Occupational Health & Safety. Third Edition. Edited by Marci Z. Balge, RN, MSN, COHN-S Gary R. Krieger, MD, MPH, DABT

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1 Occupational Health & Safety Third Edition Edited by Marci Z. Balge, RN, MSN, COHN-S Gary R. Krieger, MD, MPH, DABT

2 Chief Editors: Technical Adviser: Project Editor: Marci Z. Balge, RN, MSN, COHN-S Gary R. Krieger, MD, MPH, DABT Leela Murthy, MSc, PhD Jodey B. Schonfeld NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the National Safety Council is to educate and influence society to adopt safety, health, and environmental policies, practices, and procedures that prevent and mitigate human suffering and economic losses arising from preventable causes. COPYRIGHT, WAIVER OF FIRST SALE DOCTRINE The National Safety Council s materials are fully protected by the United States copyright laws and are solely for the noncommercial, internal use of the purchaser. Without the prior written consent of the National Safety Council, purchaser agrees that such materials shall not be rented, leased, loaned, sold, transferred, assigned, broadcast in any media form, publicly exhibited or used outside the organization of the purchaser, or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise. Use of these materials for training for which compensation is received is prohibited, unless authorized by the National Safety Council in writing. DISCLAIMER Although the information and recommendations contained in this publication have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable, the National Safety Council makes no guarantee as to, and assumes no responsibility for, the correctness, sufficiency, or completeness of such information or recommendations. Other or additional safety measures may be required under particular circumstances. Copyright 1986, 1994, 2000 by the National Safety Council All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Occupational health & safety / edited by Gary R. Krieger, Marci Z. Balge. 3rd ed. p. cm. (Occupational safety & health series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN X (alk. paper) 1. Industrial hygiene. 2. Industrial safety. I. Krieger, Gary R. II. Balge, Marci Z., III: Title: Occupational health and safety. IV. Series: Occupational safety and health series (Chicago, Ill.) RC dc CIP 5C104 NSC Press Product Number:

3 v Contents Foreword...vii Preface...ix Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Background 1. Growth of Occupational Health Early History and Post-World War II Trends...25 Occupational Health and Safety Professions 3 Occupational Medicine Profession Occupational Health Nursing Profession Safety Profession Industrial Hygiene Profession...87 Occupational Health and Safety Programs 7. Occupational Health and Safety Program Design Occupational Medicine Programs Occupational Health Nursing Programs Safety Programs Industrial Hygiene Programs Environmental Regulations Radiation Safety Programs Workers Compensation Management Programs Travel Health and Remote Work Programs Ergonomics Programs Employee Safety and Security Programs Emergency Response Programs Community Involvement Programs Program Assessment and Evaluation Human Resources Issues 21. Preplacement Testing Stress Management Substance Abuse Scheduling Shiftwork Employee Education Gender Issues in the Workplace Workers with Disabilities and the ADA Outsourcing Occupational Health and Safety Services Part 5 Future Issues 29. Infectious Diseases and Occupational Health in Developing Countries Information Management Sources of Help Appendix Contributors Index...571

4 vii Foreword We all learn certain axioms that we use to make judgements. For me, one of those is, Quality stands the test of time. This is the third edition of the Occupational Health & Safety book. The National Safety Council first published it 14 years ago. Since then more than 15,000 copies are in circulation all across world. We feel strongly that this reaction by Safety & Health professionals is the strongest sort of consumer endorsement for which we could ask. It is the most productive way for the Council to meet its mission: The mission of the National Safety Council is to educate and influence society to adopt safety, health and environmental policies, practices and procedures that prevent and mitigate human suffering and economic losses arising from preventable causes. I believe that Marci Z. Balge and Gary R. Krieger and their many contributors have written material that can form the basis of an occupational health and safety program. As the fourth element of the National Safety Council s OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SERIES, this book, Occupational Health & Safety, 3rd edition, offers Occupational Safety and Health professionals, Human Resources professionals, managers, and students the last component in a completely updated series. This series provides a solid library of Occupational Safety and Health basics, and serves as the foundation for exceptional safety and health programs in facilities of all sizes. I would like to acknowledge the work and dedication of Marci Z. Balge, RN, MSN, COHN-S; Gary R. Krieger, MD, MPH, DABT; and Leela Murthy, MSc, PhD, and their contributors in revising this book. A special thanks to 3M, Mine Safety Appliances, and Argonne National Laboratory for supplying many of the internal photos. JERRY F. SCANNELL PRESIDENT AND CEO, NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL

5 ix Preface to the Third Edition Occupational Health and Safety is a continually evolving profession. Those who enter the field of study in the 21st century are confronted with workplace hazards and exposures that require multidisciplinary areas of expertise to manage and control. Regulatory requirements affecting occupational safety and health continually expand and can significantly vary across the United States and even more so from country to country. Multinational companies establish work forces in ever-challenging international remote working environments, creating the need for expertise in new areas of emerging diseases, public health planning, and environmental protection. Addressing the span of expertise necessary to develop health and safety programs for any size company can be daunting and often requires a multi-specialty team of professionals. This edition of the National Safety Council s publication, Occupational Health & Safety, is designed for those who are responsible for implementing health and safety programs but who have not been formally trained in the field. It is also intended to serve as a general guidance for corporate managers, human resource professionals, and others who interface with health and safety managers. The overall goal was to describe the professionals needed, the programs they can provide, methods of evaluating programs, and to discuss new and emerging issues in the field of Occupational Health and Safety. MARCI Z. BALGE, RN, MSN, COHN-S GARY R. KRIEGER, MD, MPH, DABT EDITORS