Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia

Transcription

1 In the WHO South-East Asia Region, kala-azar (KA) or visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is predominantly endemic in Bangladesh, India and Nepal with sporadic cases reported from Bhutan and Thailand. In 2005, a programme was launched to eliminate KA as a public health problem, setting a target of 1 KA case per at the sub-district levels in Bangladesh and India, and the district level in Nepal. Nepal is maintaining this target for the last three years (since 2014), with other endemic countries in the Region close to achieving the target. In order to assess progress towards the achievement of the elimination target by the Member States, a formal process needs to be put into place to validate the elimination of KA as a public health problem. This document describes the process and steps that will be followed to validate the elimination of kala-azar as public health problem. World Health House Indraprastha Estate Mahatma Gandhi Marg New Delhi , India SEA-CD-321 Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia

2 SEA-CD-321 Distribution: General Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia

3 World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Requests for publications, or for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution can be obtained from SEARO Library, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi , India (fax: ; The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication does not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the World Health Organization. Printed in India

4 Contents Page 1. Introduction Operational case definitions in the kala-azar elimination initiative Criteria for validation Need for standard criteria for validation of elimination Criteria for reaching elimination target at the country level Criteria for sustained elimination Process of validation of reaching the kala-azar elimination target National preparations for validation When to ask for validation of reaching elimination Preparation of country report about reaching the target Validation by an independent validation team (IVT) if requested by countries References Annexes 1. General Features for Different Active Case-Detection Methods Template for Country Report for Validation of Kala-azar Elimination Generic framework for control, elimination and eradication of neglected tropical diseases iii

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6 1. Introduction Worldwide, an estimated new cases of kala-azar (KA) or visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occur annually [1] of which Bangladeh, India, and Nepal, and harbour an estimated 67%. In the South-East Asia Region, kala-azar is predominantly endemic in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. There are also sporadic cases in Bhutan and Thailand. In Thailand, the epidemiology of KA still needs to be clarified. In this Region, the causal parasite species is Leishmania donovani, the vector, Phlebotomus argentipes, and the transmission cycle is anthroponotic. In 2005, the Governments of Bangladesh, India and Nepal, supported by WHO, launched a regional kala-azar elimination initiative to reduce cases to a level where it is not a public health problem any longer [2]. The target is to maintain the annual incidence rate below 1 KA case per population at upazila (Bangladesh), subdistrict/block (India) and district level (Bhutan and Nepal). The expected impact of this elimination initiative includes (i) reducing KA in the vulnerable, poor and unreached populations in endemic areas; (ii) reducing case-fatality rates from KA to a negligible level; (iii) reducing cases of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) by interrupting transmission of KA; and (iv) preventing the emergence of KA/HIV/TB coinfections in endemic areas [3]. The main strategies in this campaign are (i) early diagnosis and complete treatment; (ii) integrated vector management; (iii) effective disease and vector surveillance; (iv) social mobilization and partnerships; and (v) clinical and operational research [3]. The kala-azar elimination programme consists of four consecutive phases: (i) the preparatory phase: This phase begins after the plan has been prepared and approved by individual countries. It includes development/review of national policy, strategic and advocacy plans, operational plans to implement the national plan for elimination, development and adoption of technical guidelines and reporting formats, etc.; (ii) the attack phase: This phase begins when the preparatory phase 1

7 has been completed and includes implementation and monitoring of the strategies. The main activities include integrated vector management (IVM) with indoor residual spraying (IRS) in all the affected areas for five consecutive years, early diagnosis and complete treatment and active surveillance of cases; (iii) the consolidation phase: This phase begins when total coverage by IRS has concluded, i.e., at the end of the attack phase. This phase will end after three years of active surveillance has shown no increase in the incidence rate at district/subdistrict/upazila levels in the endemic countries. The main activities to be carried out during this phase include limited IRS, intensified active case detection (ACD) along with early diagnosis, and complete treatment; (iv) the maintenance phase: During this phase, the case incidence at the district/subdistrict or upazila level should be less than 1 per population and surveillance against re-emergence of kala-azar will be continued. Since the launch of the campaign, there has been an augmentation and intensification of the activities in all three countries. This has been reflected in a decrease in case numbers (Fig. 1) and incidence rates. In India, the number of cases decreased from cases recorded in 2007 to 9241 in Similarly, in Bangladesh, in 2006, cases were reduced from 9370 to 1038 in 2014 and in Nepal from 1564 in 2005 to 280 in This has also been reflected in the proportion of blocks reaching the elimination target of < 1 in population (Fig. 2). By 2014, the elimination target was reached in all the endemic districts in Nepal, in 96% of the endemic upazilas in Bangladesh, and 74% of the endemic blocks in India. 2

8 Figure1: Reported kala-azar cases, 2000 to 2014 in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Source: WHO-SEARO reported number of cases However, the actual number of VL cases is considered to be much higher than what the official records show, as a significant proportion of cases may not be recorded in the surveillance system of the government programme. Variable ratios of underreporting have been described in the Region (Singh 2006) and the true burden of the disease is not exactly known. Moreover, cases of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) are considered to be a potential reservoir particularly during the inter-epidemic periods. There has been an increase in cases of PKDL reported in Bangladesh in the last few years after initiation of active case-finding activities. However, in India and Nepal, where active approaches have not been routinely conducted, very few cases have been recorded. Surveillance of VL and PKDL has not been standardized and active case finding strategies have not been validated within the three countries. The need for validation of attainment of the target is inherent in any elimination programme. In the case of KA, the goal is not eradication but eliminating KA as a public health problem. A quantitative target has been set (annual incidence rate of KA < 1 case per in each implementation unit), and this low level should be maintained on a permanent basis. The process of validation of KA elimination will establish if a country has reached this target, but there is a need to monitor sustained 3

9 elimination after that point. There is a need for a standardized approach on an objective basis and according to agreed criteria. The indicators as well as the process to be considered for the validation of the elimination of KA in South-East Asia need to be described. The WHO Regional Office in SEARO will facilitate national preparations for validation of the elimination by providing technical support or consultants to the country to support the activities as per country need. The aim of this document is to (i) define the specific criteria for the validation of the achievement of elimination of kala-azar and to (ii) describe the process for documentation and validation of elimination of kala-azar in South-East Asia. Figure 2: Proportion of administrative units achieving the target of eliminating VL as a public health problem (2014) 4

10 2. Operational case definitions in the kala-azar elimination initiative Kala-azar elimination target: Annual incidence of kala-azar below 1 case per population at upazila in Bangladesh, block in India and district level in Nepal. Source: Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South- East Asia Region ( ) SEA-VBC-85 (Rev.1) This indicator counts the number of new cases and relapse cases in a single year in the numerator divided by the mid-year population of the implementing unit. The expert consultation stresses the importance of PKDL and recommends to RTAG to either revise the above target by adding the number of PKDL cases in the numerator or by setting a separate target for the reduction of PKDL below levels of public health importance. The first option has the advantage of being simpler, but it can render the interpretation of trends more difficult. The second option allows for specific attention to PKDL in its own right, does not change current reporting procedures, but requires some empirical threshold. Kala-azar case: a person from an endemic area suffering from fever of two weeks or more duration and splenomegaly that is confirmed by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or a biopsy. * Relapse case: a KA case that has an initial cure but has a recurrence of signs and symptoms, and is parasitologically positive. PKDL Case ** Probable PKDL: a patient from an area where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic with or without a previous history of visceral leishmaniasis who has a symmetrical macular, papular or nodular rash often starting on the face with further spread to other parts of the body without loss of sensation and positive rk39 RDT. Confirmed PKDL: a probable case as described above with parasite infection confirmed by PCR or a slit-skin smear or biopsy. * Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the kala-azar elimination programme, August 2010, TDR-WHO. ** Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniais: a manual for case management and control, Kolkata, India, 2 3 July Report of a WHO consultative meeting. 5

11 Population at risk: all inhabitants of endemic areas, i.e., an implementation unit (district, upazila, block) with local transmission. 3. Criteria for validation 3.1 Need for standard criteria for validation of elimination There is a need for standard criteria for the following reasons: (1) The elimination initiative is an international, trans-border effort, and countries voluntarily adopt a common approach. (2) To ensure international credibility for the expected future claim that KA has been eliminated in a given country. (3) To have standard and consistent criteria and a mechanism to assess the achievement of elimination in a country. 3.2 Criteria for reaching elimination target at the country level A country has reached the VL elimination target when the following criteria have been met: (1) All the preconditions in the national elimination programme are present (refer to Section 4). (2) The country programme is in the consolidation phase [3]. (3) Annual incidence of kala-azar is below 1 case per population, at upazila in Bangladesh, block in India and districts in Nepal for a minimum of three consecutive years. 3.3 Criteria for sustained elimination Throughout the maintenance phase, an annual incidence rate of kala-azar is below 1 case per population, at upazilla in Bangladesh, block in India and districts in Nepal. 6

12 4. Process of validation of reaching the kala-azar elimination target 4.1 National preparations for validation Preconditions that need to be fulfilled in the endemic country (1) Presence of an updated comprehensive national strategic guideline for kala-azar elimination along with: Standard operating procedures for all key activities. IEC/BCC strategy/action plan adjusted to individual state situation. Comprehensive M&E tool for KA as a whole along with specific guidelines. (2) Adequate health services for early detection and effective treatment and follow-up of all KA and PKDL cases (refer to Section 4.1.1) (3) Existence of an adequate epidemiological surveillance system with full coverage of all endemic areas (refer to Section 4.1.2). This includes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Kala-azar to be a notifiable or reportable disease including case reporting by the private health sector. A national kala-azar case register and HMIS system to collect information for key variables. Conducting routine and minimum once-a-year active case finding for KA and PKDL (refer to Section and Annex 2 for SOP for active case findings). Evidence for estimates of the underreporting ratio. Presence of sentinel surveillance for HIV-VL coinfection in kala-azar endemic countries as applicable. 7

13 (4) Integrated vector management in the endemic areas in place with proper quality assurance mechanisms that include: Regular IRS spraying in the endemic areas along with monitoring with toolkits. Use of insecticide-treated nets as per the national policy guidelines and recommendations. Environmental management. Entomological surveillance (pre- and post-spraying) and monitoring of insecticide resistance in areas. (5) Existence of an effective supply chain management for all commodities (drugs, diagnostics, vector control tools) that is benchmarked on key processes of quality assurance and timeliness in procurement. (6) A functional cross-border coordination system, wherever relevant. Adequate access to diagnosis and treatment of kala-azar Availability of adequate laboratory services to diagnose kala-azar and PKDL, based on a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) at the primary health centre (PHC) level and microscopy of tissue aspirates at the referral hospital level should be established in the endemic areas. Availability of first and second line drugs for treatment at all levels of health facilities should be ensured. Quality control systems and regular training of health staff on diagnosis and treatment should be present including: The quality of the treatment, in terms of dosage, regimen, completeness, supervision and follow-up, in accordance with current established guidelines. The quality of the laboratory examination to meet the accepted norms and the presence of an organized qualitycontrol/quality-assurance system. 8

14 Early detection and reporting of the cases. A functioning referral system for kala-azar patients from a lowerto higher-level health facility should be established. Adequate epidemiological surveillance of kala-azar An epidemiological surveillance system with full coverage of all endemic areas needs to be in place. This requires exhaustive, sensitive, specific, complete and timely reporting by all implementing units. The reported figure should reflect as closely as possible the true incidence rate. Therefore, the information has to be based on both passive surveillance and regular active case finding in each unit. As several cases of kala-azar are being treated outside public health facilities, the country epidemiological surveillance system should make sure that information from the private sector is captured. The country should also document on a regular basis the proportion of unreported cases. This underreporting ratio can be estimated through operational research studies. The following are essential for the surveillance: Kala-azar should be a notifiable or reportable disease in the country. Programmes should have a mechanism for receiving reports of kala-azar cases from private health care providers in the endemic areas, and these cases should be included when calculating incidence rates. Cases should be reported according to their implementation unit of origin to avoid double-counting of cases. A unique Patient Identification Code should be introduced at each health facility, including the private sector. Active case finding activities for KA and PKDL need to be conducted as a regular activity (at least once a year) in each of the implementing units (block/upazila/district). The strategy for active case finding would depend on the level of endemicity. A comprehensive information system should be established with collation of data at each of the reporting units (block/upazila/district), including data collation from the private sector. Incidence of kala-azar should be reported as number of 9

15 WHO RESPONSIBILITY COUNTRY RESPONSIBILITY Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia cases per population per year, at the upazila level in Bangladesh, block level in India, and district level in Nepal. Regular use and analysis of surveillance data with appropriate and regular feedback mechanism to reporting units should be established. 4.2 When to ask for validation of reaching elimination When all the above preconditions have been fulfilled (see Section 4.1) and the reported incidence rate for each of the implementing units is below 1 case in for at least three consecutive years, the country may start the process of validation of target and revalidation (Figure 3). Figure 3: Timeline for validation and revalidation of KA elimination Country report submitted to WHO Country annual reports All units report <1/ for 3 years nd 3 years 2 year Validation rd 3 year th 4 year Initial confirmation visit by IVT* All units report <1/ for 3 years 10

16 4.3 Preparation of country report about reaching the target If required, the country may seek WHO support for technical assistance to prepare such a report (see Template in Annex 2). The content of the report needs to include the following: (1) Documents supporting fulfilment of all preconditions. (2) Detailed account of the historical perspective and epidemiology of kala-azar in the country. (3) Description of the elimination programme strategy. (4) Description of the surveillance system, including active casefinding strategies, collection of data from private health facilities and information systems. (5) Robust and representative estimates of the proportion of unreported cases according to the standard methodology. (6) Diagnostic and treatment strategy for kala-azar. (7) Quality control and monitoring system for activities within the programme. (8) Report by year on the following: Number of endemic units, population at risk. Annual incidence rate of KA (new and relapse) in each unit. Annual incidence rate and prevalence of PKDL calculated in each unit. Report on number of active case findings conducted in each endemic unit. Proportion of targeted private health facilities reporting kalaazar cases. Proportion of health facilities having adequate diagnostic facilities. Operation research conducted to detect proportion of unreported cases. 11

17 4.4 Validation by an independent validation team (IVT) if requested by countries (1) Selection of expert team: An independent expert team will be constituted by WHO. The members of the team should be chosen from different areas (epidemiology, entomology, etc.) and they should be experts in their field. Persons with potential conflicts of interest should be avoided. (2) Objective: The principal objective of the IVT will be to evaluate the reliability of the country s report. (3) Process: The IVT will spend 2 3 weeks in the country depending on the size of the endemic area. Activities to be conducted during the visit will include: (a) (b) (c) (d) After arrival in the country, the IVT would spend several days with the national programme to review the country report. The country report will be reviewed for completeness and ascertainment of fulfilment of the elimination target. Visit to endemic sites and health facilities, and interview health personnel and others. To facilitate visits to all epidemiologically important areas, the IVT team would divided into groups. The areas selected for the visit would be those identified as having the least satisfactory documentation or as being at unusual risk of continuing transmission; for example: (i) previous highly endemic areas, (ii) areas where the last cases occurred, (iii) areas with a history of poor surveillance or increasing number of cases. Team members will decide independently which areas, village and health units they wish to visit. Examining the records at both central and peripheral levels. Records should be compared with reported data in the country report. Return to the centre and finalize the IVT report. All teams will work together and generate one report for the whole country. 12

18 (e) (f) Presentation and feedback to be given to the national programme and WHO by IVT members. IVTs will be asked to reach one of two possible conclusions: either (i) they are satisfied that elimination has been achieved, or (ii) they are not satisfied. IVT reports will spell out any reason for their decision. (4) Once it has been verified that the country has reached the elimination target, the monitoring of the sustenance of elimination will be done by (see Fig. 2): Annual reports produced by the country Joint (national and international experts) monitoring missions every three years. 5. References: (1) Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 2012; 7:e (2) World Health Organization. Eliminating visceral leishmaniasis: a multipronged approach. Available at: news/2011/vlelimination/en/. Accessed 4 November (3) Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region ( ) SEA-VBC-85 (Rev.1) (4) Ostyn B, Gidwani K, Khanal B, et al. Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in highendemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5: e1284. (5) Molina R, Canavate C, Cercenado E, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Alvar J. Indirect xenodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in 10 HIVinfected patients using colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus. AIDS 1994; 8: (6) Gidwani K, Kumar R, Rai M, Sundar S. Longitudinal seroepidemiologic study of visceral leishmaniasis in hyperendemic regions of Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 80:

19 (7) Stauch A, Sarkar RR, Picado A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1405 (8) Le Fichoux, Y., Quaranta, J. F., Aufeuvre, J. P., Lelievre, A., Marty, P., Suffia, I., Rousseau, D., & Kubar, J. 1999, "Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France", Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 37, no. 6, pp (9) BLA Verçosa1, CM Lemos1, IL Mendonça1, SMMS Silva1, SM de Carvalho1, H Goto2 and FAL Costa Transmission potential, skin inflammatory response, and parasitism of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs with visceral leishmaniasis BMC Veterinary Research 2008, 4:45 (10) Cota GF, de Sousa MR, Fereguetti TO, Rabello A. Efficacy of anti-leishmania therapy in visceral leishmaniasis among HIV infected patients: A systematic review with indirect comparison. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013; 7(5): e2195 (11) Singh SP, Reddy DC, Rai M, Sundar S. Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health Jun;11(6): (12) Singh SP, Hirve S, Huda MM, et al Options for active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic districts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh, comparing yield, feasibility and costs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Feb 8;5(2):e960. (13) Hirve S, Singh SP, Kumar N, et a. Effectiveness and feasibility of active and passive case detection in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg Sep;83(3): (14) Huda MM, Hirve S, Siddiqui NA, et al. Active case detection in national visceral leishmaniasis elimination programmes in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal: feasibility, performance and costs. BMC Public Health Nov 20;12:

20 Annex 1 General features for different active case-detection methods Methods for active case detection Currently, four approaches of active case detection (ACD) have been validated for their utility in KA and PKDL case detection in the Indian subcontinent (Hirve 2010; Singh 2011): blanket approach, camp approach, index case-based approach and incentive-based approach. The blanket approach is done by conducting house-to-house visits by trained public/private health workers in the endemic areas for detection of kalaazar (KA) and PKDL cases. The camp approach is done by organizing health camps in defined KA endemic communities where screening of KA and PKDL is done by mobile teams of medical officers, nurses, lab technicians and health workers/health volunteers. Inhabitants are preinformed about the team, its purpose, time, date and place of the team s activities. The index case-based approach includes the search of new KA and PKDL cases among household members through house-to-house visits around residences (radius of 50 metres or 100 households) of recently diagnosed (usually in the previous six months) KA cases. In the incentive-based approach, the search for new KA and PKDL cases is done through health workers who receive an incentive for each newly detected case by him/her. Incentive-based ACD is currently practiced in India, and by some research teams in Bangladesh. Passive-case detection (PCD) includes self-reported cases of KA and PKDL in public hospitals and ideally also in private medical services. This method does not require additional efforts and resources as it is currently part of the existing health system but has proven expensive for KA and PKDL patients who are "shopping" for different kind of healers before they finally get diagnosed in the public or private health service. When to use which approach of ACD (including PCD)? Recent research has established that all ACD approaches are particularly useful in the KA endemic areas where the community awareness about KA and PKDL is low and the actual programme is weak (Singh 2011; Huda 15

21 2012).The blanket approach is considered the gold standard, but due the additional high costs incurred with this method, it is only recommended in outbreak situations. However, in those countries where the health system permits its use by integrating it with other health activities, such as family planning activities, the cost of the method may not be a hurdle. The camp approach is a sensitive tool for the detection of new KA and PKDL cases, particularly in high KA endemic areas. For the moderate-tolow KA endemic areas and in those areas where households are scattered, the index approach is the preferred method for ACD. The use of incentivebased ACD can be a useful method that can be applied particularly in low KA endemic areas or in combination with the above-mentioned methods. The incentive-based approach of case detection may induct the snowball technique for new KA and PKDL case findings. However, this method needs meticulous supervision and monitoring to prevent misuse of funds. PCD is otherwise existing in all three countries. It is useful and sensitive for the areas where community awareness about KA and PKDL is high and the health services are actively involved in KA control. With which frequency has ACD to be conducted? It has been shown that when conducting the camp approach, twice a year is sufficient to capture a substantial number of new cases of KA and PKDL in a given area. The index case and incentive-based approach have to be organized throughout the year. The blanket approach is recommended for an outbreak situation. Cost estimates of the different approaches PCD with all its limitations has the advantage of being integrated into the existing public health system. ACD, which is particularly important during the elimination phase of a disease, is associated with additional costs that have been estimated to be between approximately US$ 20 and US$ 600 per new case detected (Singh 2011). In general, the blanket approach is the most expensive method of all ACD methods followed by the incentive approach, camp approach and index approach. 16

22 SOP: Index Case-Based Approach Purpose To describe the procedure for active case detection of new KA cases using index case-based (ICB) approach. Policy/Scope The SOP is applicable for screening procedures for KA to be used in the ICB approach. This approach is to be implemented in low KA endemic areas (to be defined in each country) on an ongoing basis throughout the year in communities with newly detected KA cases. General Responsibilities The Programme Manager (PM) of the KA elimination programme at the district/subdistrict/upazila is responsible for implementing the activity. Materials Required (1) Work diary (2) Patient register (3) Patient referral slips (4) Training manual Procedures Activity Preparatory activities (district/upazila level) 1. Identify PHC/villages where the index case approach will be applied. 2. Identify and train public/ngo health workers/health volunteers in identification and referral of chronic fever cases. 3. Identify staff (district/phc/upazila) responsible for conducting index case search of neighbourhood. 4. Define information sources of index cases e.g., monthly review meetings at district/upazila, etc. Responsibility PM at district/subdistrict/ upazila designee 17

23 Activity 5. Ensure availability of drugs, rk39 test kits, fund requirements, IEC material, treatment cards, etc., at the PHCs/district/upazila. 6. Prepare a plan for supervision and M&E of index casebased approach identify a supervision team for supervision activities on a sample basis. 7. Define reporting system from health post /PHC/upazila to district. Preparatory activities (PHC/upazila/health post-level) 8. Identify and train health workers/health volunteers in identification and referral of chronic fever cases and skin lesions cases. 9. Identify staff/health volunteers responsible for conducting index case-based search of neighbourhood. Index case-based search activities 1. Monthly review of all KA cases reported by PHC/zonal/district/upazila hospital from the district/upazila. 2. List KA patients name, age, sex and detailed address of patient, name of PHC/health post responsible for index case search. 3. Health post/phc/uhc staff visits the community of the index case, traces the home, confirms identity of the patient and alerts the health worker/health volunteer. 4. Organize house-to-house search around index case in the same month of reporting of index case using screening forms or format or register. 5. Screen all individuals for fever 2 weeks in neighbouring households in the village/hamlet around the house of index case done by PHC/HP/UHC staff and health worker/health volunteer. 6. Fill patient referral form and refer patient to nearest PHC/district /zonal/upazila hospital for confirmation of kala-azar. 7. Maintain a list of patients referred for confirmation of KA diagnosis. Responsibility DMO/UHFPO 18

24 Activity 8. Inform PHC/district/zonal/upazila hospital staff of patients referred for KA diagnosis. 9. Maintain records and report to district/upazila on index case finding activities conducted. Post-index case-based search activities at PHC/district/upazila/zonal hospitals 1. Ascertain diagnosis of all patients referred by health workers after index case-based search. 2. Ensure that all KA patients are started on treatment. 3. Monitor treatment compliance and side effects. 4. Ensure timely payment of wage-loss monies to kalaazar/pkdl patients (India and Nepal). 5. Ensure timely payment of incentives to NGO health worker/health volunteer for patient follow-up (India). 6. Ensure availability of drugs and diagnostics at hospitals based on number of KA cases. Post-index case-based search activities at the district level 1. Assess monthly reports from PHC/district/upazila on number of kala-azar cases, drug distribution. 2. Supply of drugs and diagnostics to PHC/district/UHC based on number of KA cases reported. 3. Evaluate index case-finding activities based on supervision/monitoring reports. Post-index case-based search activities at health post-level 1. Inform public/ngo health workers of patients diagnosed and started with KA/PKDL treatment to ensure treatment compliance or for any side effects. MO Responsibility SOP: Camp-Based Approach Purpose To describe the procedures for active case detection of new KA cases using the camp approach. 19

25 Policy/Scope The SOP is applicable to screening procedures for visceral leishmaniasis (KA, kala-azar) to be used in the camp approach. The camp approach is to be implemented in high KA endemic areas (to be defined by each country). The camp approach ideally is to be implemented twice a year. General Responsibilities The Programme Manager of the KA elimination programme at the district/upazila designee is responsible for implementing the camp detection strategies. Materials Required (1) Rk39 kits in a cold box for transport (2) Lancet & lancet disposal box (3) Cotton (4) Spirit (5) Gloves (6) General medicines antipyretics, antibiotics, antidiarrhoeal, antimalarial drugs, etc. (7) Rapid diagnostic kits for malaria (optional in malaria endemic areas) and other diseases, if available (8) Patient referral form (9) Lab investigation form (10) Camp register (register book) (11) Photo album of PKDL (12) KA/PKDL patient registration form (13) IEC materials, banners, posters, pamphlets (local language), pictures of PKDL skin lesions (14) Mikes 20

26 (15) BP apparatus (16) Thermometer (17) Stethoscope (18) Disposable syringes, IV infusion sets, etc. (optional) (19) Transport box for drugs, supplies, etc. (20) Emergency drugs cortisone, anti-histamines, IV fluids, adrenaline (21) Bio-waste disposal containers (22) Equipment for starting treatment (optional in areas where treatment will be started in the camp) Procedures Activity Precamp preparatory activities (district/block/upazila level) 1) List the PHC area/villages with high KA incidence (new cases reported). Responsibility DMO/UHFPO/designee 2) Conduct a meeting with MO of PHCs to prepare a micro-action plan at least one month before initiation of camps. 3) Prepare a time schedule for camps decide the number of camps, timings, duration of each camp, list name of villages where camps are to be held, etc. 4) Prepare logistics plan estimate requirement of drugs, rk39 test kits, lancets, gloves, fund requirements, IEC material, etc. 5) Prepare supervision and monitoring plan for camps identify supervision team, supervision schedule, etc. (on a sample basis). 21

27 Precamp preparatory activities (PHC/district level) 1) PHC staff meeting to plan camp activities at least two weeks before initiation of camps. 2) Identify the PHC team (medical officer, i.e., nurse, lab technician, health inspector, etc.), which will conduct/coordinate camp activities. 3) Define duration of camp (usually one-day camp). 4) Prepare plan for camp logistics drugs, diagnostics, etc. 5) Provide for refreshments for camp team on the day of camp. 6) Vehicle requirement. 7) Identify and coordinate with village level functionaries/leaders. Precamp preparatory activities (village level) 1) One PHC staff (nurse, lab technician, health inspector or other) conducts coordination meeting at least one week before camp with village head/vdc members/union Chairman and other formal and informal village leaders to inform and solicit community involvement in publicity and conduct of camp activities. 2) Identify venue for camp and determine its suitability for conducting camp. 3) Identify, train and assign roles to village functionaries/volunteers/religious leaders/school teachers for camp publicity activities. 4) Publicity activities to include miking, public announcement through mosques (in Bangladesh), distribution of pamphlets, putting up of banners/posters (at least four) in public places, (announcement on local FM radio stations Nepal), publicity by mouth of camps by 22

28 health workers, etc. 5) Publicity activities to be conducted at least one day prior to camp and on the day of camp. 6) List and procure locally camp furniture (tables, chairs, bench, examination table, bedside screens), drinking water, etc. 7) Set up camp one day prior or early morning of the camp day (e.g., through local volunteers). Camp day activities 1) Camp team: one MO, one lab technician, one nurse, NGO/community volunteers/school teachers, etc. MO 2) Organize flow of camp activities. 3) Patient registration (name, address, age and sex). 4) Examination of patient for fever 2 weeks by MO, past history of kala-azar, spleen examination, general examination, examination for skin lesions. 5) rk39 test to be done by lab technician at camp if fever 2 weeks and splenomegaly. 6) If rk39 test is positive, case referral form to be filled and given to patient. Case referral register to be completed. The patient is referred to PHC/district for treatment and follow-up. 7) For suspected PKDL patients (PKDL-like skin lesions with rk39 test positive and past h/o kalaazar treatment) will be referred to district/appropriate level hospital for confirmation of diagnosis and beginning of treatment. 8) If rk39 test is negative or for all other patients, MO advises appropriate treatment/recommends further diagnostic tests. Particular emphasis may be given to suspected leprosy patients. 23

29 9) All patients with severe kala-azar and/or other coinfections to be referred to appropriate level hospital. 10) Proper disposal of bio-waste at the end of the camp. Post-camp activities at PHC level 1) Maintain camp records camp register, treatment cards, referral register, drug distribution register. 2) Manage patient-specific drug box for kala-azar patients. 3) Ensure that patients referred from camp or patients started on KA treatment follow up regularly for further treatment at PHC. 4) Ensure timely payment of wage-loss monies to kala-azar patients. 5) Assessment of camps - number of attendees, number of chronic fever cases, number of rk39 tests done, number of rk39 test positives, number of patients started treatment for kala-azar/pkdl, number of patients referred for KA/PKDL treatment and follow up, drug distribution. 6) Assessment of constraints, difficulties of conducting camp. 7) Submit camp activity reports to district on a monthly basis (web-based reporting in Bangladesh). 8) Ensure timely payment of incentives to NGO health worker for patient follow up (only India). Post-camp activities at district level 1) Assess camp reports from PHC - number of kalaazar/pkdl cases, drug distribution. 24

30 2) Supply of drugs and diagnostics to PHC based on number of KA/PKDL cases reported by PHCs. 3) Evaluate camp activities based on supervision/monitoring reports. Post-camp activities at village level 1) Inform NGO/health workers of patients diagnosed and started with KA/PKDL treatment to ensure treatment compliance or for any side effects. SOP: Incentive-based approach Purpose To describe the procedures for active case detection of new KA/PKDL cases using incentive-based approach. Policy/Scope The SOP is applicable to screening procedures for KA/PKDL to be used in the incentive approach in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The incentive approach is to be implemented in low KA endemic areas (to be defined in each country) and will be implemented on an ongoing basis throughout the year in communities with newly detected KA/PKDL cases. General Responsibilities The Programme Manager, KA elimination programme at the district/upazila designee is responsible for implementing the incentive-based casedetection strategies. Materials Required (1) Work diary (2) Patient register (3) Patient referral slips (4) Training manual, pictures of PKDL skin lesions 25

31 Procedures Preparatory activities (district/upazila level) Activity 1) Identify PHC/villages where the incentive approach will be applied based on endemicity. 2) Identify and train health workers/ngo/health volunteers in identification and referral of chronic fever cases. 3) Ensure availability of drugs, rk39 test kits, fund requirements, IEC material, treatment cards, etc., at the PHCs/district. 4) Prepare plan for supervision and M&E of incentive approach identify a supervision team for supervision activities on a sample basis and based on the report of cases in the district hospital/phc/upazilla health complex. 5) Define reporting system from health post/phc to district. 6) Manage fund for providing incentive. Preparatory activities (PHC/health post-level) 1) Identify and train health workers/ngo/health volunteers in identification and referral of chronic fever cases, skin lesions cases. Incentive-based search activities 1) Screen individuals for fever 2 weeks in the village/hamlet. 2) Fill patient referral form and refer patients to nearest PHC/district/zonal hospital/upazila health complex for confirmation of kala-azar. Responsibility PM at district /upazila designee Trained community-based health workers/asha/health volunteers/pharmacists 26

32 3) Maintain a list of patients referred for confirmation of KA diagnosis. 4) Inform PHC/health post/upazila health complex staff of patients referred for KA diagnosis. Post-incentive-based search activities at PHC/health post-level 1) Ascertain diagnosis of all patients referred by health workers. 2) Ensure that all KA patients are put on treatment. 3) Monitor treatment compliance and side effects. 4) Maintain records and report to district about case finding. 5) Ensure timely payment of incentive to the health worker after confirmatory diagnosis of kala-azar. 6) Ensure timely payment of wage-loss monies to kala-azar patients (India and Nepal). 7) Ensure availability of drugs and diagnostics at PHC based on number of KA/PKDL cases. Post-incentive-based search activities at district level 1) Assess monthly reports from PHC - number of kala-azar/pkdl cases, drug distribution. 2) Supply of drugs and diagnostics to PHC based on number of KA/PKDL cases reported by PHCs/VDCs. 3) Evaluate incentive-based case search activities based on passively reported cases in the PHC/district hospital/upazila health complex. 27

33 Post-incentive-based search activities at health post-level 1) Inform NGO/-health workers/health volunteers about the patients diagnosed and started with KA/PKDL treatment to ensure treatment compliance or for any side effects. 28

34 Annex 2 Template for country report for validation of kala-azar elimination The Country Report or Country Dossier is a process of documenting all the evidence to support elimination of kala-azar from an entire country. A dossier should include all the historical and current and published and unpublished evidence, country health policies, definitions and indicators followed by the programme, and monitoring, surveillance system, etc. Writing a country report or dossier would need considerable review of data/reports/published articles from various sources; and interview of earlier health officials/managers responsible for kala-azar elimination. The following format is suggested for writing a country dossier. Countries may add any additional information and maps if available. (1) An account of the historical perspective of kala-azar. (2) Epidemiology of kala-azar in the country: Describe the parasite, vector, reservoir, mode of transmission. Details on criteria for defining endemic implementation unit. Burden of disease including population at risk, and risk factors for transmission. Geographic and socioeconomic features of the endemic areas/districts. (3) Description of the elimination programme strategy: Strategies for the control of transmission including IEC. (4) The public health system and the role and responsibility of different levels within the programme. The role of nongovernment partners in the kala-azar programme. (5) Description of the surveillance system including: 29

35 System of reporting from private and public health facilities. Description of the information and HMIS system, collation, analysis and reporting of data. Strategies of active case finding for VL and PKDL and the frequency of ACD. Methodology for estimation of underreported cases. Methodology used for surveillance for HIV-VL coinfection and PKDL. (6) Diagnosis and treatment strategy for kala-azar: Case definitions of suspect KA, KA and PKDL. Diagnostic tests used at different levels of health facility. First and second line treatment for KA and PKDL at different levels of health facility. Quality control system used for diagnostics. Training and capacity-building activities undertaken. (7) Integrated vector management in endemic areas: Guidelines for IRS spraying in endemic areas including insecticide use. Monitoring of quality of spraying and quality assurance mechanisms. Use of insecticide-treated nets and environmental management in the programme. Description of entomological surveillance (pre- and postspraying) and monitoring of insecticide resistance. (8) Monitoring, quality control and cross-border collaboration: Process followed for monitoring of activities and quality of data. Composition and activities of internal and external monitoring committees. Cross-border activities undertaken among implementation units, districts, states and countries. 30

36 (9) Operational research and publications: Description of operational research undertaken and results. List of publications on the control/elimination of KA relevant to the endemic country. (10) Report by year on the following to be generated: Number of endemic units, population at risk. Annual incidence rate of KA (new and relapse) in each unit. Annual incidence rate and prevalence of PKDL should be calculated in each unit. Report on number of active case finding conducted in each endemic unit. Proportion of targeted private health facilities reporting kalaazar cases. Proportion of health facilities having adequate diagnostic facilities. Operational research conducted to detect proportion of unreported cases. (11) Attachment of the following documents in the dossier: An updated comprehensive national strategic guideline for kala-azar elimination. SOP for all key activities. Innovative IEC/BCC strategy and action plan adjusted to individual state situation. Comprehensive M&E strategy for KA as a whole along with specific guidelines. 31

37 Annex 3 Generic framework for control, elimination and eradication of neglected tropical diseases 1. Introduction In formulating definitions for control, elimination and eradication of neglected tropical diseases, public health workers need to consider the diversity of their causative pathogens, epidemiology, interactions with humans, ecology and other factors influencing transmission in specific communities. For some chronic diseases, such as soil-transmitted helminthiases, light infections rarely cause disease, and the main aim of interventions, such as preventive chemotherapy, is to reduce heavy infections in a population using regular, large-scale treatment. Conversely, for some acute diseases, such as human rabies, infection invariably leads to severe disease or death, and the main aim of interventions is complete prevention of the infection. 2. Definitions of control, elimination and eradication The World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases has proposed the following definitions for consideration by the WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Control to mean reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and/or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required to maintain the reduction. Control may or may not be related to global targets set by WHO. Elimination of transmission (also referred to as interruption of transmission) to mean reduction to zero of the incidence of infection 32