Census of State and Local

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1 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Census of State and Local October, NCJ 9 Law Enforcement Agencies, 2 By Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D. and Matthew J. Hickman BJS Statisticians As of June 2, State and local governments in the United States operated,8 full-time law enforcement agencies those that employed at least one full-time sworn officer with general arrest powers or the equivalent in part-time officers. The total included, general purpose local police departments,, sheriffs' offices, the 9 primary State law enforcement agencies,, State and local agencies with a special geographic jurisdiction or special enforcement responsibilities, and 2 county constable offices in Texas. Overall, these State and local law enforcement agencies employed,9,9 persons on a full-time basis. This total included 8, full-time (9%) and, nonsworn (or civilian) personnel (%). These agencies also had about 99, part-time employees, including nearly, part-time. These findings resulted from the 2 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). Highlights As of June 2, State and local law enforcement agencies had more than million full-time employees, including about 8, Type of agency Local police Sheriff Primary State Other As of June 2, nearly 8, State and local agencies employed the equivalent of at least full-time sworn officer with general arrest powers. These agencies had more than million full-time employees. State and local agencies had 8, full-time and, full-time civilian employees in 2, compared to, sworn and 28, nonsworn in 99, and 8, and 28,88 in 992. In 2, State and local agencies employed more than 2, uniformed officers whose regularly assigned duties included responding to calls for service. More than, were designated as community policing officers.,,,, employees About % of primarily handled criminal investigations. About % primarily performed jail-related duties, and % handled court-related duties such as providing court security or serving civil process. Seventy-seven agencies employed, or more. This included local police departments, State police or highway patrol agencies, sheriffs' offices, and special jurisdiction police agency. The largest agency, the New York City Police Department, had, full-time as of June 2. The largest sheriff s office, in Los Angeles County, had 8,8 officers, and the largest State agency, the California Highway Patrol,,8.

2 The BJS Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies To ensure an accurate sampling frame for its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey, BJS periodically sponsors a census of State and local law enforcement agencies. The 2 census included State and local agencies employing the equivalent of least one full-time officer with general arrest powers. This report summarizes the findings of the census, which was co-sponsored by COPS. As in 992 and 99, the 2 census collected data on the number of sworn and non, including both full-time and part-time employees. Data were collected from agencies that employed at least one sworn officer or the part-time equivalent at the time of the census. The reference period for all data is the pay period that included June, 2. Type of agency Local police Sheriff Primary State Special jurisdiction Texas constable State and local law enforcement agencies State and local law enforcement agencies, June 2,8,, 9, 2 By type of agency, general purpose local police departments were the largest employer with,9 full-time employees as of June 2 (table ). Of this total,,92, or 8%, were with general arrest powers. Sheriffs' offices accounted for,82 full-time employees, of which, (%) were sworn officers. Table. Employment by State and local law enforcement agencies, by type of agency and employee, June 2 Type of agency Number of employees Local police Sheriff Primary State Special jurisdiction Texas constable cent of employees Local police Sheriff Primary State Special jurisdiction Texas constable,9,9,9,82 8,28 9,,8 % % 8,,92,,8, 2, 9.%.9% Agencies with a special geographic jurisdiction or special enforcement responsibilities employed, fulltime and had 9, full-time employees overall. (See table for types of special jurisdictions). From June 99 to June 2, the number of full-time State and local law enforcement employees in the United States increased about 9,, or.% (figure ). The number of fulltime was up about,, an increase of.%. Civilian employment rose,, or 2.%. Compared to 992, full-time employment in 2 was up,, or 2.%,. This included about,, or.%, more, and,, or.%, more civilians. State and local law enforcement employees Part-time,,99,,8 2,2.%.% , 2,, 8,8 8 % % 2,8 2,2, 9, 8 2.%.%... 8.,928,8, 8,9.8%.% In June 2 there were 2 full-time State and local law enforcement employees per, residents nationwide, an increase of.9% from 99, and 9.% more than in 992. This included 22 per, residents, an increase of 2.% from 99 levels, and.% from 992. The ratio of non per, residents increased 9.% from 992 to 2, including a.% rise from 99 to 2. employees in State and local law enforcement agencies, 992, 99, and 2 State and local law enforcement employees per, residents The 9 primary State law enforcement agencies operating in each State except Hawaii employed 8,28 persons full time. Of these employees,,8, or %, were full-time sworn personnel. Figure ,,,,,,2, personnel 2 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

3 State and local Sixty percent of full-time State and local sworn employees were assigned to patrol duty on a regular basis (figure 2). About in in were assigned to investigative duties (%). Approximately in 9 primarily performed duties related to jail (%) or court (%) operations. Duties of other State and local law enforcement officers, but not broken down here, included administration, training, and technical support. Size of agencies As of June 2, of the,8 State and local law enforcement agencies operating full time,,2, or %, employed or more full-time sworn personnel (table 2). This included agencies with, or more officers. Selected areas of duty for full-time in State and local law enforcement agencies, 2 Figure 2 Duty area Patrol Investigations Jail operations Court operations % % 2% % % % % % cent of full-time State and local full-time (table ). The agencies with, or more officers accounted for,, or.%, of all full-time. The largest agencies rarely used part-time sworn officers, accounting for just.% of all such personnel nationwide. Nearly half (%) of part-time were employed by agencies with fewer than full-time officers, and more than two-thirds (9%) worked for agencies with fewer than 2 full-time officers. The majority of agencies employed fewer than full-time officers (2%), and nearly a third, about, in all, employed fewer than (%). These smaller agencies included,9, % of agencies overall, with just full-time officer and 2, % of all agencies, with only part-time officers. Although State and local agencies with or more full-time sworn officers accounted for just % of all agencies, they employed % of all Table 2. State and local law enforcement agencies, by size of agency, June 2 Table. State and local law enforcement employees, by size of agency, June 2 Number of employees,9,9, or more, ,8 29,2-29 2,2 9 9, 2, -2 9,8 2, 2-, 2,8 8,,,,82,9 8,9,8,8 2,2,,9 Type of employee, 8, 2,9 2,2,9 8,,9 2,9 8, 2,9 8 99,,9,2,,8 9,,9 8,,82,89 2,,2 Part-time 2,8,,28,, 9, 8,9,9 2,9,2,928,,2,,9, 8,8 9,, 2,, or more Agencies Number cent,8 %.% ,. 2,2., 2.2,2 2., 9.,9. 2. cent of employees, or more Less than.%. %.% %.% % 2.% %.8%% %.% % 2.% Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

4 State-by-State comparisons Texas (,8) had the most full-time State and local law enforcement agencies (table ). The total included 2 county constable offices (see box on page ). Pennsylvania (,) had the next highest number of agencies, followed by Illinois (88) and Ohio (8). California had the most full-time State and local law enforcement employees, about,. Other States with, or more employees included New York (9,8), Texas (8,), Florida (8,), and Illinois (2,9). States with fewer than 2, employees included Vermont (,9) and North Dakota (,). Nationwide, there were 2 full-time State and local law enforcement personnel per, residents. The District of Columbia (89), Louisiana (2), and New York () had the most. West Virginia (2), Kentucky (2), and Vermont (2) had the least. California (,2) had the most fulltime employed by State and local agencies, followed closely by New York (2,8). Next were Texas (,8), Illinois (9,8), and Florida (9,2). Vermont (,) had the fewest officers. After the District of Columbia (9), the ratio of full-time per, residents was highest in Louisiana (). The next highest ratios were in New York (8), New Jersey (), and Illinois (). The lowest ratios were in Vermont () and West Virginia (). Nationwide, the ratio was 22 per,. The per capita ratio of uniformed officers whose regular duties included responding to calls for service were highest in the District of Columbia ( per, residents), New York (2), and Wyoming (2). It was lowest in Oregon () and Washington (8). The overall ratio for the Nation was per,. Table. State and local law enforcement agencies and employees, by State, June 2 U.S. total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Number of agencies, , 28, Number,9,9,2 2, 2,9 9,2,9,2,2 2,2,9 8,,282,, 2,9,99,, 9,89 2,,8 2, 2,9,,, 2,9 2,98,,98,28,8,2 9,8 2,,,8,,8,2,9, 2,8,8 8,,,9 2,82,,8 8, 2,28, residents employees personnel Responding to calls,, Number residents Number residents 8, 22 2,2, 2,28,8 2,,,889, 2, 2,2 2,9 9,9 2,8 8,2 2,,,,9 9 2, 9,2 2 2,2 2, 29,9 2,9, 2,9 2,2 9,8 2,28 9,9 9,29 9, 82,9, 2,2 9,,8 9 8,8,9 2, 8,,2 28 9,2 8,82 28,8 8, 8, 8,,8,2 2,, 2 8,9, 9, 9,8 2 2,,22 2 2,99 8 2,2 2,,2, 9, 2 2,92 2,8 8,2 2 8,9 2, 8, 9 2,82 2,89 8, 2, 9,9 9, 2, 2,8 2,88 2, 9, 2,9 9,8, 9,9 2 9,,8 2 28,8 8,9 8 2,, 9 2,2 28 9,9 9,9 8, 8, 2,8,2 2 8,, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

5 Local police departments As of June 2, there were, general purpose local police departments operating in the United States. Municipal governments operated the vast majority of these agencies. The remainder were county, tribal, or regional (multi-jurisdictional) police. Types of general purpose local police, 2 Municipal County Tribal Regional Number Agencies officers,9,9 2 2, 2, 9 Note: Tribal category excludes agencies operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a Federal agency that provides law enforcement services in some tribal areas. As of June 2, full-time employment by local police departments was up about,, or 8.%, compared to June 99 (figure ). The number of full-time increased about,, or.%. The number of civilian employees in local police departments rose about,, or.%. Compared to 992, the number of fulltime local police employees in 2 was up by about 8,, or 8.2%. This included about,, or.%, more and about,, or 2.%, more civilian personnel. Size of local police departments A total of, or.%, of local police departments employed or more full-time (table ). Included in these larger agencies were with, or more officers. In contrast,.2% of departments employed fewer than full-time officers. Included among these smaller agencies were, (.8%) that employed only full-time officer, and 99 (.%) that relied solely on part-time officers. Figure Agencies with fewer than full-time officers employed about % of all fulltime local police officers (table ). About three-fifths (%) of all full-time local police officers worked in an agency with or more officers, and nearly half (8%) worked for an agency with at least 2 officers. employees in local police departments, 992, 99, and ,,, personnel Table. Local police employees, by size of agency, June 2 Number of employees, or more ,9 9,,9,2,,,8,8 2,92 9,,,92,98 2,,2,,92, 2,, 8,2, Type of employee,99,92 8,,28,,,2,2,2 9 2, 9,8,9,9,82,99,8,92 8,99 8,99 2,, Part-time 2,2 9 99,9 2,,,9, 2,89,2,8 9,8,8,8,,,9,88 2,8, Table. Local police departments, by size of agency, June 2, or more Agencies Number cent, %.% ,9. 2,. 2,. 2,89.8, cent of employees %, or more.% Less than.%. %.2% %.% %.% %.% % 2.% Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

6 Selected areas of duty for full-time in local police departments, 2 Table. Fifty largest local police departments, by number of full-time, June 2 Figure Duty area Patrol Investigations Court operations Jail operations The departments with, or more officers employed.2 % of all full-time local police officers. These agencies employed just.% of all part-time, but 2% of part-time civilian personnel. Functions of local police officers % % 2% % % % % % cent of full-time Nearly all local police officers were working in the area of law enforcement operations. About % of full-time officers primarily performed patrol duties, while % primarily handled criminal investigations (figure ). Other primary duty areas included administration, training, and technical support. About 2% had regularly assigned court-related (.%) or jail-related (.8%) duties. The largest local police departments As of June 2 the New York City Police Department (NYPD) was the Nation's largest local police department and its largest law enforcement agency of any kind with, full-time employees, including, sworn officers (table ). Twenty-three NYPD officers were killed in the line of duty as a result of the terrorist attacks of September,. Other cities with police forces of more than, full-time officers included Chicago (,), Los Angeles (9,), Philadelphia (,2), and Houston (,). In 2 about in full-time local police officers nationwide worked for the NYPD, and about in worked for one of the five largest forces. The largest county police departments in the U.S. included the Nassau County (NY) Police with,8 fulltime officers, the Miami-Dade (FL) Police (,8), and the Suffolk County (NY) Police (2,). From June 99 to 2, the NYPD reported the largest change in number of officers of any State or local police department. During this period, the Nation's largest police force expanded by, officers. By percent change, the local police departments with the largest increases were those in Memphis (.%), Las Vegas (2.8%), New Orleans (2.%), Austin (2.9%), and Newark (2.%). Decreases in force size occurred in Pittsburgh (.2%), Honolulu (9.%), St. Louis (8.%), Suffolk County (.%), and Milwaukee (.%). (See the BJS Special Report, Police Departments in Large Cities, 99-2, NCJ for more information on the Nation s largest municipal police agencies.) City or county Fulltime sworn, 2 New York (NY), Chicago (IL), Los Angeles (CA) 9, Philadelphia (PA),2 Houston (TX), Detroit (MI), Washington (DC), Nassau Co. (NY),8 Baltimore (MD), Miami-Dade Co. (FL),8 Dallas (TX) 2,82 Phoenix (AZ) 2,2 Suffolk Co. (NY) 2, San Francisco (CA) 2, Las Vegas-Clark Co. (NV) 2,8 Boston (MA) 2, San Diego (CA) 2, Milwaukee (WI),998 Memphis (TN),9 San Antonio (TX),882 Cleveland (OH),8 Honolulu Co. (HI),92 Baltimore Co. (MD), Columbus (OH), New Orleans (LA), Jacksonville-Duval Co. (FL), Denver (CO),89 St. Louis (MO),89 Atlanta (GA), Newark (NJ), Charlotte-Mecklenberg Co. (NC),2 Prince Georges Co. (MD), San Jose (CA),8 Seattle (WA),2 Kansas City (MO),2 Nashville-Davidson Co. (TN),29 Fort Worth (TX),9 Fairfax Co. (VA), Austin (TX), Miami (FL), El Paso (TX), Indianapolis (IN), Pittsburgh (PA), Cincinnati (OH), Montgomery Co. (MD),9 Oklahoma City (OK), Portland (OR), Tampa (FL) 99 Buffalo (NY) 928 Tucson (AZ) 928 cent change, % % % % % % % % % % Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

7 State-by-State comparisons As of June 2 Pennsylvania had the most full-time general purpose local police departments (,) (table 8). Next were Texas (), Illinois (), and Ohio (). Other States with more than local police departments included New Jersey (8), Michigan (), Missouri (9), and Wisconsin (). Excluding the District of Columbia, Hawaii () had the fewest local police departments, followed by Nevada (28) and Delaware (). Local police departments in the State of New York had, full-time employees, more than in any other State. California was second with 2,. Other States with more than 2, full-time local police employees were Texas (,), Illinois (,82), Florida (,9), and New Jersey (2,). Four States had fewer than, full-time local police employees: Vermont (), North Dakota (8), Wyoming (9), and Montana (98). After the District of Columbia (8), New York ranked highest among the States in terms of local police employees per, residents, with 9. Other States with 2 or more local police employees per, residents included New Jersey (8), Illinois (2), Hawaii (2), Massachusetts (2), and Rhode Island (22). New York (8,88) was the only State with more than, full-time local police officers. California ranked second with, officers. The other States with more than, full-time local police officers were Texas (,2), Illinois (2,2), New Jersey (,), Florida (,), Pennsylvania (8,9), and Ohio (,9). In terms of full-time local police officers per, residents, New York (9) was second only to the District of Columbia (). Other States with 2 or more local police officers per, residents included New Jersey (2), Illinois (2), Massachusetts (8), Hawaii (2), and Rhode Island (2). Table 8. Local police departments and employees, by State, June 2 Number of agencies U.S. total, Alabama 2 Alaska 8 Arizona 9 Arkansas 28 California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 28 Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana 9 Iowa 2 Kansas Kentucky 2 Louisiana 2 Maine Maryland Massachusetts 8 Michigan Minnesota 8 Mississippi 2 Missouri 9 Montana 2 Nebraska Nevada 28 New Hampshire 8 New Jersey 8 New Mexico 89 New York 9 North Carolina North Dakota 9 Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania, Rhode Island 9 South Carolina 8 South Dakota Tennessee 28 Texas Utah 8 Vermont 8 Virginia Washington 2 West Virginia 8 Wisconsin Wyoming 2 Number,9 9,,,9, 2, 8,2,89,,8,9,98,,,82 8,9,8,2,,8,92,998,8,2,,, 98 2,, 2,2 2,,,, 8,8,,2, 2,,99,8,99, 2,98,9,8, 9,9 9, residents employees personnel Responding to calls,, Number residents Number residents,92,,89 9, ,9 9,9 9, 2, 9,,,28, 8,92 9, ,,8 2,,8 8,992,8 9 2, 2,, ,2 2 2, 2,,, 8 2,2 8,8 2, 9,8,2 8,9,2 9, 8, 89 9,8 8,9,82 8 9,, 9,8 92, 9,8 9, 2, 9 9,2 8, 8 8 2, 9,8 8,, 8 2,,28, 2, 2,9,2 88 8,88 9,89 99,, ,9 9,9,2 2,, 2,8 8,9,9 2, 2,,8 9 2, ,8 8,8,2 9,9 9 2,8 98, 2 9 9,,9 8, 98,9 2, 8,9,89, 9 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

8 Sheriffs' offices In June 2 sheriffs' offices had about, more full-time employees than in 99, an increase of.% (figure ). This included an increase of about,, or.%, in, and an increase of about 2,, or 2.2%, in nonsworn employees. Compared to 992, sheriffs offices in 2 had 8,, or.%, more fulltime employees. Civilian employment rose by about,, or.%, during this time, while the number of sworn personnel increased by approximately 28,, or 2.2%. This included agencies with, or more full-time. About a third (2.%) of sheriffs offices employed fewer than fulltime, and 2 agencies (.8%) had just full-time officer. employees in sheriffs offices, 992, 99, and The sheriffs' offices employing, or more accounted for about a sixth of full-time sheriffs' employees (table ). Sixty-two percent of full-time sheriff s office personnel worked for an agency with or more employees, including % of. These increases, which are larger than those for local police, were influenced to some extent by the fact that about in sheriffs' departments are responsible for jail operations. The Nation's jail inmate population in June 2 was 2% larger than in June 99, and % larger than in June 992. (See the BJS Bulletin, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2, NCJ 8989.) Size of sheriffs' offices As of June 2, of the, full-time sheriffs' offices operating nationwide, 2, or.%, employed at least full-time (table 9). Table 9. Sheriffs offices, by size of agency, June 2, or more Agencies Number cent, %.% , 2,, personnel Figure Table. Sheriffs employees, by size of agency, June 2 Type of employee Number of employees,82, or more 9,8 99, 29, -29, 9, 2 2, -2 2, 8, 2-,8 28,,, 28,8 2,99,2 8,2,88, 2,2 8,9 2,, 2,2 2,88,8 8,8 2,8,8,9,98,9,,92,8, 2,29, cent of employees % % % %, or more.%.%.%.% Part-time, 9,, 2,2 2,, 2 %.% ,,9 92,2,,, 2,,2 8 %.8% Less than.%. 8 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

9 Functions of sheriffs' deputies Nearly all sheriffs offices are responsible for responding to citizen calls for service. As of June 2, % of sheriffs deputies were regularly assigned to patrol duty (figure ). Another % were assigned to investigative duties. In addition to handling calls for service, about four-fifths of sheriffs' offices operate or more jails, and nearly all have court-related responsibilities such as the serving of process and court security. In 2, 2% of full-time sheriffs' deputies were assigned to jailrelated duties, while % primarily performed court-related duties. In this latter category, about three-fifths of officers were assigned to court security, and two-fifths to serving process. The largest sheriffs' offices As of June 2 the largest sheriff's office in the Nation, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, employed 8,8 full-time (table ). Twenty-seven percent of that agency's full-time were assigned to patrol, and 8% to criminal investigations. Nearly half were assigned to jail operations (2%) or court security (8%). The second largest sheriff's office, with,9 full-time, was the Cook County (IL) Sheriff s Office. Most of the officers in that agency were assigned to duties related to jail or court operations. Overall, 9 of the 2 largest sheriffs' offices, including of the largest, were in California. All but one of these agencies had deputies with regular patrol assignments. In addition, all had who primarily performed jail-related duties, and all but one had assigned to court-related duties. Another of the 2 largest sheriffs offices were in Florida. All of these agencies had at least 8% of their deputies assigned to patrol operations; however, only the Palm Beach County Sheriff s Office also operated a jail. Figure Of the three major categories of law enforcement, jail operations, and court operations, of the 2 largest sheriffs' departments had the largest number of assigned to law enforcement, and had the largest number assigned to jail duties. Selected areas of duty for full-time in sheriffs offices, 2 Duty area Patrol Jail operations Court operations Investigations % % 2% % % % cent of full-time Table. Twenty-five largest sheriffs offices, by number and function of full-time, June 2 cent of officers by primary duty area County or equivalent sworn personnel Patrol Investigations Jail operations Court security Process serving Los Angeles Co. (CA) 8,8 2% 8% 2% 8% % Cook Co. (IL) a, Harris Co. (TX) 2,8 2 Orange Co. (CA), 8 2 San Diego (CA), 9 San Bernardino Co. (CA), % % % % % Sacramento Co. (CA), Broward Co. (FL), 2 Riverside Co. (CA), Orange Co. (FL), 8 8 Palm Beach Co. (FL), % 2% % 9% % Hillsborough Co. (FL), 8 2 Alameda Co. (CA) Nassau Co. (NY) Pinellas Co. (FL) Wayne Co. (MI) 8 % % 8% % % Oakland Co. (MI) Ventura Co. (CA) 9 2 San Francisco Co. (CA) 2 9 Monroe Co. (NY) 2 Fulton Co. (GA) % % % 2% % Calcasieu Par. (LA) 9 E. Baton Rouge Par. (LA) 8 Orleans Par. (LA) Jefferson Par. (LA) 8 a Data for Cook County are estimates based on prior years responses. Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2 9

10 State-by-State comparisons Table. Sheriffs offices and employees, by State, June 2 As of June 2,, sheriffs offices were operating full time. Texas (2) had the most. Except for a few who are appointed, sheriffs are elected officials. California (,), Florida (,), and Texas (2,) had the most fulltime sheriffs' employees (table ). Other States with, or more fulltime sheriffs' employees included Illinois (,), Georgia (,99), Louisiana (,), North Carolina (,), New York (,28), and Ohio (,99). Louisiana had the most sheriffs' employees per capita with 28 per, residents. Other States with more than per, included Florida (28), Wyoming (9), Idaho (), Montana (2), and Georgia (9). Nationwide, there were fulltime sheriffs' office employees per, residents. States with the most full-time sworn personnel employed by sheriffs offices were California (2,), Florida (,), Texas (,), and Louisiana (,). Other States with, or more full-time included Illinois (9,), Georgia (,), Virginia (,82), North Carolina (,), New York (,8), and Ohio (,). Sheriffs offices employed 9 full-time per, residents nationwide. States that had the highest ratio per, residents were Louisiana (2), Wyoming (), and Virginia (). As of June 2, sheriffs offices nationwide had nearly, full-time officers assigned to respond to calls for service. States with the most were California (9,), Florida (8,), and Texas (,9). Sheriffs offices employed 2 such personnel per, residents nationwide. The highest ratios were in Wyoming (), Florida (2), Louisiana (2), and Montana (). U.S. total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Number of agencies, Number,82,9,9 2,882,,2 8,,99 2,2,,88 2,8,2,, 9 2,9,9 8,,,,,8,, 9,2,92,28,,99 2,,,9,9 9 8, 2, 2,28 8,9,28,,82 99, residents employees personnel Responding to calls,, Number residents Number residents, 9,2 2 2,,82 2,,8 2, , 9, 2,2,9 2, 92 8, 2, 9 2,9,2 9 9,,8 2,88, 2, ,8 8 2, 9, 2 2, , 2,28 9, 2,2 2 2,28,, ,2, ,8 2, ,8 92 8,8 2 2,8, 2,9 8 2, 2, 9, , ,28 9,9 89, ,,9,,9 2, 9 2,82,8 2 2,, 28 8,9, 2 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

11 Primary State law enforcement agencies Table. Primary State law enforcement agency employees, by State, June 2 In June 2, the 9 primary State law enforcement agencies had 8,28 fulltime employees. This was about,, or.9%, more than in 99 (figure ). There were,8 full-time sworn personnel in 2. This was about,8, or.2%, more than in 99. Civilian employment rose by about,, or.2%, during this period. Compared to 992, overall employment in 2 was up by about 8,, or.8%. This included increases of about,, or 9.9%, in nonsworn employees, and of about,, or.%, in. In 2, 9% of the full-time sworn personnel in State law enforcement agencies were patrol officers and % were investigators. Less than % were assigned to court-related duties. Seventeen agencies employed, or more full-time sworn officers, and employed at least such officers. The largest, the California Highway Patrol, had 9, full-time employees including,8 full-time (table ). The next largest were the Texas Department of Public Safety (,2 and,9) and the Pennsylvania State Police (,9 and,2). The smallest agencies in terms of were the North Dakota Highway Patrol (), the Wyoming Highway Patrol (8), and the South Dakota Highway Patrol (). employees in the 9 primary State law enforcement agencies, 992, 99, and 2 U.S. total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming, Number residents 8,28, 9,82 9 9, 99, ,8,8,92,9 99 9,,8 9 2,28 2,9,89 9, 2, ,82 9,98,8 9 2,2,2,9,9 28, 2,,2 2, 2,, employees personnel, Number residents,8 28, 9,8, 8, ,89, , 2,2 2, 8 2, ,9 2,,, , ,9 9, Responding to calls, Number residents 9,2, 8 28, ,, ,28 2,, 9, 2, , 2, ,, 9, personnel Figure Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

12 Special jurisdiction agencies In June 2, nearly, State and local law enforcement agencies with special geographic jurisdictions or special enforcement responsibilities were operating in the United States (table ). These agencies had, full-time. About two-thirds (8%) of full-time primarily handled patrol duties, while % were criminal investigators. Approximately % were responsible for court-related duties. The,9 full-time police officers serving public -year and 2-year colleges and universities accounted for more than a fourth of all serving special jurisdictions. Another,9 were police officers for public school districts. Agencies serving State capitols and other government buildings employed,. Agencies enforcing laws related to fish and wildlife conservation employed,9 full-time officers, and those responsible for parks and recreation areas about,2. Agencies responsible for mass transit systems employed 2,2 sworn personnel, and those serving airports, nearly 2,. Agencies serving multiple types of transportation facilities employed about, officers, with the Port Authority of New York-New Jersey Police (,28), the largest of these forces. The Port Authority Police are responsible for policing the facilities owned and operated by the Port Authority, including the LaGuardia, Kennedy, and Newark Airports, the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels, the George Washington and Staten Island Bridges, the PATH train system, the Port Authority Bus Terminal, and the Port Newark and Port Elizabeth Marine Terminals. Table. State and local law enforcement agencies with special jurisdictions, by type of jurisdiction and number of full-time, June 2 Type of special jurisdiction Government buildings/facilities -year college/university Public school district 2-year college/university State Capitol/government buildings Medical school/facility Public housing Other Conservation laws/parks and recreation Fish and wildlife Parks and recreational areas Waterways and boating Environmental laws Forest resources Sanitation laws Water resources Criminal investigations County/city State bureau Arson Transportation systems/facilties Mass transit system/railroad Airports Transportation centers multiple types Port facilities Commercial vehicle enforcement Roadways, bridges, tunnels Special enforcement Alcohol enforcement Agricultural Gaming/racing laws Drug enforcement Business regulation Agencies, sworn personnel, 9,8,9 2,, 98 2,9, , ,2 2,2,9 9 2,28 2 Table. State and local law enforcement agencies with special jurisdictions employing 2 or more full-time, June 2 sworn Agency personnel Port Authority of New York - New Jersey,28 Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission California Department of Parks and Recreation Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 8 Metropolitan Transit Authority - New York City California Department of Fish and Game Maryland Transportation Authority 9 Maryland Port Authority 8 New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation 2 Washington (DC) Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Georgia Bureau of Investigation 9 Dallas - Fort Worth Airport Los Angeles Unified School District 2 South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 28 Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority 28 New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol 28 California Alcoholic Beverage Control 29 Georgia Department of Natural Resources 22 Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority 28 Louisiana Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 2 California Department of Motor Vehicles 28 Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority 2 Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission 8 Michigan Department of Natural Resources Maryland Department of Natural Resources Colorado Department of Conservation and Wildlife Indiana Department of Natural Resources 2 North Carolina State Wildlife Resources Commission 2 New York City Fire Department - Investigations Florida Department of Agriculture 2 Missouri Department of Conservation Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources - Forestry Los Angeles Airport Police 2 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2 Pennsylvania Game Commission 2 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

13 At the time of the 2 census, the World Trade Center was also under Port Authority Police jurisdiction. Thirty-seven Port Authority Police officers were killed in the line of duty as a result of the World Trade Center attacks of September,. Other categories of special jurisdiction agencies that accounted for or more full-time included county and city investigative agencies (,88), State alcohol enforcement agencies (,28), medical facility police (98), port facility police (9), State investigation bureaus (92), and public housing police (). State-by State comparisons Texas (8) and California () had the most State and local agencies with special geographic jurisdictions or special enforcement responsibilities (table ). Other States with or more agencies included Pennsylvania (8), New York (), and Illinois (). About % of the nearly, fulltime State and local law enforcement employees serving special jurisdictions were in California (,9), Texas (,88), New York (,9), Pennsylvania (,9), or New Jersey (,8). Other States with 2, or more employees included Maryland (,2), Ohio (,2), Florida (2,82), and Georgia (2,89). New York (,), Texas (,), and California (,99) had the most fulltime serving special jurisdictions. Eight other States had, or more: Maryland (2,2), New Jersey (2,2), Florida (,989), Pennsylvania (,88), Georgia (,92). Virginia (,8), Ohio (,8), and Illinois (,2). States with fewer than included Vermont (), New Hampshire (), Nebaska (8), Oregon (92), and Wyoming (99). The District of Columbia () had the most serving special jurisdictions per, residents. Maryland (), South Dakota (), and Alaska () had the next highest ratios. Table. State and local law enforcement agencies with special jurisdictions, by State, June 2 U.S. total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Number of agencies, employees personnel,, Number residents Number residents 9,,2 8,, ,82 2,89 8, 8 8 9,2 2,2,,8 82 2, 2, 98,8 2,9, 8,2 9, ,88,88 9 8, , , ,989,92 9, , ,2, 8,8 2 92, ,, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

14 Texas constable offices Of the approximately county constable offices in Texas, 2 operated on a full-time basis and employed with general arrest powers as of June 2. Texas constables are elected officials who are responsible for providing services for the justice, county, and district courts. Nearly half of the employed by constable offices primarily performed court-related duties. This included % who served process, and % assigned to provide court security. In addition to their court services responsibilities, nearly half of constable offices had regularly assigned to respond to citizen calls for service. Overall, % of officers primarily performed patrol duties, and % handled criminal investigations. Data for graphical figures Highlights table. As of June 2, State and local law enforcement agencies had more than million full-time employees, including about 8, Type of agency Local police Sheriff Primary State Other Figure, page 2. employees in State and local law enforcement agencies, 992, 99, and 2 Type of employee employees, 2,92,99,,,8,8, 2,8 2 99,9,9 8,, 9,98, 28, 992 8, 8, 28,88 Figure 2, page. Selected areas of duty for full-time in State and local law enforcement agencies, 2 Duty area Patrol Investigations Jail operations Court operations Figure, page. employees in local police departments, 992, 99, and 2 Type of employee Figure, page. Selected areas of duty for full-time in local police departments, 2 Duty area Patrol Investigations Court operations Jail operations Figure, page. employees in sheriffs offices, 992, 99, and 2 Type of employee Duty area Patrol Jail operations Court operations Investigations cent of full-time 9.9% ,9,98 8,8,92,9,2,,,2 cent of full-time.%.%.%.8% ,82 2,,, 2,9,92,,9 88,8 Figure, page 9. Selected areas of duty for full-time in sheriffs offices, 2 Type of employee cent of full-time.% 2.%.2%.2% Figure, page. employees in the 9 primary State law enforcement agencies, 992, 99, and ,28 8,2,8,8,8, 992 8, 2,98 2,9 Data from the 2 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (ICPSR ) can be obtained from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of Michigan, The archive, as well as the report and other criminal justice information, can be found through or at the BJS Internet Web site: The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Lawrence A. Greenfeld is director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs such as the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies. Brian A. Reaves and Matthew J. Hickman wrote this report. Tina Dorsey edited the report. Jayne Robinson administered final report production. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) provided partial funding for the 2 Census. Debra Cohen and Matthew Scheider assisted with questionnaire development. More information on COPS can be obtained at their website < Data were collected and processed by the U.S. Census Bureau, with assistance from BJS. Census Bureau staff, under the supervision of Latrice Brogsdale-Davis and Charlene Sebold, included Theresa Reitz, Martha Greene, Patricia Torreyson, Bill Bryner, and Paula Kinard. October, NCJ 9 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2

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