Simulation in Healthcare Education

Transcription

1 Simulation in Healthcare Education

2

3 Harry Owen Simulation in Healthcare Education An Extensive History

4 Harry Owen, MBChB, FANZCA, MD Flinders University of South Australia School of Medicine Adelaide, SA, Australia ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 To the forgotten pioneers of simulation in healthcare education

6

7 Preface I was a medical student from 1972 to 1977 and subsequently specialized in anesthesia. As a student and trainee I learned how to perform procedures on patients. Sometimes I was supervised but often not, and, while I always tried my best, not all my early attempts were successful, and I know I caused complications. I thought this was how modern medicine should be taught, and with practice I became proficient in a wide range of invasive techniques. As a specialist in anesthesia, I also taught on patients but toward the end of the twentieth century discovered that simulation could be a safer alternative. Like most practitioners at the time, I thought that simulation was a relatively recent innovation in healthcare education and that I was an early-adopter of new technology. Searches for early examples of simulators only confirmed this belief. I developed an interest in using simulators for teaching and developed an airway teaching program to improve patient safety [ 1 ]. I received some invitations to present on simulation in healthcare education and wanted to provide some history of simulation in education and training. I discovered that the use of the term simulation in this setting was new but the use of what we now call simulation wasn t new at all and had been used hundreds of years ago. In the nineteenth century in particular, as healthcare professions were established and new medical procedures were developed, simulators were often devised for novices to acquire relevant skills and avoid harming patients. I have included many quotes in this book to make it clear this is not just my interpretation of how simulation was used in earlier times. If this aspect of medical history had been preserved, vast numbers of patients would have received better care and had fewer adverse events. There has been a resurgence of interest in simulation, but it is not universally integrated in entry-level education and training in all health professions and in continuing professional development. Simulation-based training has a cost, but the true cost of training on patients is hidden. vii

8 viii Preface The very early adopters of simulation faced exactly the problems that are being encountered by contemporary users of simulation including lack of funding and indifference of colleagues to new ways of teaching. We should learn from history rather than repeat it. Adelaide, SA, Australia Harry Owen, MBChB, FANZCA, MD Reference 1. Owen H, Plummer JL. Improving learning of a clinical skill: the first year s experience of teaching endotracheal intubation in a clinical simulation facility. Med Educ. 2002;36:

9 Acknowledgments This book was made possible by some very special people, and I am very grateful for their help. Viv Owen, my wife, encouraged and supported me, Helen Braithwaite of Flinders University provided much secretarial and administrative assistance and translated many German papers, and Daisy Veitch of Sharp Dummies provided invaluable help with the figures. The Document Delivery Unit at Flinders University deserves particular mention for sourcing copies of articles in very old and obscure journals. Several people made contributions to sections of this book. Neil Handley, curator of the British Optical Association Museum, shared his knowledge of simulators in the collection. Jürgen Schlumbohm at the Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte in Göttingen, Professor Günter Köhler at the University of Greifswald, and Professor Thomas Schnalke at the Berliner Medizinhistorisches Museum der Charité provided information on obstetric simulation in Germany. Francesca Vannozzi of the University of Siena and president of the Centro Servizi di Ateneo CUTVAP and Alberto Zannatta of the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences in the Medical School at Padua University provided information on some obstetric simulators in Italy. Giulia Rigoni Savioli, rare book and special collections librarian at the University of Padua, provided examples of the development of illustration in medical education. Peter Wilson in Adelaide provided an opinion on the Loomis trial. Many other contributions have been acknowledged in the book, and I thank all those librarians, historians and curators. ix

10

11 Contents PART I 1 Introduction... 3 The Rise of the Machines... 4 References Early Examples of Simulation in Training and Healthcare... 9 Liver Simulators Simulation in Roman Military Training A Battle Simulation and Cadaver Simulators A Dragon Simulator First Recorded Use of Simulation in Health Professional Education Acupuncture Simulators The Beginning of the Modern Era of Simulation in Healthcare References Simulation in Medical Science Simulation in Anatomy Anatomy and the Renaissance Stereography Anatomical Models Simulation in Physiology The Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Simulators The Gastrointestinal System The Loomis Laboratory Childbirth References xi

12 xii Contents PART II 4 Simulation in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Midwifery The Foundations of Obstetric Simulators and Teaching Aids The Development of Obstetrics Origins of Obstetric Simulation Obstetric Simulation in France Background Clinical Experience The Beginning of Obstetric Simulation in France The Simulator Industry in Eighteenth-Century France Nineteenth-Century Simulators Teaching Obstetrics Using Simulation in the Nineteenth Century Tarnier, Budin, and Pinard Other Mannequins Further Developments in Obstetric Simulation Obstetric Simulation in Britain Background William Smellie William Smellie s Students and Contemporaries Obstetric Simulation in Scotland The Nineteenth Century The Twentieth Century Teaching Obstetrics in the Twentieth Century Obstetric Simulators in Italy The Eighteenth Century The Nineteenth Century Further Development of Simulation in Healthcare in Italy Obstetric Simulators in Germany and Austria The First Obstetric Simulators in Germany Living Manikins Obstetric Simulation in Vienna A Complication of Hand Hygiene A Perineum Simulator Paper and Pocket Obstetric Simulators Simulating Birth A Simulation-Based Obstetric Training Course Obstetric Simulation in the US and Canada Obstetric Simulation in the Eighteenth Century Obstetric Simulation in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century Obstetric Simulation at Harvard Demonstrative Midwifery and the People Versus Dr Horatio N Loomis A Case Study of Simulation in Obstetrical Education: The University of Michigan

13 Contents xiii Obstetric Simulation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century The Long Island Hospital College Obstetric Simulation and Medical Education Reform in the Nineteenth Century James Clifton Edgar and The Manikin in the Teaching of Practical Obstetrics The Lying-In Hospital of the City of New York Development of a Health Simulation Industry in the United States Research Using Simulation Obstetric Simulation in the First Half of the Twentieth Century Obstetric Teaching and Simulation in the Twentieth Century The Obstetric Teaching Models of Robert L Dickinson Instructional Materials for Simulation in Obstetrical Teaching The Return of Transparent Simulators Obstetric Simulation in the Rest of the World Europe Latin America Southern Africa Asia Simulation Around the Globe Simulation in Midwifery Johann von Hoorn Marie-Louise Lachapelle Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray Margaret Stephens The Nineteenth Century The Twentieth Century Julia Oleander Graves Simulation in Gynecology A flat-pack simulator Cadaver Simulators Artificial Simulators References PART III 5 Simulators and Teaching Aids Used in Teaching Medicine A Pulse Simulator Infectious Diseases Smallpox Syphilis, Skin Disease, and Simulation TB and the First Auscultation Simulator Clinical Skills Simulators References

14 xiv Contents 6 Simulation in Surgery General Surgery Origins of Surgical Simulation Simulation in Sixteenth Century Orthopaedics Simulation in Early Neurosurgery Simulated Patients Surgical Simulation on Cadavers Hernia Surgery Simulation Urology Cadavers and the Poor Lithotripsy and Cystoscopy Bladder Simulators with Advanced Features A Simulation-Based Cystoscopy Training System Cadavers and Preserved Bladders Simple Simulators Learning on Patients Simulators in the Twentieth Century Later Developments References Simulation in Oto-, Rhino-, and Laryngology Early Laryngoscopy Simulators Autolaryngoscopy More Laryngoscopy Simulators Interactive Simulators Simulation in ORL in the Early Twentieth Century Otoscopy and Paracentesis Simulated Patients Direct Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy Gustav Killian Later Use of Simulation in Bronchoscopy The First Robotic Patient Simulator The Twenty-First Century References Simulation and the Eye Oculists, Spectacle Makers and Ophthalmologists The Anatomy of the Eye Early Illustrations Flaps Eye Models The Whole Eye Functional Models: Eye Movements Functional Models: Formation of an Image on the Retina

15 Contents xv Development of Vision Simulators London Eyes The Adams Family More Eye Models Optometry and Ophthalmology Simulators for Ophthalmoscopy and Skiascopy Frost s Artificial Eye Schematic Eyes for Practising Retinoscopy and Ophthalmoscopy Loring s Artificial Eyes Landolt s Artificial Eye Eye Simulators in Medical Education Eye Disease Simulators The Development of Simulators for Ophthalmic Surgery Franz Reisinger Albert Sachs Johann Christian Jüngken Anton Welz Friedrich Jäger Émile Andrieux Further Development of Simulators for Eye Surgery Home-Made Simulators Strabismus Surgery Simulation Later Developments in Simulation References Simulation in Nursing Mrs Chase Funding and Home-Made Dolls Other Hospital Dolls Home-Making Later Developments References Simulation and Teaching in Resuscitation and Trauma Management Resuscitation The First Resuscitation Manikin Further Developments Simulation and Endotracheal Intubation Cadaver Simulators in Tracheal Intubation Time: A Key Performance Indicator for Intubation Alternatives to Cadaver Simulators The First Intubation Simulators Intubation and Tracheotomy Later Use of Simulation

16 xvi Contents Intubation in the Twenty-First Century References Simulation in Dentistry and Dental Hygiene Early Modern Simulators in Dentistry Using Simulation to Teach Technique Fergus and the First Dental Phantom Some Other Dental Phantoms Dental Simulation in the United States Dental Hygiene The Twentieth Century and Beyond References Index