2. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATIONS OF ERASMUS GRADUATES one and two years after graduation
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1 2. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATIONS OF ERASMUS GRADUATES one and two years after graduation In Chapter One, Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates were compared on the basis of a set of characteristics (personal variables, social origin, performance at upper secondary school and university, future prospects) which delineated their respective profiles up until graduation. This part of the survey showed in particular that those graduates who had taken part in the Erasmus programme more frequently came from households with satisfactory social economic circumstances, and that they concluded their degree courses with more successful results. The intention now is to extend the comparison between Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates by considering what happens to the two groups after graduation. Analysis of the employment situations of these two groups was conducted one year after graduation (1998 graduates from 13 universities (1) interviewed in 1999), although as regards the main aspects of the study, also given are the results of the survey conducted two years after graduation (1997 graduates from 9 universities (2), these too interviewed in 1999). Considered, therefore, are two populations which differ from those analysed in Chapter 1 (see Table 1 in the Methodological Notes). The usefulness of analysis carried out one and two years after graduation becomes clear if it one bears in mind that numerous graduates not in employment one year after graduating are in that situation because they have enrolled on postgraduate courses or doing their military service. Two years after graduation these situations have largely concluded and they affect the non employment rate among graduates to a lesser extent. 2.1 The populations surveyed (1) Bologna, Catania, Chieti, Ferrara, Florence, Messina, Modena and Reggio Emilia, Molise, Parma, Trento, Trieste, Udine and Venice Architecture (IUAV). (2) Bologna, Catania, Ferrara, Florence, Messina, Modena and Reggio Emilia, Parma, Trieste and Udine.
2 E RASMUS/SOCRATES GRADUATES Both surveys (one and two years after graduation) were carried out in the autumn of It was decided to restrict analysis to students who had graduated during only one degree session (the May August one) because, on the one hand, this reduced the population examined, and on the other it ensured that the time interval between graduation and the interview was uniform. Contacted one year after graduation were 5,928 graduates, representing 76 per cent of the total number of graduates in the period between May and August 1998; 372 of these graduates were former Erasmus students. Two years after their graduation, interviews were conducted with 4,898 graduates (247 of whom were Erasmus graduates) representing 74.4 per cent of the total (Table 2.1). (3) In both cases, the response rate by Erasmus graduates was lower than it was for non Erasmus students (see Panels in the Appendix). Table 2.1 Graduates interviewed in 1999 one and two years after graduation surveyed one year after graduation surveyed two years after graduation degree sessions May August 1998 May August 1997 graduates interviewed 5,928 4,898 response rate 76.0% 74.4% Erasmus graduates Appendix Panels show the number of graduates interviewed (one and two years after graduation) and the response rate by university, faculty and gender. One notes in particular that of the 372 Erasmus students who graduated in the period May August 1998 (interviewed one year after graduation), 130 were from the University of Bologna; the other universities with the largest numbers of Erasmus graduates were Florence (48), Catania (39), Parma and Trieste (both with 35). The faculties with the largest proportions were Arts (75 Erasmus graduates), Economics (56), Law (44) and Political Science (39). (3) In actual fact the 1997 graduates were interviewed not only two years after graduating (1999) but also one year after (1998). 28
3 2. The employment situations of Erasmus graduates Postgraduate studies and training Thorough analysis of the employment situations of graduates also requires one to consider postgraduate studies. In fact, since un graduates are by definition job seekers, a low employment rate does not necessarily imply a high level of unemployment. It may also be due to the fact that many of them are not actively in search of employment because they are involved in training schemes (internships, doctorates, MA courses, work placements, schools of specialization, language and computer courses, etc.). In the twelve months following award of their degrees, 75.2 per cent of 1998 graduates had been involved in at least one training activity (or were receiving some form of training at the time of the interview), with slight differences between Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates (Figure 2.1 and Appendix Panel 2.7). When distinguishing by faculty of provenance, one finds that the overall homogeneity of the two groups in fact conceals marked differences between them: larger proportions of Erasmus graduates in Law (97.7 per cent as opposed to 90.9 per cent among non Erasmus graduates) and Political Science (87.2 per cent as opposed to 65.2 per cent) were involved in postgraduate training, while the reverse was the case among Economics graduates (73.1 per cent of non Erasmus graduates, 66.1 per cent of Erasmus graduates). Postgraduate study and training was more frequent among females than among males in both the groups compared. FIGURE 2.1 ERASMUS AND NON ERASMUS GRADUATES INVOLVED IN POSTGRADUATE TRAINING ACTIVITIES 1999 interviewees percentage shares Erasmus non Erasmus ONE YEAR AFTER GRADUATION 73.4% 75.3% at least one activity ongoing or concluded at least one activity ongoing or concluded TWO YEARS AFTER GRADUATION 29
4 E RASMUS/SOCRATES GRADUATES % 81.8% at least one activity ongoing or concluded at least one activity ongoing or concluded A larger proportion of Erasmus compared with non Erasmus graduates were involved in company placements (18.5 per cent compared to 12.3 per cent), M.A. or specialist courses (16.1 per cent compared to 10.3 per cent) (4) and study or receiving training on grants or scholarships (8.1 per cent compared to 3.7 per cent), while a smaller proportion of them were undertaking internships or pupillages for the purpose of gaining entry to the professions (22 per cent compared to 34.8 per cent). In all cases, these differences depended on the degree course attended at university. It is also surprising to find that the percentage of 1998 graduates attending a language course in the first year following graduation was higher among Erasmus (24.2 per cent) than non Erasmus graduates (20.1 per cent), even though the former had better language skills than the latter on graduation (see 2.8). The greater willingness of Erasmus graduates to work abroad (see 1.11), in which case they are likely to need a better command of the language than that required by Erasmus studies abroad, may account for this result. The proportion of graduates who had undertaken at least one training activity in the two years following graduation was 82.6 per cent among former Erasmus students and 81.8 per cent among non Erasmus ones (Figure 2.1 and Appendix Panel 2.8). 2.3 Employment situation One year after graduation Of every 100 graduates interviewed in 1998, 58.9 had jobs. The percentage would have been higher by around one percentage point if graduates about to begin work on passing a competitive examination or (4) Immediately prior to graduation, 28.2 per cent of 1999 Erasmus graduates stated that they intended to enrol on M.A. courses, compared to 12.8 per cent of 1999 non Erasmus graduates (see 1.10). 30
5 2. The employment situations of Erasmus graduates... selection procedure had been considered as being in employment. (5) Since the percentage among non Erasmus graduates was 55.7 per cent, the difference between the two groups was relatively slight (Figure 2.2 and Appendix Panel 2.9). It should be pointed out that the group of former Erasmus students comprised graduates who had taken part in European Union foreign study programmes other than Erasmus, graduates who had studied abroad without utilizing European Union programmes, and finally graduates who had never studied abroad while at university. Different rates of employment correspond to these three situations. In particular, 62.5 per cent of graduates who had taken part in European Union programmes other than Erasmus had found employment within one year of graduating, and 60.4 per cent of graduates who had studied abroad without utilizing European Union programmes which are percentages higher than those among Erasmus graduates (58.9 per cent). Instead, the employment rate among non Erasmus students who had not studied abroad was 55 per cent (Appendix Panel 2.9). FIGURE 2.2 ERASMUS AND NON ERASMUS GRADUATES, BY OCCUPATIONAL STATUS 1999 interviewees percentage shares Erasmus non Erasmus ONE YEAR AFTER GRADUATION 18.5% 18.7% 22.6% 58.9% 25.6% 55.7% un and in search of employment un and in not search of un and in search of employment un and in not search of TWO YEARS AFTER GRADUATION (5) Like the 1995 ISTAT survey of graduates (ISTAT, 2000), considered as being in employment are graduates who declared that they were in paid work other than any form of training. If the definition used by ISTAT for its multipurpose survey (ISTAT, 1999) and for the census (ISTAT, 1991), which considers all those engaged in paid activities, including training, as had instead been applied, the graduate employment rate would have been considerably higher (around 70 per cent). 31
6 E RASMUS/SOCRATES GRADUATES % 17.9% 9.7% 72.5% 15.1% 67.0% un and in search of employment un and in not search of un and in search of employment un and in not search of Almost identical percentages of graduates in the two groups (18.5 per cent form Erasmus, 18.7 per cent for non Erasmus graduates) were un but not in search of employment; in the great majority of cases these were graduates involved in postgraduate study or training; more rarely they were male graduates not in search of employment because they were doing their military service (Appendix Panel 2.11). A certain difference between the two groups emerges in relation to graduates un at the time of the interview but who had nevertheless worked since graduating (Figure 2.3 and Appendix Panel 2.13): 19.4 per cent of Erasmus graduates and 12.6 per cent of non Erasmus graduates were in this situation, which means that graduates who had never worked in the first year following graduation (neither at the time of the interview nor previously) amounted to only 21.8 per cent among former Erasmus students but reached 31.6 per cent among non Erasmus ones. In the majority of cases, the work performed after graduation and already concluded consisted of temporary or casual employment (Appendix Panels 2.38 and 2.39). FIGURE 2.3 ERASMUS AND NON ERASMUS GRADUATES WHO HAVE WORKED SINCE GRADUATING 1999 interviewees percentage shares Erasmus non Erasmus ONE YEAR AFTER GRADUATION 32
7 2. The employment situations of Erasmus graduates % 31.6% 19.4% 58.9% 12.6% 55.7% un but have worked since graduation un and have not worked since graduation un but have worked since graduation un and have not worked since graduation 16.6% 10.9% TWO YEARS AFTER GRADUATION 19.4% 72.5% 13.6% 67.0% un but have worked since graduation un and have not worked since graduation un but have worked since graduation un and have not worked since graduation Breaking occupational status down by gender yields interesting results (although their interpretation should take account of the male graduates not working because of military service). The employment rate among males Erasmus graduates (57.7 per cent) was the same as among non Erasmus ones (58 per cent), while 59.6 per cent of female Erasmus graduates were in employment compared to 54.1 per cent of non Erasmus female graduates. Consequently, the overall difference between Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates albeit relatively slight is entirely due to the female component. If analysis is refined further by comparisons within each group, it is possible to highlight particular situations, although the paucity of the data counsels caution. The differences between Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates tend to attenuate in the Economics Statistics group, whilst they are more marked in the Architecture group. Moreover, the homogeneity between Erasmus and non Erasmus males is not apparent in the political social group, where more male Erasmus graduates are in employment than non Erasmus ones, and more female non Erasmus graduates have jobs than Erasmus ones. Finally, in the languages group, both male and female Erasmus graduates have higher employment rates than their non Erasmus counterparts. 33
8 E RASMUS/SOCRATES GRADUATES Two years after graduation The differences between the two groups become more evident two years after graduation: the employment rate in fact rises to 72.5 per cent for Erasmus graduates, and to 67 per cent for others (Figure 2.2 and Appendix Panel 2.10). The comparison is particularly favourable for Erasmus students in three groups of degree courses: economics statistics, arts and languages. By contrast, it favours non Erasmus students in the legal group of courses, although it should be borne in mind that the large majority of law graduates devote their first years after graduating to work experience placements or other activities to gain professional qualifications. (6) Un graduates in search of work constituted 15.1 per cent of the non Erasmus group and only 9.7 per cent of the Erasmus group; those who had never worked in the two years following graduation constituted 19.4 per cent of the non Erasmus group and only 10.9 per cent of the Erasmus one (Figure 2.3 and Appendix Panel 2.14). As was the case one year after graduation, un non job seekers consisted largely of graduates not looking for work for reasons of study or professional qualification (Appendix Panel 2.12). Once again, the employment rate among Erasmus graduates exceeded that among non Erasmus graduates only by virtue of the female component: 74.1 per cent of female Erasmus graduates had jobs at the time of the interview (more than 10 per cent more than non Erasmus female graduates), while 69.1 per cent of Erasmus males had jobs (which was just under the percentage for non Erasmus males). Unlike the situation one year after graduation, a larger proportion of Erasmus graduates had jobs compared to non Erasmus graduates who had studied abroad (Appendix Panel 2.10). The 4,898 graduates of 1997 who were interviewed two years after they received their degrees had already been surveyed in 1988, one year after their graduation. It was thus possible to conduct longitudinal analysis which showed, firstly, that the employment rate among Erasmus graduates rose from 56.4 per cent in 1998 (one year after graduation) to 72.5 per cent in 1999 (two years after). (7) Secondly, considering only 1997 graduates surveyed in both 1998 and 1999, the employment rate was calculated at two years after graduation as a function of occupational status one year after graduation. The probability of being in 1999 (two years after graduation) after having been in search of employment in 1998 (one year after) was 62.1 per cent for the Erasmus group and 49.3 per cent for the non Erasmus group (Table 2.2). (6) The commentary refers to groups of degree courses with at least 30 graduates. (7) Two and a half years after conclusion of the Erasmus programme (of 1988/89), 63 per cent of graduates from Italian universities were in employment (cf. Teichler and Maiworm, 1994). 34
9 2. The employment situations of Erasmus graduates... Table 2.2 Employment rates two years after graduation according to occupational status one year after graduation, for Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates 1999 interviewees one year after graduation (1998) un job seeker un non job seeker Erasmus non Erasmus Overall, the employment rate among Erasmus graduates two years after they received their degrees was even higher than that found by ISTAT s survey of a sample of 1995 graduates interviewed three years after graduation. (8) Although the comparability of the two surveys is limited (given that the periods when the interviews were administered, the groups analysed, and the intervals of time between graduation and the interview all differ), it is nevertheless of interest that the employment rate is higher among Erasmus students than among the graduates in the national sample as regards both the arts group of degree courses (77.4 per cent compared to 62 per cent) and the languages group (83.3 per cent compared to 71.4 per cent). The same applies, though with less marked differences, to the economics group of degree courses (83.3 per cent compared to 82.6 per cent), while the reverse is the case of the legal group (21.9 per cent compared to 62 per cent). The latter pronounced reversal of tendency is undoubtedly due to the proportion of Erasmus law graduates who, two years after graduation, were still doing the two year pupillages required to enter the profession (this factor was less influential among the ISTAT graduates, who were interviewed three years after graduation). Further possible analysis Participating in an Erasmus programme therefore seems to increase the chances of a student finding employment after graduation, even though the differences between Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates are minor, and tend to become manifest two years after graduation rather than one. These are the findings of our descriptive analysis based on simple comparison between the employment rates of the two groups. A first extension of the analysis might consider, using a multivariate approach, the combination of variables which in one way or another interrelate with participation in the Erasmus programme. It should be pointed out in particular that, generally speaking, Erasmus graduates come from households in better social economic circumstances and that they are more successful than other graduates in their university studies factors which may per se give an (8) Cf. ISTAT,
10 E RASMUS/SOCRATES GRADUATES advantage in the search for a satisfactory job, regardless of any experience of foreign study. Whatever the case may be, the statistical models used (9) fully confirm the results reported above: in particular the fact that Erasmus graduates are more likely to find employment than other graduates solely because of the higher rate among the female component. A second refinement of the analysis only outlined here would be to investigate the differences among Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates within specific degree courses. However, the small size of the groups concerned does not yet permit analysis at this level of disaggregation. 2.4 The characteristics of graduates Occupational status on graduation It was pointed out in Section 1.9 that Erasmus graduates tend to have had more experience of casual work during their university studies but less experience of permanent employment, compared with other graduates. Not surprisingly, therefore, the percentage of graduates working one year after graduation in the same job as they had on graduation in 1998 is distinctly higher among non Erasmus (21.9 per cent) than Erasmus (13.7 per cent) students. Conversely, graduates with jobs other than those occupied at the time of graduation are more frequent in the Erasmus group (21 per cent compared to 13.4 per cent). Apart from this difference in occupational mobility, the percentages of graduates in employment when graduating (Figure 2.4 and Appendix Panel 2.15) are practically identical in the two groups (34.7 per cent and 35.4 per cent). FIGURE 2.4 EMPLOYED ERASMUS AND NON ERASMUS GRADUATES, BY OCCUPATIONAL STATUS ON GRADUATION 1999 interviewees one year after graduation percentage shares Erasmus non Erasmus (9) Including the log linear model. 36
11 2. The employment situations of Erasmus graduates % 21.9% 0.1% 64.6% 21.0% 65.3% 13.4% un when graduating and in same job but had changed job un when graduating and in same job but had changed job not stated Times and routes into employment One year after graduation If graduates working in same job as when they graduated are excluded, just over half the graduates in employment one year after graduation began their job search before graduation, or in the first month subsequent to it (Appendix Panel 2.16), with no significant differences between Erasmus (52.4 per cent) and non Erasmus (51.3 per cent) graduates. However, Erasmus graduates were slightly quicker in finding work (Appendix Panel 2.17), taking 2.6 months on average, compared to the 3.1 months of non Erasmus graduates. Figure 2.5 simultaneously shows (10) both the average amounts of time taken to find work and employment rates according to type of foreign study undertaken while at university. It is immediately apparent that Erasmus graduates are in the most favourable situation, being located in the upper left quadrant (average time taken to find employment lower than the general average and employment rate higher than the general employment rate). Graduates who have studied abroad on a European Union programme other than Erasmus, or those that have not utilized European Union programmes, also occupy the same quadrant, but the result for Erasmus graduates is the best overall. FIGURE 2.5 EMPLOYMENT RATES AND AVERAGE TIMES TAKEN TO FIND WORK, ACCORDING TO TYPE OF FOREIGN STUDY EXPERIENCE graduates who began working after graduation 1999 interviewees one year after graduation (10) The figure does not show graduates who continued working in the same job after graduation. 37
12 E RASMUS/SOCRATES GRADUATES Average Erasmus programme other forms of foreign study Employment rate 50 Average other EU programmes non-erasmus not stated no experience of foreign study / /2 Time taken to find work (months) As regards the methods (11) used by neo graduates to find work, the most frequent is direct contact with potential employers, which was utilized by a large number of graduates but more by non Erasmus (46.5 per cent) than Erasmus (38.1 per cent) ones. The second most frequent method is formal indirect contact, which was used more frequently by Erasmus (38.1 per cent) than non Erasmus (27.3 per cent) graduates; the difference being due to the number of Erasmus graduates who said that they had found work by applying for job vacancies advertised in newspapers (Figure 2.6, Table 2.3 and Appendix Panel 2.18). FIGURE 2.6 EMPLOYED ERASMUS AND NON ERASMUS GRADUATES WHO BEGAN WORKING AFTER GRADUATION, ACCORDING TO JOB SEARCH METHOD 1999 interviewees one year after graduation percentage shares (11) Job search methods were grouped into five main types: direct contacts: these include personal approaches made to potential employers, direct hiring by a company, and continuation of a job placement or of work experience activity while preparing a university thesis; informal indirect contacts: approaches made to potential employers on the suggestion of relatives, acquaintances, previous employers or university lecturers, requests that relatives or acquaintances propose the job seeker to potential employers, and continued employment in an already existing family business; formal indirect contacts: enrolment at official job placement offices or specialized employment agencies, participation in public competitive examinations, applications to schools or education authorities, replying to job vacancies advertised in newspapers/notice boards/internet or advertising availability, attending job interviews; self employment; other type of contact. 38
13 2. The employment situations of Erasmus graduates... Erasmus non Erasmus 22.2% 1.6% 22.7% 2.3% 1.2% 46.5% 38.1% 38.1% direct contact formal indirect contact informal indirect contact self employment 27.3% direct contact formal indirect contact informal indirect contact self employment other or not stated Table 2.3 Employed Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates who began working after graduation, by gender and job search method 1999 interviewees one year after graduation row percentages direct contact formal indirect contact informal self indirect contact employme nt other or not stated TOTAL number of graduates interviewe d males Erasmus non Erasmus females Erasmus non Erasmus ,350 TOTAL Erasmus non Erasmus ,335 Labour market entry times two years after graduation If graduates already in employment on graduation are excluded, it is possible to analyse labour market entry over a time span of two years. Figure 2.7 compares Erasmus and non Erasmus graduates, depicting their S(t) functions of persistence in joblessness according to the Kaplan Meier model. The two curves have substantially the same shape, but the curve corresponding to the Erasmus group lies below the one for non Erasmus graduates, thereby indicating a shorter duration of joblessness and therefore, although the differences are not marked, more rapid labour market 39
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