Development and Gender: Widespread Mentality

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2 Development and Gender: Widespread Mentality Development Gender Issues Gender issues considered as secondary, if not superfluous Gender issues considered as secondary, if not superfluous Reflected also in governments ICT development policies Reflected also in governments ICT development policies Women s needs and interests marginalized in information society, especially Women s in needs developing and interests countries marginalized in information society, especially in developing countries

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4 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Achieve Universal Primary Education Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Reduce Child Mortality Improve Maternal Health Combat Infectious Diseases Ensure Environmental Sustainability Develop Global Partnership for Development GENDER RELEVANCE

5 Development and Gender: Call for a New Mental Picture Development GENDER GENDER: Minor Special Group Interest GENDER: GENDER ISSUES Socially-Inclusive Development Mainstream Component of National and International Development

6 Gender-Responsive ICT Development: Toward a Framework of Citizen Engagement MDGs ICT DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE SOCIAL NETWORK ACCESS TO INFO PARTICIPATORY DECISION-MAKING EDUCATION & TRAINING RESPONSIVE PROGRAMS & SERVICES

7 Essential Questions Development for whom? Which groups are left out in its processes and outcomes?

8 UNDERDEVELOPED / DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RURAL AREAS WOMEN URBAN POOR

9 ICT Development for Knowledge-Based Economy Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs( ICTs) Engine of knowledge-based economy Contribution to rapid/ cost-effective services Increased level of transparency and accountability Facilitate and expand socio-economic network REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION GENDER EQUALITY RURAL DEVELOPMENT UNEVEN ACCESS AND BENEFITS DIGITAL DIVIDE

10 REGION Regional Digital Divide: Diffusion of Internet Internet Users/ 10,000 inhabitants Internet Hosts*/ 10,000 inhabitants EUROPE AMERICA ASIA AFRICA * Internet Host: computer with access to internet * SOURCE: A Global Sourcebook on Gender and ICT for Development, KIT(Royal Tropical Institute)

11 ICT Divide: Internet Users GAP * SOURCE: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

12 ICT Divide: Fixed Telephone / Mobile Phone * SOURCE: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

13 Problems of Gender Digital Divide (1) Lower level of ACCESS (2) Lower level of ICT EDUCATION and TRAINING (3) Lower level of CONTENTS based on women s needs (4) Lower level of decision-making POWER in ICT development

14 Soci0-Economic Context of Gender Digital Divide Low level of income/ purchasing power Low level of managerial/executive positions Low level of training opportunities Lack of mobility Low rate of literacy Low level of education Low level of bilingual/ English education * over 50% of online contents are in English Predominance of patriarchy Gender socialization Under-representation (political/legislative etc) Prevailing myth of technology as being neutral

15 Challenging gender bias/stereotypes Active Advocacy Rights protection Social awareness Community networks Affordable Services Employment Market/Labour regulations Access to Technology Development of Infrastructure

16 ACCESS to ICT Building ICT Infrastructure Training of Skills to Use ICT Women as USERS of ICT Services EMPOWERMENT through ICT Economic empowerment Social Network Political advocacy Women as Active Contributors of ICT Services CONSUMER/ END-USERS PRODUCERS/ ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, EVALUATION

17 2010 UNDP GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) RANK: Top 10 RANK: Bottom 10 1 NORWAY 173 GUINEA-BISSAU 2 AUSTRALIA 3 ICELAND 4 CANADA 5 IRELAND 6 NETHERLANDS 7 SWEDEN 8 FRANCE 9 SWITZERLAND 10 JAPAN 174 BURUNDI 175 CHAD 176 DEM REP CONGO 177 BURKINA FASO 178 MAIL 179 CENTRAL AF. REP 180 SIERRA LEON 181 AFGANISTAN 182 NIGER 15 SPAIN

18 2010 UNDP GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure (Gender Empowerment Measure) ASIA 10 JAPAN 23 SINGAPORE 24 HONG KONG, CHINA 26 REPUBLIC OF KOREA 30 BRUNEI 87 THAILAND 92 CHINA 102 SRI LANKA 105 PHILIPPINES 111 INDONESIA 115 MONGOLIA 116 VIETNAM 132 BHUTAN 134 INDIA 137 CAMBODIA 138 MYANMAR 141 PAKISTAN 144 NEPAL 146 BANGLADESH 181 AFGANISTAN

19 Gender ICT Statistics Country % Female Internet Users (among all internet users) PHILIPPINES 58 % MONGOLIA 56.0 % THAILAND 52.6 % UNITED STATES 52.0 % NEW ZEALAND 51.5 % CANANA 51.0 % AUSTRALIA 50.7 % HONG KONG, CHINA 50.0 % SLOVENIA 50.0 % KIRIBATI 50.0 %

20 Gender-Disaggregated ICT Data Need for reliable and comparable gender-specific indicators on ICTs Not collected systematically by all countries Need for standardized scope of coverage and degree of detail Quantitative study necessary for accurate monitoring and policy improvement on digital divide The level of women s access does not automatically correspond to the general dissemination of ICTs

21 DIMENSION SOCIAL STATUS ECONOMIC STATUS ACCESS TO RESOURCES WOMEN S AGENCY OPPORTUNITY AND CAPABILITY POLICY ENVIRONMENT Gender Equality and Knowledge Society: WIGSTAT Indicator Framework TOPIC AREAS EQUITY/DISCRIMINATION SEX RATIO AT BIRTH PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE TIME USE/ WORKLOAD ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POP EARNED INCOME RATIO CATEGORY OF WORK % OF POOREST WOMEN OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO PROPERTY ACCESS TO CREDIT, LOANS, VENTURE CAPITAL % OF WOMEN USING INTERNET TRANSPORTATION ACCESS SEATS IN PARLIAMENT POSITIONS IN MINISTRIES POSITIONS IN POL. PARTIES/ NGO, PROFESSIONAL ORG ADULT LITERACY RATE ENROLMENT IN SCHOOL AVAILABILITY OF TRAINING GENDER-SPECIFIC POLICIES GENDER-RELATED BUDGET INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTER-MINISTERIAL RELATIONS DIMENSION WOMEN IN DECISION- MAKING WOMEN IN KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY WOMEN IN S&T INNOVATION WOMEN AND LIFELONG LEARNING TOPIC AREAS SHARES OF WOMEN AS LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS AND MANAGERS SHARES OF BUSINESS WITH 35% OR MORE IN DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES % IN PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL POSITIONS % IN ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGERIAL POSITIONS EMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (OCCUPATION AND STATUS) COMPUTER SKILLS LEVEL % IN ICT WORKFORCE % OF SCIENCE/ENGINEERING AT TERTIARY EDUCATION % OF SCIENTISTS, RESEARCHERS GENDER TRENDS IN BRAIN DRAIN NUMBER OF WOMEN-RUN ENTERPRISES (LOCAL/COMMUNITY) LEARNING CENTRES MANAGERS OF LEARNING CENTRES * SOURCE: WIGSTAT (Women in Global Science and Technology) GE/IS Indicators,

22 Gender-Responsive ICT Development: Framework of Good Governance GOVERNMENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS GOOD GOVERNANCE NGOs/ ACADEMIA PRIVATE SECTOR

23 FEATURES FEATURES WOMEN? Market-Driven Weak ICT Infrastructure Rural/Urban Disparity National ICT Master plans, Specialized Government Bodies International and Regional ICT cooperation Lack of Local Language Contents

24 NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres (CTLC) District CTLCs in the most remote areas of Pakistan Hands-on computer training for underprivileged women Pishin Mardan Mansehra Attok Gujrat Badin

25 NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres (CTLC) TARGET FUNDED BY Underprivileged women in the most remote areas of 8 districts NCHD (established in 2002), Microsoft, local governments Since 2002, 14 CTLCs established in all four provinces of Pakistan 8 more established with the support from UNESCO Each CTLC equipped with computer labs with latest computer hardware & software Training by professionals Curriculum: (1) Basic computer skills (2) Inculcate practical skills (presentations, debates, social events, awareness activities) Learners must pay token fee of Rs. 500 (USD 7), payable in 4 months Four-month session (three times a year)

26 NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres (CTLC) 2700 underserved women have successfully completed the ICT curriculum 307 graduates got ICT-related jobs 93 graduates already working got increments in their salaries FEATURE FEATURE Graduates given the employment option (Data entry of Universal Primary Education data transcription: project run by NCHD)

27 NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres (CTLC) CTLCs NCHD MICROSOFT LOCAL GOVERNMENT PPP (Public-Private Partnership)

28 The Tianjin Women s Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System Tianjin Late 1990s: Asian financial crisis Structural reform/ Unemployment Laid-off/unemployed women

29 The Tianjin Women s Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System TARGET FUNDED BY Unemployed/laid-off women over the age 35 UNDP, AusAID, Chinese government

30 The Tianjin Women s Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System Microcredit Business Incubator Website Helped to start up more than 2000 small firms Helped 6000 women find jobs Nurtured more than 50 women-owned enterprises Offered ICT/ business training and consultation to over 20,000 women Won World Bank s grant support (InfoDev ICT Initiative) Dissemination of successful biz models On-line consulting and training in venture creation On-line info on government policies & regulations MEDIA SPOTLIGHT NATIONAL TV LOCAL TV NEWSPAPER ONLINE COMPETITION/ INCENTIVE CONTEST ON VENTURE BIZ PLANS WINNERS INCUBATOR TENANTS

31 The Tianjin Women s Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System The Tianjin Women s Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System On-line Network: Active Community Network On + Offline Training Contents in Local Language SUSTAINABILITY

32 Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning: e-homemakers ( ( Tianjin On-line portal on home-based income earning Initiated by voluntary mothers network Social network and advocacy

33 Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning: e-homemakers 1998 A voluntary group of mothers forms a Mothers for Mothers Network (MM) GRASSROOT CIVIL SOCIETY MM organizes a series of 7 conferences on entrepreneurship and family issues 2001 MM submits a proposal to the Government to fund e-homemakers project Government approved, with new funding GOV T SUPPORT CREATION OF E-HOMEMAKERS PORTAL EXPANSION of SERVICE through ICT

34 Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning: e-homemakers ( THEMATIC AREAS THEMATIC AREAS 1 Provide a work-from-home solution to poor, urban immobile women 2 Equipping women with basic knowledge of computers and training them how to use internet 3 Provide information and support on issues like social prejudice and selfdefeating mindset e-members continue providing Mentorship Counseling Services Marketing and Work Sourcing Support

35 Active and sustainable political will Towards Gender-Responsive ICT Development: TASKS AHEAD GOVERNMENT Legal and regulatory framework /measures for gender-inclusive ICT programmes and services INTL ORG. NGOs/ ACADEMIA Collaboration with nongovernmental actors (NGOs, private sector, academia) Reliable and comparable quantitative / genderdisaggregated data Participatory planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation ICT Infrastructure PRIVATE SECTOR Education & Training Genderresponsive Contents Genderresponsive Services EMPOWERMENT (decision-making power/ social participation/ community network)

36 ICT Development with Human Face FROM FROM Information Society TO TO Knowledge Society Technology-Focused Development Citizen-Engaged Development Market-Driven ICT Socially Responsive ICT Consumer/ End-user mode of ICT usage Producer/ Planner mode of ICT development

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