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1 (FM 71-2) JUNE 2003 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

2 FIELD MANUAL *NO (FM 71-2) HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 11 June 2003 THE TANK AND MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION TASK FORCE CONTENTS PREFACE... xiii CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF THE TANK AND MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION TASK FORCE Section I. Battalion and Task Force Mission Essential Tasks Battalion Task Force Mission Essential Task Development Operational Environment Full-Spectrum Operations Section II. Operational Framework Area of Operations Area of Interest Battlespace Battlefield Organization Decisive Operations Shaping Operations Sustaining Operations Main Effort CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES Section I. Organization, Capabilities, and Limitations Organization Capabilities Limitations Task Force Battlefield Focus Section II. Duties and Responsibilities of Key Personnel Task Force Commander Personal Staff Group Coordinating Staff and Organizations DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 71-2, dated 27 September i

3 2-8. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company Commander and the Forward Support Company Commander in Force XXI Organizations Company Team Commanders Scout Platoon Leader Mortar Platoon Leader Special Staff CHAPTER 3 BATTLE COMMAND Section I. The Art of Command Role of the Commander Mission Command Location of the Commander Combining the Art of Command and the Science of Control Section II. Command and Control The Command and Control System Digitation and the C2 System Exercising Command and Control Distribution of Task Force Command and Control Section III. Planning for Operations Information Systems Enhancement to Decision-Making The Military Decision-Making Process Roles of the Commander and Executive Officer The Role of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Section IV. The Military Decision-Making Process Receipt of Mission Mission Analysis Course of Action Development Course of Action Analysis (War Game) Course of Action Comparison Course of Action Approval Orders Production Decision-Making in a Time-Constrained Environment Section V. Preparing for Operations Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Operations Security Force Protection Plan Revision and Refinement Coordination and Liaison Rehearsals Section VI. Execution The Command and Control System During Execution Adapting to Changes Assessment ii

4 3-30. Decisions Directing Action Training and Performance CHAPTER 4 INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS Section I. Fundamentals of Information Collection Management Collection Management Tiers of Reconnaissance Reconnaissance Operations Reconnaissance Guidance Forms of Reconnaissance Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance Order Development Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance Overlay Enemy Situation Template Terrain Management Section II. Security Operations Screen Guard Area Security Cover Section III. Reconnaissance Task Force Reconnaissance and Surveillance Fundamentals Capabilities Integration of Brigade Reconnaissance Troop and Task Force Scout Platoons Supporting Assets Normally Available to Task Force CHAPTER 5 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. Fundamentals of Offensive Operations Characteristics of Offensive Operations Contact Continuum Organization of Offensive Operations Section II. Forms of Maneuver Envelopment Penetration Turning Movement Infiltration Frontal Attack Sequence of Offensive Operations Movement Techniques and Formations Section III. Types of Offensive Operations Movement to Contact iii

5 5-12. Approach March Technique Integration of CS and CSS Elements Planning Execution Attacks Characteristics of the Attack Force-Oriented Attack against a Stationary Enemy Force Force-Oriented Attack against a Moving Enemy Force Terrain-Oriented Attacks Exploitation Pursuit Special Purpose Attacks Section IV. Transition Operations Consolidation Reorganization Continuing Operations Defend CHAPTER 6 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. Fundamentals of the Defense Purpose of the Defense Organization of Defensive Actions Characteristics of the Defense Section II. Types of Defensive Operations Area Defense Mobile Defense Retrograde Operations Delay Delay Organization Delay Planning Considerations Delay Scheme of Maneuver Maximizing the Use of Terrain in a Delay Forcing the Enemy to Deploy and Maneuver in a Delay Avoiding Decisive Engagement in a Delay Parameters of the Delay Order Alternate and Subsequent Positions in a Delay Fire Support in a Delay Engineer Support in a Delay Air Defense Support in a Delay Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Support in a Delay Combat Service Support in a Delay Delay Preparations Execution of a Delay Withdrawal Withdrawal Organization iv

6 6-25. Withdrawal Planning Considerations Withdrawal Scheme of Maneuver Withdrawal Preparation Withdrawal Execution Concealing the Withdrawal Disengagement in a Withdrawal Actions on Contact in a Withdrawal Terminating the Withdrawal Retirement Section III. Defensive Planning Considerations Defensive Planning Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Reserve Section IV. Sequence of the Defense Occupation and Establishment of Security Preparation and Continued Security Operations Security Area Engagement Main Battle Area Engagement Follow-On Missions Section V. Defensive Techniques Defense of an Area of Operations Defense from a Battle Position Reverse Slope Defense Defense of a Strongpoint Perimeter Defense Counterattack Section VI. Countermobility, Mobility, and Survivability Integration Countermobility Survivability CHAPTER 7 URBAN OPERATIONS Section I. Introduction General Considerations of Urban Operations Armor and Mechanized Forces Role in Urban Operations Tactical Challenges Section II. Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Troops and Support Available, Time Available, and Civil Considerations (METT-TC) Mission Enemy Urban Mapping Terrain and Weather Troops Time Civil Considerations v

7 Section III. Controlling Operations Enemy Focus Commander s Critical Information Requirements Task-Organization of Units to Accomplish Specific Tasks Rehearsals Fire Support Field Artillery Mortars Communications Weapons Effects Section IV. Offensive Operations Offensive Framework Types of Attack during Urban Offensive Operations Transition Movement to Contact Attack of a Village Nodal Attack Section V. Defensive Operations Defensive Framework Defensive Planning Integrating the Urban Area into the Defense Nodal Defense Delay CHAPTER 8 STABILITY OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS Section I. Stability Operations Purpose Types of Stability Operations Peace Operations Foreign Internal Defense Security Assistance Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Support to Insurgency Support to Counterinsurgency Support to Counterdrug Operations Combating Terrorism Noncombatant Evacuation Operations Arms Control Show of Force Planning Considerations Decentralized Operations Rules of Engagement Rules of Interaction Force Protection vi

8 8-19. Task Organization Media Considerations Operations with Outside Agencies Specific Considerations by BOS Intelligence Maneuver Aviation Support Fire Support Mobility and Survivability Air Defense Combat Service Support Command and Control Information Systems Techniques Presence Patrols Observation Posts Providing Security for Indigenous Authorities Static Security Posts Searches Roadblocks and Other Checkpoints React to Civil Disturbance Section II. Support Operations Types of Support Operations The Army s Role in Support Operations Forms of Support Operations Planning Considerations Considerations for Support Operations Planning Process Command and Control Maneuver Intelligence Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Fire Support Mobility and Survivability Air Defense Combat Service Support Information Operations Other Planning Considerations Pattern of Operations Sequence of Operations Transition to Combat Training Considerations Training for Support Operations Domestic Support Operations- or Foreign Humanitarian Assistance-Specific Training Additional Requirements vii

9 CHAPTER 9 COMBAT SUPPORT OPERATIONS Section I. Fire Support Fires Fire Support Organizations Fire Support Planning and Coordination Essential Fire Support Tasks Scheme of Fires Quick Fire Planning Observation Planning Top-Down Fire Planning Battle Damage Assessment Fire Support Coordination Rehearsals Clearance of Fires AFATDS and Clearance of Fires FBCB2 and Clearance of Fires Radar Zones Fire Support Assets Mortars Mortars in the Task Force Close Fight Close Air Support Army Aviation FBCB2-Generated Fire Missions Section II. Close Air Support Missions Planning Considerations Air Force Support Close Air Support Planning Duties and Responsibilities Suppression of Enemy Air Defense Weather Section III. Engineers Battalion Planning for Maneuver Support Mobility Countermobility Survivability General Engineering Geospatial Engineering Engineer Battalion Engineer Company Combat Engineer (Sapper) Platoon Assault and Obstacle Platoon Engineer Assets SCATMINE Capabilities SCATMINE Limitations Command and Control of SCATMINES viii

10 Section IV. Air Defense Support Mission Organizations Air Defense Planning Considerations Air Defense Officer Duties Offensive Considerations Defensive Considerations Air Defense Types Air Defense Warnings and Weapons Control Status Air Defense Assets CHAPTER 10 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Section I. Combat Service Support Functions and Organization Overview Combat Service Support Responsibilities The Headquarters and Headquarters Company (AOE) The Force XXI Forward Support Company Forward Support Company Organization Section II. Combat Service Support Operations Arm (Class V) Fuel (Class III, Bulk) Fix Move Sustain Man Section III. Combat Service Support Planning Planning Overview Logistics Estimate Supporting Offensive Operations Supporting Defensive Operations Echelon of the Trains Movement of the Trains LOGPAC Operations Trains and FSC Security Command and Control Communications Section IV. Reconstitution Reorganization Regeneration CHAPTER 11 COMMAND POST OPERATIONS Section I. Command and Control Facilities Command Group Main Command Post Combat Trains Command Post ix

11 11-4. Task Force Support Area Command Post (Force XXI)/Field Trains Command Post (AOE) Command Post Survivability Displacement Section II. Command Post Operations Standing Operating Procedures Communications Maps The Battle Captain Section III. Communication Responsibilities Means of Communications Communications Security Section IV. Communications Systems Combat Net Radio Army Command User System Army Data Distribution System The Digital Battlefield Tactical Internet Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below Enhanced Position Location Reporting System with Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Responsibilities Section V. Digital Command and Control Systems and Architecture Army Battle Command System Components Digital Command and Control Techniques Standing Operating Procedure Considerations Integrating Digital and Analog Units CHAPTER 12 TACTICAL ENABLING OPERATIONS Section I. Relief Operations Planning Considerations Conducting the Relief Command and Control Section II. Security Operations Screen Guard Area Security Cover Section III. Battle Handover and Passage of Lines Battle Handover Passage of Lines Forward Passage of Lines Rearward Passage of Lines Rehearsal x

12 Section IV. Linkup Operations Control during Linkup Operations Forms of Linkup Section V. River Crossing Operations General Considerations Assault of the Crossing Site Section VI. Combined Arms Breaching Operations Breach Tenets Combined Arms Breach during Deliberate Operations Combined Arms Breach during Hasty Operations Section VII. Tactical Road March March Elements March Column Organization Techniques Planning Considerations Movement Order Control Measures Security Section VIII. Assembly Area Operations Assembly Areas Organization Quartering Party Occupation Actions in the Assembly Area Security Departure from the Assembly Area APPENDIX A INTEGRATION OF HEAVY AND LIGHT FORCES... A-1 APPENDIX B AVIATION SUPPORT TO GROUND OPERATIONS...B-1 APPENDIX C OPERATIONS IN NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS...C-1 APPENDIX D RISK MANAGEMENT AND FRATRICIDE AVOIDANCE... D-1 APPENDIX E ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS...E-1 APPENDIX F SNIPER EMPLOYMENT...F-1 APPENDIX G FIRES INTEGRATION... G-1 APPENDIX H. DEPLOYMENT... H-1 APPENDIX I. PLANNING AND OPERATIONS CHARTS...I-1 APPENDIX J AIR ASSAULT OPERATIONS...J-1 GLOSSARY...Glossary-1 REFERENCES... References-1 INDEX... Index-1 xi

13 PREFACE FM describes the tactical employment of the tank and mechanized infantry battalion task force. It specifically addresses operations for battalion task forces organized under the Army of Excellence (AOE) and the Limited Conversion Design (LCD)/Force XXI. FM provides the doctrinal foundation that governs the development of equipment, training, and structure for tank and mechanized infantry battalion task forces. It provides basic doctrine, tactics, techniques of employment, organization, exercise of command and control (C2), movements and tactical operations appropriate to the battalion task force. The tactics, techniques, and procedures described herein are intended as a guide and are to be viewed as flexible in application, depending on the factors of METT-TC. Each situation in combat must be resolved by an intelligent interpretation and application of the doctrine set forth herein. Because not all tank and mechanized infantry battalion task forces are digitally equipped, this manual addresses analog and digital operations, technology applications, and equipment. Tactical fundamentals do not change with the fielding of new equipment; however, the integration of new equipment and organizations may require changes in related techniques and procedures. FM is written for the commander, the staff, subordinate commanders, and all supporting units. It reflects and supports the Army operations doctrine as stated in FM 3-0 and FM 3-90 yet provides unique techniques specific to the audience of this manual, which are not covered in the above manuals. Examples and graphics are provided to illustrate principles and concepts--not to serve as prescriptive responses to tactical situations. FM provides units with the doctrinal foundation to train leaders and staffs, guide tactical planning, and develop standing operating procedures (SOP). It applies to all tank and mechanized infantry task forces in the Active Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC/national guard [NG]) forces. This field manual is available on the General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at The proponents for this publication are The US Army Infantry School and US Army Armor School. Submit comments and recommended changes and the rationale for those changes to either of the following: doctrine@benning.army.mil or on DA Form 2028 directly to Commandant, US Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-ATD, Fort Benning, Georgia or on DA Form 2028 directly to Commander, US Army Armor Center, ATTN: ATZK-TDD-CA, Fort Knox, KY Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. xii

14 (FM 71-2) CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF THE TANK AND MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION TASK FORCE The role of the tank and mechanized infantry battalion task force is to fight and win engagements on any part of the battlefield. The task force combines the efforts of its company teams, combat support, and combat service support elements to execute tactical missions as part of a brigade or division operation. Mechanized infantry and armor battalions are an essential part of the Army s principal formation for conducting sustained combined arms and close combat land operations. America s tank and mechanized infantry battalions serve as a deterrent to armed conflict and are capable of deploying worldwide and conducting full-spectrum operations. Section I. BATTALION AND TASK FORCE MISSION ESSENTIAL TASKS This manual addresses the tactical employment and operation of the battalion task force (TF), but battalion commanders must read and understand FM , FM 3-0, and FM FM 3-0 establishes the Army's keystone doctrine for full-spectrum operations with warfighting as the Army's primary focus. Although built upon global strategic responsiveness for prompt, sustained Army force operations on land, FM 3-0 provides overarching doctrinal direction for the conduct of full-spectrum operations detailed in this and other Army manuals. FM 3-90 introduces the basic concepts and control measures associated with the art of tactics, but it cannot be read in isolation. FM 3-90 must be used with FM 3-0, the concepts in FM 3-07, and the plan, prepare, execute, and assess cycle as it relates to the military decision-making process (MDMP) that is described in FM Together, these publications provide the essential framework for understanding this manual BATTALION TASK FORCE MISSION ESSENTIAL TASK DEVELOPMENT Tank and mechanized infantry task forces develop their mission essential tasks list (METL) based on their war plans and external directives as described in FM 7-0. Mission essential tasks are the operational expression of the tank and mechanized infantry task forces core competencies. They describe what well-trained, superbly-led, and wellequipped soldiers do to support the Army's mission essential tasks of shaping the security environment, responding promptly to crisis, dominating land operations, and providing support to civil authorities (as described in FM 3-0). a. Shape the Security Environment. National security and national military strategies establish an imperative for engagement. The US will remain politically and militarily engaged in the world and will maintain military superiority over potential adversaries. Forward basing, forward presence, and force projection enhance the ability of army forces to engage other nations--their people, governments, and militaries. Tank and mechanized infantry task forces provide an overwhelming presence to potential adversaries and allow these units to conduct full spectrum operations regardless of the 1-1