30

57 DAYS OF SUPPLY CLASS 111 Assault echelons Late echelons Vehicle gasoline Substitution of B ation fo all o pat authoized afte 2d Echelon. Authoized fo units aiving at objective pio to D plus 60 only. b. Inasmuch as the majoity of the Amy toops destined fo shipment to Iwo Jima wee chaged with gaison esponsibilities, no changes wee made in cuent T/0 and E's. Howeve, the following enginee equipment was povided fom souces available to the Commanding Geneal, CPBC, fo use in quatemaste beach and dump aeas: jpbe Item 1 SKW floodlight unit pe quatemaste - depot company total 1-1 SKW floodlight unit pe quatemaste sevice oompany total 2 16 Cabide floodlight unitsi i - pe quatemaste depot company total Cabide floodlight unitsi i pe quatemaste sevice company * total 32 c. Such items of excess equipment as wee consideed necessay fo Amy units paticipating in an amphibious opeation wee equisitioned fom the Wa Depatment as pojects CP-33 and CP-33A by the Commanding Geneal, CPBC. Because items did not aive in sufficient time to meet loading dates* available items wee supplied by Commanding Geneal, CPBC. Local stocks wee eplenished upon eceipt of the poject items. d. Quatemaste base development equiements fo efigeation wee incopoated in poject CP-33. The following unit efigeation was povided: Item Volume Numbe efigeatos 125 cubio feet 58 efigeatos 26* oubio feet 157 The soheduled late aival of the quatemaste laundy company at Iwo Jima and the Impeative necessity fo poviding laundy sevice fo the hospital facilities made it necessay fo the Commanding Geneal, CPBC, to make available one semi- taile laundy to be landed in the fist eohelon with the quatemaste laundy detachment. The meit of this I

58 '* #i t i 7 "'^d action was poved by the efficient manne in which laundysevice was endeed to the hospitals. Without this sevice the hospitals would have been seiously handicapped fom the standpoint of field sanitation and patient moale. f. The Commanding Geneal, CPBC, was diected to ship 2,500 pounds of DDT powde to Saipan whee it was to be held until the tactical situation would pemit the spaying of Iwo Jima. This action contibuted mateially to the ealy and efficient contol of flies and othe insects on the island. B. SUPPORT. The thee Maine divisions which paticipated in the assault established thei espective cemeteies, buled thei dead, and maintained necessay ecods. A quatemaste gaves egistation platoon was offeed to the Commande, Expeditionay Toops, but its sevices wee not utilized. The platoon eveted to the contol of Commanding Geneal, AG-F, Iwo Jiaa, and was utilized to buy enemy dead. The opea tion of all cemeteies on Iwo Jima was assumed on 1 Apil 1945 by the gaves egistation platoon.

59 43 o c: > o o t T HP^^,, pi t.v 'x '-. "«J*- % ' -~4 i afi **1

60 w - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - 3 jtioi\ t XII SIGNAL OFFIG2W. A. PREPARATION. 1. Planning* a. The HUSAFPOA signal office fomulated ove-all plans fo the pocuement of signal pesonnel and equipment fo the design, engineeing, installation, opeation and maintenance of those communication facilities fo which ComOenPOA had been assigned esponsibility*. They included: (1) Mooile communications fo use daing the consolidation phase, including tactical, administative and ai tactical cicuit equiements (Amy, ftavy and Maine). (2) Pemanent communications facilities, including tne majo potion of tne mobile communications cicuits and in addition, a adio teletype linkingiwo Jima and Guam. ' (3) Assault and semi-pemanent telephone, teletype and contol cable installations. (4) Semi-pemanent systems (b) Fixed wie plant facilities. b. Plans wee also developed fo a photogaphic study of gaiison foce activities fom D-day to completion of base development. 2. Oganization. a. Study of tne oase development poposed fo this island and of tue special assault equiements set up by tie V Amphibious Cops indicated a definite need fo special signal units. In addition to the standad T/0 and units, it was necessay to ion a special signal sevice oganization which included a mocile communications section and a pemanent gaison section. b. It was detemined that tne following signal units would be necessay fo the accomplishment of tne assault and base develooment mission: 1 signal heavy constuction company 1 signal opeations sevice company 1 mobile communications unit V ' \

61 * «IIA.N 1 pemanent gai so n unit 1 photo assignment team, type FA 1 signal adio constuction detachment 1 ada maintenance unit, type A 1 ada maintenance unit, type B 1 ada maintenance unit, type 0 1 ada maintenance unit, type D c. The stength and composition of the Iwo Jima gaison foce signal section was constituted as ecommended by the HUSAFPOA signal office. d. Upon the ecommendation of the AaFPQA diecto of communi cat ions, the administation of the signal opeations sevice company was handled by attaching the unit to Headquates, VIIFighte Command, 3. Equipment and supplies. a. All equipment ove and above T/0 and E fo assault and gaison signal units was eviewed by the HUSAFPOA signal office, who submitted ecommendations to the HUSAFPOA geneal staff. b. Oiginally, an opeational poject fo the base development of Iwo Jima was submitted to the Wa Depatment. Howeve, the Wa Depatment cancelled this poject and odeed that all mateials necessay fo Iwo Jima be chaged against the opeational" poject fo Okinawa (CP-33). Immediate estudy was made of the poject equiements. Requisitions wee pepaed and funished to OPBO fo pocuement of the poject mateial. Expansion of the Iwo Jima base development necessitated the pepaation of a supplement to OP-33. c. Plans fo gound signal supply and maintenance fo the gaison foce wee integated with the supply plans fo the amphibious and ai foces. The completed plan was submitted to OinOPOA. d. The shot peiod of time between the date of placement of equisitions at the pot and the delivey date necessitated an adjustment of the equiements of the poject to local stocks. OPBO was diected to funish only such equipment as was deemed necessay fo the successful accomplishment of the mission. c. Heavy constuction equipment was equisitioned though the HUSAFPOA enginee fo issue to signal constuction elements of the gaison foce. This heavy constuction equipment was essential fo the pope opeation of these units. 4. Taining, Geneal taining pinciples, coveing joint taining of the ai, gound, and sevice elements of the joint

62 ittujji&iakf communications cente, wee coodinated with the vaious sevice echelons of CinCPOA by tne iusafpoa signal office. Aangements wee made to integate the taining of all Amy pesonnel with the Naval components at tne Advanced Base Combat Communications Taining Couse conducted by CinCPOA. S. Inspections* A geneal inspection of taining and equipment was conducted by epesentatives of the HUSAFPOA signal office pio to depatue of toops. - B SUPPORT * fomal logistical suppot was funished the Amy gaison foce. C. LESSONS LEARMED AND CORiECTIVS ACTIOK TAKES* All wie and cable used in the assault and consolidation phases of an opeation must be placed beyond the each of heavy enginee and tactical equipment, eithe by buying it sufficiently deep o elevating it beyond the each of canes and shovels. This fact was stessed to all new base communications offices. W 57

63 +3 a o cd U as P^»d a) ft ft o v Q Pi»d o H % s o a

64 - PART 1 HUSAFPOA - SECTION XIII SURGEON A, PREPARATION. p W ;*%. l 1. Planning* The HUSAFPOA sugeon developed plans fo medical suppot of the V Amphibious Cops in the assault and pepaed the medical section of the base development plan. A list of special equipment and supplies equied in excess of T/0 and E was pepaed by the HUSAFPOA sugeon and included in the special poject fo this opeation. V 2. Oganization* a. The following medical units wee assigned to the Iwo Jima gaison foce: 232dGeneal Hospital (1,000 bed) 41st Station Hospital (250 bed) 38th Field Hospital 717th Medical Sanitay Company (less one platoon) Veteinay Food Inspection Detachment (DD), 113th Medical Sevice Company 372dMedical Supply Detachment (BC) 279th Quatemaste Laundy Detachment (Hospital) Detachment, 18th Medical Geneal Laboatoy b. The 38th Field Hospital and the 279th Quatemaste Laundy Detachment (Hospital) paticipated in the assault phase. The 38th Field Hospital was scheduled to emain with the gaison foce afte the temination of the assault phase. c. The equiements fo gaison foce hospitalizatlon wee estimated on the basis of fou pe cent of the total gaison stength. One geneal hospital (1,000 bed), one station hospital (250 bed), and one field hospital (4,000 bed) wee assigned, making a total of 1,650 hospital beds. d. To cope with bacteiological poblems of theatened epidemics and to augment the hospital laboatoy sevice, an office bacteiologist-seologist and an enlisted laboatoy technician fom the 18th Medical Geneal Laboatoy wee attached to the 38th Field Hospital until the 232 dgeneal Hospital was in opeation. 3» Supply and equipment* An initial 30-day supply was authoized. All equipment and supplies wee combat loaded. The platoons, with equipment, wee dispesed on thee ships. A list of pincipal items of medical equipment and supplies in excess of T/0 and E used in this opeation is shown In Addendum No. 1 to this section. yp J7 "'

65 *"^ *^JSfi I 4» Taining* In addition to outine combat taining, the 38th Field Hospital eceived special taining at local hospitals. This consisted pincipally of shot couses in anesthesia, opeating oom nuse duty, fist aid, wad wok fo enlisted men, and sugical technique fo medical offices. 5, Inspections. A pe- employment inspection was conducted by the HUSA^POA sugeon to ascetain the status of taining, pesonnel, equipment, and supplies. The units inspected wee found capable of pefoming thei mission in the field. B. SUPPORT.! Resupply* Resupply was accomplished by means of automatic block shipments. The blocks used wee the 3,000-man 30-day maintenance type. They wee modified fom time to time as equested by the Iwo Jima gaison foce commande. Emegency esupply was effected by ai shipment upon emegency equisition. 2» Evacuation. The sugeons esponsibilities wee limited to assistance in planning and coodination with the Ai Tanspot Command and the Navy. Initial casualty evacuation was by hospital ships and assault tanspots (APAs). Ai evacuation began on D plus 13. Total casualties evacuated by ai between D plus 12 and D plus 35 numbeed 2,449; by wate between D plus 2 and D plus 36, 13, Laundy facilities. The attachment of the 279th Quatemaste Laundy Platoon (Hospital) and a potable quatemaste laundy unit (22-foot taile) poved to be of invaluable assistance to the pope functioning of the hospital. The laundeing of sugical mateial, sheets, towels, and blankets was pompt and eliminated delays in satisfying the lage and steady demand fom sugey and wads. Some difficulty was encounteed in pocuing sufficient wate fo opeation of the laundy. This poblem was solved by epaiing a Japanese 10,000-gallon cisten and cating wate fom a sulphu wate sping nea the laundy in a 1,000-gallon pontoon (Navy "Miacle Cube")» 4. Sanitay suve a. Medical intelligence waa pocued fom the HUSAFPOA 0-2 and disseminated to medical pesonnel of paticipating Amy units. b. Inasmuch as malaia appeaed to be absent fom this island, no Amy malaial detachments wee assigned to this opeation. o. Thee was no poblem of caing fop civilian Itllft