International J. of Healthcare and Biomedical Research, Volume: 03, Issue: 02, January 2015, Pages 50-59
|
|
- Zoe Richardson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Original article An Epidemiological Study of Tuberculosis Patient with Special Reference to Cost Incurred By Patient for the Treatment in an Urban Slum of Mumbai, Maharashtra Dnyaneshwar M. Gajbhare 1, Rahul C. Bedre 2, Harsha M. Solanki 3 1Assistant Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine (PSM), T. N. Medical College & BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine (PSM), Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar, Karnataka, India 3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine (PSM), Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India Corresponding author: Dr. Dnyaneshwar M. Gajbhare Abstract: Context: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in the world. It infect one third of world population at any given point of time. Objectives: To study total cost incurred by TB patients for treatment in an urban slum area Mumbai, Maharashtra. Methodology: A community based longitudinal study was carried out for 12 months in field practice area of UHC facilitated by Community Medicine Department of KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra. All patients registered during study period (103) were included of which 85 were able to follow till completion of study. Initial interview focused on socio-demographic profile of patient, pre-diagnosis history of illness & cost incurred for the same followed by monthly visit to patient s home to get information regarding monthly expenses during treatment. Based on information pre-treatment (direct & indirect) cost as well as during treatment (direct & indirect) cost incurred by patient for treatment was estimated. Results: Category wise distribution of TB patients was 46.6%, 22.3% & 31.1% for cat 1, cat 2 & cat 3 respectively. Past h/o TB was present in 24.3% & family h/o TB was present in 40.2% patient. The mean pretreatment working day s loss & during treatment working day s loss was more for category 2. Pre-treatment mean direct cost was Rs & it was more for category 3 patients. Pre-treatment mean indirect cost for employed patients was Rs & it was more for category 2 patients. During treatment cost was estimated for patients who had completed treatment successfully. Mean direct cost & indirect cost during treatment was Rs & Rs respectively. It was more for category 2 patients. Mean total cost {pre-treatment (direct + indirect) + during treatment (direct + indirect)} of tuberculosis treatment for an employed patients who had completed treatment successfully was Rs it was more for category 2 patients. Total cost was 14.53% and indirect cost was 11.31% of total family income of employed patients. Conclusion: The cost incurred to the patient was much more in proportion to their annual income and it was more for category 2. Key words: Socio-demographic profile, cost incurred for TB treatment, urban slum 50
2 Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient diseases. It is an airborne infectious disease that is preventable and curable. The causative agent was detected more than 100 yrs back by Dr. Robert Koch on 24 th march In spite of complete knowledge about causation, spread and treatment of disease, it is not possible to have control over the spread of disease. Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in the world. It infect one third of world population at any given point of time. The developed country was able to control the disease to certain extent but due to HIV infection the disease started appearing again. Tuberculosis is one of the disease which causes heavy economical loss to mankind. World Bank has estimated global burden of tuberculosis in terms of DALYs loss and stated that Tuberculosis stands 7 th globally in DALYs loss. The families of tuberculosis patient suffer a heavy socio-economical loss (1). India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) globally, accounting for one fifth of the global incidence and two thirds of the cases in South-East Asia. Nearly 40% of the Indian population is already infected with the TB bacillus. India has more new TB cases annually than any other country, ranking first among the 22 high-burden TB countries worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global TB Report India began a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) with Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course (DOTS) implementation in According to WHO, DOTS was available to 84 percent of the population in 2004 and in March 2006 complete India was covered under DOTS. Need for study: Tuberculosis (TB) affects the most productive age group and the resultant economic cost for society is high. Even though diagnostic and treatment services under TB control are offered free of cost, TB patients do incur out of pocket expenditure. There are several studies on effect of RNTCP on the treatment outcome of patient. The issue of economical impact remains unattained in most of the studies. Hence the present study was a small attempt to study the economical impact of tuberculosis in study population. Materials and Methodology: Present Community based longitudinal study was carried out for 12 months in field practice area (Malvani Urban slum area) of UHC facilitated by community medicine department of KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Malvani is divided into Gates and areas of which Gates extend from Gate No1 to Gate No 8. The UHC is located at Gate No.7 Malvani which is served by two health posts. The area under the health post which is attached to UHC was taken for study. All the patients registered during study period (from 1 ts September 2005 till 31 th December 2005) to health post i.e. 103 were included of which 85 were able to be followed till completion of study. First interview was conducted immediately after starting treatment under DOTS which mainly focused on the sociodemographic profile of patient, pre-diagnosis history of illness and cost incurred for the same. After initial first interview the patients were followed on monthly basis to their home, when ever required the information given by patient was cross checked by seeing the details during visit to the home of patient. The subsequent visits session were used for collection of information regarding monthly expenses during treatment. The various type of cost estimation of entire treatment was done at various levels. The pretreatment direct cost was estimated for all patients (n=103). The pretreatment indirect cost was estimated for only employed patient (n=52). During treatment the direct cost was estimated for all those patients who completed treatment successfully 51 50
3 (n=85). The indirect cost during treatment was estimated for those patients who completed treatment successfully and were employed (n=41). As estimation of indirect cost in unemployed patient was not possible as the time lost on account of non-labour activities cannot be measured in financial terms, thus indirect cost was estimated only in employed patient. Thus analyses of patient who completed treatment and employed were taken for analysis. Data analysis: Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS software version 15. This was cross checked by manual calculation. Framework: Total patient registered (n=103) Total patient interviewed (n=103) for all patient (n=103) Pre treatment cost assessed Direct cost for all patient (n=103) Indirect cost for employed (n=52) During treatment cost for patient who completed treatment (n=85) Total cost (direct and indirect) for Patient who completed treatment and employed. (n=41) Direct cost for patients who completed treatment (n=85) Indirect cost only for employed patients who completed treatment (n=41) Operational definitions used in the study: Costs assessed 1. Direct medical costs: Consultation fees and money spent on investigations and drugs were classified as medical expenditure (2). 2. Direct nonmedical cost: Money spent on travel, lodging, special food and expenditure incurred for persons accompanying the patient were classified as nonmedical expenditure (2). 3. Indirect costs: Indirect costs were classified as loss of wages due to illness, decreased earning ability due to illness, or long term disability that necessitated change in type of work (2). 5251
4 4. Total cost: Total cost includes the expenditure incurred pre treatment and during treatment under direct and indirect costs (2). Results and Discussion: Table 1: Socio-demographic Profile of the TB patients Variables No. % Age (years) More than Sex Male Female Education Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher secondary Above tenth Occupation Unemployed Employed Socio-economic class Upper Class Upper-Middle Class Middle Class Lower Middle Class Mean age of cases was 28.95yrs; similar study conducted by R. Rajeswari (3) showed that the mean age was 37.8±14.9 yrs. Another study by Dheeraj Gupta (4) shows that the mean age in study population was 35.56±13.69 yrs. Study from Zambia by D. M. Needham (5) show the mean age of study subject was 32 years. In present study the mean age is slightly lower than the previous studies it may show the increasing incidence of disease in younger population. Tuberculosis affects all age group, but has its greatest impact on productive adults. It is well known that adults aged 15 to 59 years are the most economically productive individuals; as they are parents on whom survival and development of children depend. In present study, maximum number of patients (35.00%) was 5351
5 in age group of yrs followed by yrs (23.30%). Thus Tuberculosis affects highly productive age group individuals i.e years & here it contributes 58.30%.Similar study conducted by R. Rajeswari (3) showed that 69% male and 84% female were in the economically productive age group 15 to 49 yrs. The occurrence of tuberculosis does not depend on the sex of individual. In present study the distribution of study population shows that the male were 55.33% and the female were 44.67%. The male were affected more than the female population, these may be due to unhygienic living standard, inadequate diet, heavy physical work, various types of addiction. A study conducted by R. Rajeswari (3) showed that the male were affected to an extent of 56.95%. Similarly another study by Dheeraj Gupta (4) titled as Role of socioeconomic factors in tuberculosis prevalence shows that the male were 67.2% affected while the females are affected in 32.8% cases. There is another similar finding in a study conducted by M. Muniyandi (2) shows that there were 73% male contribute to the study population. A large number of study populations were uneducated 26 (25.24%). As level of education is an important factor in association with knowledge about disease and the various services available at government centers. Educational status of the community is very key factor for the success or failure of the treatment in tuberculosis. Health seeking behavior of individual depends on the educational level; in present study only 17 out of 26 (65.04%) go to health provider in first 30 days of their sickness. In study population individuals educated till primary classes were 22.34% while only 15.53% were educated above tenth standard. A study named cost to patient with tuberculosis treated under DOTS programme conducted by M. Muniyandi (2) showed that 43.29% study population was illiterate. A similar study conducted by R. Rajeswari (3) in India showed that 25% male and 34% female were illiterate. In present study there were 49.51% unemployed individuals (Students, Retired person and Housewives) while there were 52 (50.49%) employed individuals in study population (Government employee, Private employee and daily workers). Employment status affects the treatment outcome as well as treatment adherence. It is important in estimation of indirect cost of the tuberculosis that the diseased individuals need to pay. Higher the employed higher will be the indirect cost. Unemployment status was 21.31% in a study named cost to patient with tuberculosis treated under DOTS programme conducted by M. Muniyandi (2). In another study by R. Rajeshwari (3) the employment status of 52.30% study individuals was employed. It is clearly that there were no cases from upper class in present study. This shows that Tuberculosis affects middle class and lower class. In present study it affects middle class in 46.6% of cases while lower middle class and lower class were affected in 34%. There are various factors in support of involvement of middle and lower class by the tuberculosis. These may be Unemployment, lower Educational Level, unhealthy living environment and Overcrowding etc. There is a study titled as cost to patient with tuberculosis treated under DOTS programme conducted by M. Muniyandi (2) shows that the 61.75% cases belong to Below Poverty Line (BPL). Graph 1: Categorization of patient as per Disease category
6 Majority of patient 48 (46.6%) belongs to Category 1 followed by category 3 (31.1%) while Category 2 Graph : 1 contributes to 23 (22.3%) DISEASE CATEGORY-WISE PATIENT PROFILE Percentage (%) Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Disease Category Table 2: Category wise pre-treatment and during treatment loss of working days Disease category Pre-treatment mean days loss During treatment mean days loss Category Category Category The mean pre-treatment & during treatment working day s loss was more for category 2. Similar finding was observed in a study conducted by R. Rajeshwari (3) there was 60 days loss of working days for complete treatment. In present study it was 44 days for category 2 patient. In a study in study by Needham D M (5) in Zambia shows that mean pre-treatment days lost were 12.5 to 20 days. Medworld asia Dedicated for quality research Table 3: Mean pre-treatment cost (direct+ Indirect) & during treatment cost (direct + Indirect) of Patients (Cost in Rupees)
7 Table : 3 Cost incurred Sample size Mean Minimum Maximum Pretreatment Direct Treatment Indirect Cost During treatment Direct Treatment Indirect Cost The above table depicts that mean pretreatment as well as during treatment indirect cost was more compared to direct cost. Indirect costs includes as loss of wages due to illness, decreased earning ability due to illness, or long term disability that necessitated change in type of work. The direct medical cost had a wide range from minimum Rs.10 to maximum Rs.8700, this variation depend on the various factors as sex of individual, age, type of health care provider and category of disease. Mean pre-treatment indirect cost was Rs.1698 with a minimum of nil to maximum of Rs in present series of patient. The pre-treatment indirect cost shows the awareness of health in the study population. Higher the pre-treatment cost higher will be loss of working days. In present study mean pre-treatment working days lost was 9.44 with minimum zero and maximum 90 days. In a study by Dinesh M Nair (6) in Mumbai shows that a total of US $ 10 was spent for consultation and drugs before diagnosis by a patient residing in Mumbai. Similarly in a report by Uplekar M (7) in 1996, patient registered for treatment with government-run services incurred a pre-treatment cost of US $ 10-17; this is considerably higher than pre-treatment costs for the patient in the present series. In a study by M. Muniyandi (2) the pre treatment direct cost was Rs.874 which is much higher than the present study & pre-treatment indirect cost was Rs.951. The difference may be just due to the period of study, the study was conducted in Similarly in a study by R. Rajeswari (3) the mean direct cost was Rs.2052 & pre-treatment indirect cost was Rs During treatment direct cost was estimated for those who completed treatment. Out of total 103 patient 85 completed treatment and the mean direct cost treatment was Rs During treatment indirect cost was estimated for employed patient who completed treatment successfully. In present study there were 41 patients who completed treatment successfully and they are employed. During treatment indirect cost was Rs with a range of Rs.00 to Rs Similarly in a study by M. Muniyandi (2) mean direct cost during treatment was Rs.227 & mean indirect cost was Rs.825 with a range of Rs.0 to Rs.13100which is much lower than the present series of patient. In a study by R. Rajeswari (3) the mean direct cost during treatment was Rs.219 for the entire course of treatment & the mean during treatment indirect cost was Rs The difference in the present study series and available studies may be due increasing price of daily commodity
8 Table 4: Mean Pre treatment cost (direct + indirect) & during treatment cost (direct + indirect)) of employed patient according to Disease category (Cost in Rupees). Cost incurred pretreatment & during treatment Disease Category Mean Minimum Maximum Pre-treatment direct cost (103) Cat Cat Cat Pre-treatment indirect cost (52) Cat Cat Cat Direct cost during treatment (85) Cat Cat Cat Indirect cost during treatment (41) Cat Cat Cat The study shows that there is significant difference defaulter, relapse or failure individuals. These in pre-treatment cost of patient as per disease patients have already diseased condition. During category. There is maximum pre-treatment indirect treatment direct & indirect cost was maximum for cost in disease category 3 followed by category 1 category 2 patient which may be due to due to long and category 2. This difference may be due to the duration of treatment course and patient need investigation required in diagnosis of disease. maximum care. Further it may leads to loss of Category 3 needs investigation like fine needle working days of a patient as well as hampers the aspiration cytology (FNAC), biopsy for cytology socio-economic development of individual and etc this are expensive investigation. Pre-treatment society. indirect cost was maximum for category 2, as this category includes either previously diseased, Table 5: Mean Total cost for Employed patient. (Cost in Rupees)
9 Table : 5 International J. of Healthcare and Biomedical Research, Volume: 03, Issue: 02, January 2015, Pages Sample size Mean Minimum Maximum Total cost Disease category Category Category Category In present study the total cost (Pre-treatment direct, indirect and during treatment direct, indirect) was estimated for patient who were employed and completed treatment successfully. The mean total cost for treatment of tuberculosis in present study was Rs with a range of Rs.1710 to Rs.35, 510. Mean total cost was found more for category 2 as compared to other categories. In a study conducted by M. Muniyandi (2) the mean total cost was Rs.1398 (US $ 30), total cost was more than Rs.3000 in more than 29% patient. In another study by R. Rajeswari (3) tuberculosis treatment was Rs the mean total cost for Table 6: Proportion of Indirect and Total cost of employed patient to that of annual income Total employed patient Mean annual family income (Rs) Indirect cost (Rs) Total cost (Rs) 41 57, It is observed that total cost was 14.53% and of the below poverty line patient and 10% of the indirect cost was 11.31% of total family income of above poverty line patients annual family income. employed patients. In a study conducted by M.Muniyandi (2) shows that the total cost was 19% Graph 2: Proportion of Indirect and Total cost of employed patient to that of annual income % Total cost Total income Conclusions:
10 Conclusion: Tuberculosis affects mainly the productive age government health centre, there is no estimate of group of society thus it hampers the social and cost those taking treatment from private centers. economical development of individual, society and Recommendations: the nation. It is mostly seen in the middle and It is strongly recommended that all effort below middle class community which are already should be made to ensure that correct, struggling for their survival in day to day life. regular and complete treatment is taken by Disease category 2 causes maximum working days the patient. loss both in pre-treatment as well as during There is need to provide adequate financial treatment. The cost incurred to the patient is much support to tuberculosis patient from the more in proportion to their annual income. poorer section of the community, since Limitations: they are thrown even further into poverty In spite all efforts made to collect the accurate as a result of the disease. information regarding expenditure of patient, there There is need for starting income may be some overestimation of cost. The study generation scheme for the adult patient as population was only those taking treatment from they are the earner of the families so as to meet their daily family needs. References: 1. J Kishore s National Health Programs of India, 7th Edition. pg M. Muniyadi, Rajeswari Ramachandran and Balasubramanian. Study on cost to patient with tuberculosis treated under DOTS programme. Indian J Tuberc 2005; Rajeshwari R, R Balasubramanian, Muniyandi M, Geetharamani, X. Thresa, P. Venkatesh. Socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis on patients and family in India. Ind J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3(10): Dheeraj Gupta, Kshaunish Das, Balamughesh, T., Aggarwal, A. N., Jindal, K. Role of socio-economic factors in tuberculosis prevalence. Indian J Tuberc 2004; 51: D.M. Needham; P. Godfrey-Faussett; S.D. Foster. Barriers to tuberculosis control in urban Zambia: the economic impact and burden on patients prior to diagnosis. Ind J Tuberc dis 2(10); Nair, D.M., George, A., Chacko, K.T. (1997), "Tuberculosis in Bombay: new insights from poor urban patients", Health Policy and Planning 1997;12(1): Uplekar M, Juvekar S, Morankar S: Tiberculosis patient and practioners in private clinics. Bombay: The Foundation for Research in Community Health,
SOURCE OF LATEST ANTI-TB TREATMENT AMONGST RE-TREATMENT TB CASES REGISTERED UNDER RNTCP IN GUJARAT
Original Article.. SOURCE OF LATEST ANTI-TB TREATMENT AMONGST RE-TREATMENT TB CASES REGISTERED UNDER RNTCP IN GUJARAT P Dave 1, K Rade 2, KR Pujara 3, R Solanki 4, B Modi 5, PG Patel 6, P Nimavat 7 1 Additional
More informationPatient satisfaction in national leprosy eradication programme Mohite RV 1, Mohite VR 2, Durgawale PM 3
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 03 July 13 Original article: Patient satisfaction in national leprosy eradication programme Mohite RV 1, Mohite VR 2, Durgawale PM 3 Abstract: Background:
More informationEffect of Delay in Tuberculosis Diagnosis on Pre-Diagnosis Cost
Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Community Medicine.2017, 3(1):22-26 http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/jppcm.2017.1.5 e-issn: 2455-3255 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Effect of Delay in Tuberculosis Diagnosis on
More informationStudy of socio-demographic determinants of class IV employees in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai
Original article: Study of socio-demographic determinants of class IV employees in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai Prachi V. Chakor (Palwe) 1, Armaity S. Dehmubed 2, Purushottam A. Giri 3,
More informationKNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF DOTS PROVIDERS UNDER RNTCP IN UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH
Original Article KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF DOTS PROVIDERS UNDER RNTCP IN UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH Mayank Jain 1, Swarupa V Chakole 2, Amit S Pawaiya 1, Satish C Mehta 3 Financial Support: Non declared
More informationREASONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE AND PROFILE OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN URBAN AREA OF INDORE
ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn 0976 3325 eissn 2229 6816 Open Access Article www.njcmindia.org REASONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE AND PROFILE OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN URBAN AREA OF INDORE Sonia Tiwari 1, R R Wavare
More informationConclusion: Despite existing comprehensive feedback guidelines under RNTCP there was a lack of commitment in implementation of such guidelines.
Status of Feedback on TB Cases Put on DOTS and Referred for Treatment: A Record Based Study from a Medical College in Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka Abstract Dr J P, Majra, Dr Anjali Pal, Dr.ArpitaGur
More informationFinancial impact of TB illness
Summary report Costs faced by (multidrug resistant) tuberculosis patients during diagnosis and treatment: report from a pilot study in Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan Edine W. Tiemersma 1, David Collins
More informationManagement of patients with TB/HIV Gunta Kirvelaite
Management of patients with TB/HIV Gunta Kirvelaite Riga East Clinical hospital, Centre for tuberculosis and lung diseases. Head of outpatient department. MDR TB physician. WHO Collaborating Centre for
More informationBy Hand+ . The Secretary Govt. of India Ministry of Health & F.W. Deptt. of Health (AHS Section) Nirman Bhawan NEW DELHI
By Hand+Email Ref.No.27-21/2000-PCI/55810-11 Date:11-02-2015 The Secretary Govt. of India Ministry of Health & F.W. Deptt. of Health (AHS Section) Nirman Bhawan NEW DELHI 110 011. Sir The Pharmacy Council
More informationEmpowering States & Districts & using biometric technology to deliver healthcare to the doorsteps of the poor
Empowering States & Districts & using biometric technology to deliver healthcare to the doorsteps of the poor Overview- What gets measured, gets done Operation ASHA -serving more than 54 Lakh people in
More informationAuthor for Correspondence
A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES REGARDING BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMNT AMONG NURSING STAFF IN PRIVATE HOPITALS IN UDUPI CITY, KARNATAKA, INDIA * Md. Asadullah, Karthik G. K. and Dharmappa B.
More informationPerformance of RNTCP NTI Bulletin 2003, 39 / 3&4, 19-23
Performance of RNTCP NTI Bulletin 2003, 39 / 3&4, 19-23 PERFORMANCE OF RNTCP IN HIMACHAL PRADESH AND KERALA - A PERSPECTIVE COMPARISON SG Radhakrishna* & G Sumathi* SUMMARY Monitoring is a continuous assessment
More informationContextualising the End TB Strategy for a Push toward TB Elimination in Kerala. Sunil Kumar
End TB Strategy Contextualising the End TB Strategy for a Push toward TB Elimination in Kerala Sunil Kumar The END TB strategy challenges the world to envision the End of the Tuberculosis pandemic and
More informationStrengthening institutional capacity for nursing training on HIV/AIDS & Tuberculosis (GFATM R7) KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICES OF NURSES TOWARDS TB
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICES OF NURSES TOWARDS TB BASALINE SURVEY 2014 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICES OF NURSES TOWARDS TB BASALINE SURVEY 2014 1 Table of contents Content Page Abbreviations 3 List
More informationTO STUDY THE SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF PATIENTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON HEALTH CARE
International Journal of Advanced Research and Review www.ijarr.in TO STUDY THE SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF PATIENTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON HEALTH CARE Shrikant Sharma *, Sunita Hemani **, G.N. Saxena ***.
More informationA Tale of Women Entrepreneurs: Problems and Prospects
A Tale of Women Entrepreneurs: Problems and Prospects Dr. Sachin H. Lad Assistant Professor, Sanjay Ghodawat University, Kolhapur. ABSTRACT The paper assessed the constraints faced by women entrepreneurs
More informationCost effectiveness of telemedicine for the delivery of outpatient pulmonary care to a rural population Agha Z, Schapira R M, Maker A H
Cost effectiveness of telemedicine for the delivery of outpatient pulmonary care to a rural population Agha Z, Schapira R M, Maker A H Record Status This is a critical abstract of an economic evaluation
More informationUtilization of and barriers to public sector tuberculosis services in India
THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA VOL. 17, NO. 6, 2004 292 Original Articles Utilization of and barriers to public sector tuberculosis services in India RAKHI DANDONA, LALIT DANDONA, ASHISH MISHRA,
More informationAssessment of Knowledge on management of Pulmonary Tuberculosis under RNTCP among graduating Interns and Postgraduate students in RIMS Imphal.
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 6, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. - June. 2017), PP 07-11 www.iosrjournals.org Assessment of Knowledge on management
More information"Discovery to Treatment" Window in Patients With Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis
ORIGINAL ARTICLE "Discovery to Treatment" Window in Patients With Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis L C Loh, MRCP*, A Codati, MJamil*, Z Mohd Noor**, P Vijayasingham, FRCPI** IMU Lung Research, International
More informationPrevention and Care- Role of Pharmacists. Prafull Sheth, FIP Vice President
Challenges in TB Prevention and Care- Role of Pharmacists Prafull Sheth, FIP Vice President Tuberculosis- Global Facts Disease of poverty, Contagious and Air borne Among the top ten causes of deaths 1.7
More informationINTEGRATED SAFEGUARDS DATA SHEET APPRAISAL STAGE
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Copy Public Disclosure Copy Date ISDS Prepared/Updated: 02-Jan-2014
More informationEffectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Bio-Medical Waste Management
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 3, Issue 3 Ver. II (May-Jun. 2014), PP 60-65 Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Bio-Medical
More informationSuicide Among Veterans and Other Americans Office of Suicide Prevention
Suicide Among Veterans and Other Americans 21 214 Office of Suicide Prevention 3 August 216 Contents I. Introduction... 3 II. Executive Summary... 4 III. Background... 5 IV. Methodology... 5 V. Results
More informationExtent of Delay in Diagnosis in New Smear Positive Patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Attending Tertiary Care Hospital
www.ijpm.in www.ijpm.ir Extent of Delay in Diagnosis in New Smear Positive Patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Attending Tertiary Care Hospital Binod Kumar Behera, Ram Bilash Jain 1, Krishan Bihari Gupta
More informationSATISFACTION LEVEL OF PATIENTS IN OUT- PATIENT DEPARTMENT AT A GENERAL HOSPITAL, HARYANA
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (IJM) ISSN 0976-6502 (Print) ISSN 0976-6510 (Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 670-678 IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/ijm.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014):
More informationSathya Priya Kittusami. Gayathri Gurumurthy. Suma Prashant. Ashok Jhunjhunwala. CPR South 8/ CPR Africa September 5-7, 2013
ICT- Enabled Treatment Adherence and Follow-up System Towards Successful Implementation of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), India Sathya Priya Kittusami Gayathri Gurumurthy Suma
More informationSources for Sick Child Care in India
Sources for Sick Child Care in India Jessica Scranton The private sector is the dominant source of care in India. Understanding if and where sick children are taken for care is critical to improve case
More informationNursing Students Knowledge on Sports Brain Injury Prevention
Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Nursing Science and Practice 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 36-40 Med-208 ISSN: 2320 0278 Case Study Open Access Nursing Students Knowledge on Sports
More informationInventory Management Practices for Biomedical Equipment in Public Hospitals : An Evaluative Study
2017 IJSRST Volume 3 Issue 1 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology Inventory Management Practices for Biomedical Equipment in Public Hospitals : An Evaluative
More informationCountry experience on engaging large hospitals - INDIA
Ninth Meeting of the Sub- group on PPM for TB Care and Control and Global Workshop on Engaging Large Hospitals, 28-30 August 2013 Country experience on engaging large hospitals - INDIA Sreenivas A Nair
More informationMedical Student Research DELAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN RURAL CENTRAL INDIA
Medical Student Research DELAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN RURAL CENTRAL INDIA PALLAVI DHANVIJ*, RAJNISH JOSHI**, SP KALANTRI** ABSTRACT Background
More informationAddressing the Employability of Australian Youth
Addressing the Employability of Australian Youth Report prepared by: Dr Katherine Moore QUT Business School Dr Deanna Grant-Smith QUT Business School Professor Paula McDonald QUT Business School Table
More informationEffect of information booklet about home care management of post operative cardiac patient in selected hospital, New Delhi
Available Online at http://www.uphtr.com/ijnrp/home International Journal of Nursing Research and Practice EISSN 0-; Vol. No. (06) July December Original Article Effect of information booklet about home
More informationPatient survey report Survey of people who use community mental health services 2011 Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust
Patient survey report 2011 Survey of people who use community mental health services 2011 The national Survey of people who use community mental health services 2011 was designed, developed and co-ordinated
More informationA descriptive study to assess the burden among family care givers of mentally ill clients
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 3, Issue 3 Ver. IV (May-Jun. 2014), PP 61-67 A descriptive study to assess the burden among family care
More informationGUIDE: Reporting Template_Tuberculosis
GUIDE: Reporting Template_Tuberculosis Narrative Report section Contract Number Project Title Contract Period Reporting Period Reporting Date (dd/mm/yyyy) explanation project start and end date in (DD/MM/YYYY)
More informationRoad traffic accidents with head injury: delay in treatment and socioeconomic and legal impact
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Urfi et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017 Jan;4(1):25-29 http://www.ijcmph.com pissn 2394-6032 eissn 2394-6040 Original Research
More informationFEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ZONAL CONSULTANTS MARCH, 2017
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS BURDEN AT NATIONAL AND SUB NATIONAL LEVEL (EPI ANALYSIS SURVEY) TERMS OF REFERENCE
More informationRESEARCH METHODOLOGY BUILDING A JUST WORLD. Summary. Quantitative Data Analysis
BUILDING A JUST WORLD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This appendix accompanies Building a Just World, published by The Salvation Army International Social Justice Commission, available at www.salvationarmy.org/isjc/
More informationRural Health Care Services of PHC and Its Impact on Marginalized and Minority Communities
Rural Health Care Services of PHC and Its Impact on Marginalized and Minority Communities L. Dinesh Ph.D., Research Scholar, Research Department of Commerce, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi, India Dr. S. Ramesh
More informationSurvey of people who use community mental health services Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust
Survey of people who use community mental health services 2017 Survey of people who use community mental health services 2017 National NHS patient survey programme Survey of people who use community mental
More informationEngaging women volunteers of high socioeconomic status in supporting socioeconomically disadvantaged tuberculosis patients in Chiang Rai, Thailand
Engaging women volunteers of high socioeconomic status in supporting socioeconomically disadvantaged tuberculosis patients in Chiang Rai, Thailand Lessons from the Field Jintana Ngamvithayapong-Yanai,
More informationKnowledge on Road Safety Measures among Eleventh and Twelfth Standard Students of Senior Secondary School at Selected Rural School
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 5, Issue 3 Ver. V (May. - Jun. 2016), PP 07-11 www.iosrjournals.org Knowledge on Road Safety Measures
More informationCHAPTER 30 HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
CHAPTER 30 HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE The health of the population is a matter of serious national concern. It is highly correlated with the overall development of the country. An efficient Health Information
More informationDOC An Action Plan for TB and Poverty. Introduction
An Action Plan for TB and Poverty DOC 1.06-7.1 Introduction The Global Plan to Stop TB 1 (2006-2015) aims to ensure equitable access to quality TB care for all people with TB, especially the poor and vulnerable.
More informationPatient empowerment in the European Region A call for joint action
Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe Patient empowerment in the European Region - A call for joint action First European Conference on Patient Empowerment Copenhagen, Denmark, 11 12 April
More informationPatient survey report 2004
Inspecting Informing Improving Patient survey report 2004 Mental health survey 2004 Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust The mental health service user survey was designed, developed
More informationMomentum on Child TB: South East Asia (SEA)
Momentum on Child TB: South East Asia (SEA) Dr. Shakil Ahmed MBBS, FCPS, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Bangladesh shakildr@gmail.com Child Mortality from TB: 2015
More informationTerms of Reference Kazakhstan Health Review of TB Control Program
1 Terms of Reference Kazakhstan Health Review of TB Control Program Objectives 1. In the context of the ongoing policy dialogue and collaboration between the World Bank and the Government of Kazakhstan
More informationInternational Journal of Academic Research ISSN: : Vol.2, Issue-4(5), October-December, 2015 Impact Factor : 1.855
Gopi M, Research Scholar, PG and Research department of Social Work, Sacred Heart College Tiruppattur,Vellore ( Dist ),Tamil Nadu. Dr. J Henry Rozario, Associate Professor Department of Social Work, Sacred
More informationPercent Bed occupancy rate in a selected specialized tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 01 January 12 Original article Percent Bed occupancy rate in a selected specialized tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city Rahman H 1, Haque SME 2, Hafiz
More informationEPSRC Care Life Cycle, Social Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK b
Characteristics of and living arrangements amongst informal carers in England and Wales at the 2011 and 2001 Censuses: stability, change and transition James Robards a*, Maria Evandrou abc, Jane Falkingham
More informationCase-Finding for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Penang
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Case-Finding for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Penang L N Hooi, MRCP Chest Clinic, Penang Hospital, Jalan Residensi, 70450 Penang ~p~mt;lry 1'h~ proce~s Qfcase-findip.g was studied in 100
More informationJ Lab and Life Scs Vol.1, Iss. 2, September Knowledge and Practice of Staff Nurses about Nursing Care of Children with Fever
Research Article Knowledge and Practice of Staff Nurses about Nursing Care of Children with Fever Dhara Y. Vyas* *Dinsha Patel College of Nursing, Naiad, Gujarat, India Abstract Fever is a common childhood
More informationChapter 3. Monitoring NCDs and their risk factors: a framework for surveillance
Chapter 3 Monitoring NCDs and their risk factors: a framework for surveillance Noncommunicable disease surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to provide appropriate information
More informationPROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE Report No.: PIDA2678. Project Name. Region. Country
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE Report No.: PIDA2678 Project Name
More information1993 XVIII (1) 1993 XVIII (1) 1993 XVIII (2) (2) XXII (4)
S. No Name of Faculty: Dr Pradeep Kumar Gupta Name of Journal Year Volume Page Title of the paper No. No. 1 Indian J Community. 2 Indian J Community. 1990 XV. 37-42. A study of hospitalized cases of acute
More informationHOW TO MONITOR LEPROSY ELIMINATION IN YOUR WORKING AREA. World Health Organization
HOW TO MONITOR LEPROSY ELIMINATION IN YOUR WORKING AREA World Health Organization HOW TO MONITOR LEPROSY ELIMINATION IN YOUR WORKING AREA contents The Final Push to Eliminate Leprosy 2 Why do we monitor?
More informationFUNCTIONAL DISABILITY AND INFORMAL CARE FOR OLDER ADULTS IN MEXICO
FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY AND INFORMAL CARE FOR OLDER ADULTS IN MEXICO Mariana López-Ortega National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico Flavia C. D. Andrade Dept. of Kinesiology and Community Health, University
More informationHealth and Long-Term Care Use Patterns for Ohio s Dual Eligible Population Experiencing Chronic Disability
Health and Long-Term Care Use Patterns for Ohio s Dual Eligible Population Experiencing Chronic Disability Shahla A. Mehdizadeh, Ph.D. 1 Robert A. Applebaum, Ph.D. 2 Gregg Warshaw, M.D. 3 Jane K. Straker,
More informationUSAID/Philippines Health Project
USAID/Philippines Health Project 2017-2021 Redacted Concept Paper As of January 24, 2017 A. Introduction This Concept Paper is a key step in the process for designing a sector-wide USAID/Philippines Project
More informationQCI Medical laboratory program journey of quality in public medical laboratories : An experience though program evaluation
Original Article QCI Medical laboratory program journey of quality in public medical laboratories : An experience though program evaluation Bhupendra Kumar Rana, Narendra Shekhar Behera, Sujeeth B. Nair
More informationAvoidable Hospitalisation
Avoidable Hospitalisation Introduction Avoidable hospitalisation is used to measure the occurrence of a severe illness that theoretically could have been avoided by either; Ambulatory sensitive hospitalisation
More informationProfile of Nonfatal Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents Cases Treated at a Tertiary Level Trauma Centre
Original Article Print ISSN: 2321-6379 Online ISSN: 2321-595X DOI: 10.17354/ijss/2016/481 Profile of Nonfatal Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents Cases Treated at a Tertiary Level Trauma Centre Abhinav
More informationPatient survey report Mental health acute inpatient service users survey gether NHS Foundation Trust
Patient survey report 2009 Mental health acute inpatient service users survey 2009 The mental health acute inpatient service users survey 2009 was coordinated by the mental health survey coordination centre
More informationBLS Spotlight on Statistics: Employment Situation of Veterans
Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 5-2010 BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Employment Situation of Veterans Bureau of Labor Statistics Follow this
More informationDesigning a Study Identifying, Defining, and Justifying the Research Problem
Designing a Study Identifying, Defining, and Justifying the Research Problem The following chapter is excerpted from Designing HIV/AIDS Intervention Studies: An Operations Research Handbook, Andrew Fisher
More informationOlder Persons, and Caregiver Burden and Satisfaction in Rural Family Context
Indian Journal of Gerontology 2007, Vol. 21, No. 2. pp 216-232 Older Persons, and Caregiver Burden and Satisfaction in Rural Family Context B. Devi Prasad and N. Indira Rani Department of Social Work Andhra
More informationPatient survey report Outpatient Department Survey 2009 Airedale NHS Trust
Patient survey report 2009 Outpatient Department Survey 2009 The national Outpatient Department Survey 2009 was designed, developed and co-ordinated by the Acute Surveys Co-ordination Centre for the NHS
More informationREVIEW ARTICLE Human Resource Requirement Under the Context of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Bangladesh: Current Situation and Future Challenges
REVIEW ARTICLE Human Resource Requirement Under the Context of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Bangladesh: Current Situation and Future Challenges *MHK Talukder 1, MM Rahman 2, M Nuruzzaman 3 1 Professor
More informationThe Community Health Protection Programme in Dungarpur, Rajasthan
The Community Health Protection Programme in Dungarpur, Rajasthan Save the Children WE ARE the world s leading independent organisation for children. OUR VISION is a world in which every child attains
More informationThe adult social care sector and workforce in. Yorkshire and The Humber
The adult social care sector and workforce in Yorkshire and The Humber 2015 Published by Skills for Care, West Gate, 6 Grace Street, Leeds LS1 2RP www.skillsforcare.org.uk Skills for Care 2016 Copies of
More informationLabor Force Statistics. Unemployment. In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
28 Unemployment P R I N C I P L E S O F ECONOMICS FOURTH EDITION N. GREGORY MANKIW Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2008 update 2008 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
More informationExecutive Summary 10 th September Dr. Richard Wagland. Dr. Mike Bracher. Dr. Ana Ibanez Esqueda. Professor Penny Schofield
Experiences of Care of Patients with Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP): Analysis of the 2010, 2011-12 & 2013 Cancer Patient Experience Survey (CPES) England. Executive Summary 10 th September 2015 Dr. Richard
More informationSCHOOL - A CASE ANALYSIS OF ICT ENABLED EDUCATION PROJECT IN KERALA
CHAPTER V IT@ SCHOOL - A CASE ANALYSIS OF ICT ENABLED EDUCATION PROJECT IN KERALA 5.1 Analysis of primary data collected from Students 5.1.1 Objectives 5.1.2 Hypotheses 5.1.2 Findings of the Study among
More informationEssential Skills in Postgraduate Medical Curriculum of Community Medicine
Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India), 53(1): 21-29, 2017 Essential Skills in Postgraduate Medical Curriculum of Community Medicine Jugal Kishore 1, Tanu Anand 2, Sneha Kumari 1 Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
More informationChecklists for screening for active tuberculosis in high-risk groups
Checklists for screening for active tuberculosis in high-risk groups General screening program considerations The following are aspects of design and implementation that should be considered before planning
More informationJICA Thematic Guidelines on Nursing Education (Overview)
JICA Thematic Guidelines on Nursing Education (Overview) November 2005 Japan International Cooperation Agency Overview 1. Overview of nursing education 1-1 Present situation of the nursing field and nursing
More informationSMART HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM
SMART HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Neha 1, Poonam Kumari 2, H.P.S Kang 3 1 M.Tech Student, UCIM/SAIF/CIL, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 2 Assistant Professor, UCIM/SAIF/CIL, Panjab University, Chandigarh,
More information3. Q: What are the care programmes and diagnostic groups used in the new Formula?
Frequently Asked Questions This document provides background information on the basic principles applied to Resource Allocation in Scotland plus additional detail on the methodology adopted for the new
More informationEmpowering communities & using ecompliance technology to treat TB, and prevent Drug-Resistant TB. Operation ASHA 2013
Empowering communities & using ecompliance technology to treat TB, and prevent Drug-Resistant TB Operation ASHA 2013 1 Overview- What gets measured, gets done Operation ASHA -serving more than 6.1 million
More informationPUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH
PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH Socio Demographic Profiles Of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) Patients In Sabah Narwani binti Hussin 1, Mabelle Wong 2, Liew Houng Bang 3 and Liau Siow Yen 2 1 Clinical Research Centre,
More informationSocial Action Plan (Including the Tribal Action Plan)
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme Social Action Plan (Including the Tribal
More informationA technical guide explaining the data sources and methods used in this profile, plus interactive spreadsheets providing the data in charts and tables, are available at: www.publichealthwalesobservatory.wales.nhs.uk/gpclusters
More informationIMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND WORK VARIABLES ON WORK LIFE BALANCE-A STUDY CONDUCTED FOR NURSES IN BANGALORE
IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND WORK VARIABLES ON WORK LIFE BALANCE-A STUDY CONDUCTED FOR NURSES IN BANGALORE Puja Roshani, Assistant Professor and Ph.D. scholar, Jain University, Bangalore, India Dr. Chaya
More informationA STUDY OF PROBLEMS & PROSPECTUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY OF PROBLEMS & PROSPECTUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ABSTRACT: Dr.T.K.Jadhav* Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable development and the bottlenecks hindering
More informationUtilization of health facilities at primary health centre. Utilization of health facilities at primary health centre by rural community of Pondicherry
Utilization of health facilities at primary health centre Original Research Article ISSN: 2394-0026 (P) Utilization of health facilities at primary health centre by rural community of Pondicherry K N Prasad
More informationWHO policy on TB infection control in health care facilities, congregate settings and households.
WHO policy on TB infection control in health care facilities, congregate settings and households. Rose Pray Stop TB, WHO Why should we develop a policy on TB infection control? To guide countries on what
More informationAssessment of the fraction of cases being missed by routine TB notification data, based on the "Onion" model
Assessment of the fraction of cases being missed by routine TB notification data, based on the "Onion" model Objective To provide an expert opinion of the number of cases that are being missed in each
More informationNeighbourhood HEALTH PROFILE A PEEL HEALTH STATUS REPORT. M. Prentice, Mississauga Ward 3 Councillor
Neighbourhood HEALTH PROFILE 2005 A PEEL HEALTH STATUS REPORT MISSISSAUGA WARD 3 M. Prentice, Mississauga Ward 3 Councillor Mississauga, Ward 3 This report provides an overview of the health status of
More informationEffectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among Policemen in selected Police-Station at Mangalore, India
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 6, Issue 4 Ver. III (Jul. - Aug. 2017), PP 59-63 www.iosrjournals.org Effectiveness of Planned Teaching
More informationThe adult social care sector and workforce in. North East
The adult social care sector and workforce in 2015 Published by Skills for Care, West Gate, 6 Grace Street, Leeds LS1 2RP www.skillsforcare.org.uk Skills for Care 2016 Copies of this work may be made for
More informationRUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief
RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief Brief No. 2015-4 March 2015 www.public-health.uiowa.edu/rupri A Rural Taxonomy of Population and Health-Resource Characteristics Xi Zhu,
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations E/CN.3/2015/20 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 8 December 2014 Original: English Statistical Commission Forty-sixth session 3-6 March 2015 Item 4 (a) of the provisional agenda*
More informationWORLD ALLIANCE FOR PATIENT SAFETY WHO GUIDELINES ON HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE (ADVANCED DRAFT): A SUMMARY CLEAN HANDS ARE SAFER HANDS
WORLD ALLIANCE FOR PATIENT SAFETY WHO GUIDELINES ON HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE (ADVANCED DRAFT): A SUMMARY CLEAN HANDS ARE SAFER HANDS WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (Avanced Draft): A
More informationSATISFACTION FROM CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN UNDER AGE OF FIVE FOR SURGERY DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL, PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA
Original Research Article S113 SATISFACTION FROM CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN UNDER AGE OF FIVE FOR SURGERY DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL, PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA Thol Dawin 1, Usaneya Pergnparn1, 2,
More informationA Study on Problems and Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs in Mysore District
A Study on Problems and Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs in Mysore District UGC sanction No. 1486-MRP/14-15/KAMY008/UGC-SWRO A Minor Research Project Report Submitted To University Grants Commission South
More informationInspecting Informing Improving. Patient survey report Mental health survey 2005 Humber Mental Health Teaching NHS Trust
Inspecting Informing Improving Patient survey report 2005 Mental health survey 2005 The Mental Health Survey 2005 was designed, developed and coordinated by the NHS Surveys Advice Centre at Picker Institute
More information