MARINE CREWMAN S HANDBOOK

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2 * Field Manual No Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 1 December 1999 MARINE CREWMAN S HANDBOOK Contents Preface...vii Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO ARMY WATERCRAFT Watercraft Operations Classes of Watercraft Descriptions of Logistics Support Vessel SHIPBOARD LIFE Marine Qualification Shipboard Customs and Courtesies Deck Watches Logbooks Shipboard Sanitation Water Pollution Control Accident Reports VESSEL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Nautical Terminology Structural Parts of the Hull Shipboard Measurements Categories of Ship's Deck Gear Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes, 15 March 1983; -1, 13 May 1985; -2, 21 December 1984, and TM , 13 July i

3 Chapter 4 SMALL BOAT HANDLING Forces Affecting Boat Handling Standard Steering Commands Handling Characteristics of Single- and Twin-Screw Vessels Docking and Undocking Handling Grounded Harbor Craft Heavy Weather Measures Chapter 5 CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS The Earth and Its Coordinates The Mercator Chart Chart Portfolios Correcting a Chart Requisitioning Procedures for Charts Publications Chapter 6 DEAD RECKONING AND PILOTING TECHNIQUES The Magnetic Compass Piloting Instruments Aids to Navigation Dead Reckoning Piloting Techniques Chapter 7 TIDES AND CURRENTS Tides Tide Tables Predicting the Height of Tide Tidal Currents Tidal Current Tables Predicting the Set and Drift of the Current Chapter 8 WEATHER Weather Instruments Clouds Basic Elements of Weather ii

4 Chapter 9 SHIPBOARD COMMUNICATIONS Shipboard Tactical and Marine Radios Communications-Electronics Operation Instructions Signaling by International Code Flags Flashing Light Signals Distress, Urgent, and Special Signals Emergency Radiotelephone Procedures Chapter 10 MARINE EMERGENCIES Station Bill Emergency Signals Emergency Squad Abandon Ship Procedures Life Rafts Search Air Rescue Shipboard NBC Defense Chapter 11 SHIPBOARD FIRE FIGHTING Chemistry of Fire Classes of Fire Extinguishing Agents Portable Fire Extinguishers Semiportable Fire Extinguishers Fixed Fire Stations Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Chapter 12 MARLINESPIKE SEAMANSHIP Care and Use of Fiber Line Knots, Bends, and Hitches Splicing Three-Strand Fiber Line Care and Use of Wire Rope Putting an Eye in Wire Rope Splicing 2-in-1 Double-Braided Nylon Line (Samson 2-in-1 Braid-Splicing Principles) Chapter 13 DECK MAINTENANCE iii

5 Preventive Maintenance Hand Tools and Their Use Painting Spray Guns and Their Use Maintenance of Ship's Rigging and Deck Machinery Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 BEACHING AND RETRACTING OPERATIONS Rules for Landing Operations Surf Action Preparing to Hit the Beach Beaching Hazards Broaching To Beaching Procedures Beaching an LCU Retracting an LCU Retracting an LCM Salvage Procedures LANDING CRAFT OPERATIONS Administrative Operation Tactical Operation Section I -- Tactical Operations Amphibious Operations Loading for Movement Overseas Boat Groups Calling Boats Alongside Landing Craft Waves Types of Formations Landing Craft Visual Signals Hydrographic and Beach Markers General Unloading Phase Section II -- Logistics-Over-The-Shore Operations Logistic Over The Shore Operations Cargo Documentation Cargo Loading Operations Tips On Securing Cargo Aboard Landing Craft Loading Troops SAFETY iv

6 Responsibilities for Safety Program Principles of an Effective Safety Program Safety Standing Operating Procedure Special Precautions Safety Color Code Markings and Signs Chapter 17 SHIPBOARD EXPEDIENTS (EMERGENCIES) Emergency Steering Procedures, LCM Field Expedient Repairs LCU 1600 Emergency Steering Lowering the Ramp on an LCM-8 Without Power Raising the Ramp on an LCM-8 Without Power Beaching Stern First Underwater Repairs Expedient Repairs--Troubleshooting Chart Floating in a Towline Chapter 18 SEARCH AND RESCUE Personal Survival Cold Water Survival and Hypothermia Sector Search Pattern for One Ship Chapter 19 TOWING Types of Tow Description of Towing Equipment Handling Towlines Towing Alongside (Hip Tow) Towing Astern (Inland Waters) Towing Astern (Open Sea) Towing in Tandem Chapter 20 RIGGING (SEAMANSHIP) Section I -- Blocks and Tackles Description of Blocks Common Cargo Blocks Combinations of Blocks and Tackles Reeving Blocks and Tackles Determining the Mechanical Advantages of Tackles Section II -- Computations v

7 Computing Friction Computing Breaking Strength and Safe Working Load Computing the Breaking Strength of a Block and Tackle Computing Safe Working Load for Hooks, Shackles, and Turnbuckles Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Section III -- Block Maintenance and Rigging Maintenance and Overhaul of Blocks Standing Rigging Inspections of Rigging Grounding Masts GROUND TACKLE Anchors Anchor Chain Marking the Anchor Chain The Anchor Windlass Letting Go the Anchor--General Procedures Operating the Capstan Anchor Windlass Operating the Horizontal Anchor Windlass Sequence of Weighing Anchor Securing the Anchor for Sea Maintenance DAMAGE CONTROL Damage Control Program Shoring Bracing Use of Carpenter's Steel Square in Shoring Plugging Patching Pipe Repair Emergency Damage Control Metallic Pipe Repair Kit NAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS...A-0 FORMATS FOR REQUISITIONING CHARTS AND OTHER MARINE PRODUCTS FROM THE DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY...B-0 EXTRACT FROM AMERICAN PRACTICAL NAVIGATOR, VOLUME II...C-0 WIRE AND NYLON TOWLINES...D-0 vi

8 Glossary Bibliography Index... Glossary-0...Bibliography-0...Index-1 vii

9 Preface The US Army watercraft fleet is made up of all types of vessels, including oceangoing vessels, tugs, landing craft, barges, and amphibians. Although all of these vessels operate on water, their missions are different. The watercraft operator must have the skills and knowledge to perform the tasks required on any of these vessels. This FM is for the 88K watercraft operator, skill levels 1 through 4. It will provide the subject matter that relates directly to the common technical tasks listed in STP 55-88K14-SM-TG. The US Army s environmental strategy into the 21st century defines the Army s leadership commitment and philosophy for meeting present and future environmental challenges. It provides a framework to ensure that environmental stewardship ethic governs all Army activities. The Army s environmental vision is to be a national leader in environmental and natural resource stewardship for present and future generations, as an integral part of all Army missions. The Army s environmental vision statement communicates the Army s commitment to the environment. The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, US Army Combined Arms Support Command, ATTN: ATCL-AT, st Street, Suite 227, Fort Lee, Virginia Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. vii

10 Chapter 1 Introduction to Army Watercraft Army watercraft are used in the following operations: harbor, coastal, interisland, and LOTS. They are also used for other operations such as ocean towing and security patrols. This chapter addresses these operations and the categories of watercraft. WATERCRAFT OPERATIONS MISSION HARBOR OPERATIONS 1-1. US Army watercraft play a major role in projecting and sustaining combat forces. From established ports to LOTS operations, Army watercraft provides a flexible means of moving troops and supplies. Through prepositioning and self deployable vessels, the Army s fleet of diverse watercraft are capable of playing a dynamic part in the Army Strategic Mobility Program The mission of Army watercraft is to support the Army s RSOI movement plan. Army watercraft provide the vital link between the offshore arrival of combat power, loaded aboard strategic sealift ships, and placing that power ashore in a ready-to-fight configuration. The Army watercraft fleet must be prepared to do this mission anywhere in the world. This is accomplished by the following means: Transport of personnel and cargo between ship and shore and on inland waterways. Floating equipment support for terminal operations within a fixed-port or unimproved port facility complex. During riverine operations. Lighterage for cargo and personnel from ships lying offshore to transfer-segregation areas beyond the beach lines in LOTS operations This includes the movement of cargo and personnel within a harbor and the protected waters in the vicinity of the harbor. Tugs, barges, and floating cranes discharge and transfer cargo; small craft provide ferrying service; and picket boats conduct security patrols. Tugs are used for providing berthing service for oceangoing vessels and for fire fighting in the port area. 1-0