Successful health and safety management

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Successful health and safety management"

Transcription

1 Health ad Safety Successful health ad safety maagemet This is a free-to-dowload, web-friedly versio of HSG65 (Secod editio, published 1997). This versio has bee adapted for olie use from HSE s curret prited versio. You ca buy the book at ad most good bookshops. ISBN Price Successful health ad safety maagemet was prepared by HSE as a practical guide for directors, maagers, health ad safety professioals ad employee represetatives who wat to improve health ad safety i their orgaisatio. Its simple message is that orgaisatios eed to maage health ad safety with the same degree of expertise ad to the same stadards as other core busiess activities, if they are to effectively cotrol risks ad prevet harm to people. This book describes the priciples ad maagemet practices which provide the basis of effective health ad safety maagemet. It sets out the issues which eed to be addressed, ad ca be used for developig improvemet programmes, self-audit or self-assessmet. HSE Books Page 1 of 98

2 Health ad Safety Crow copyright 1997 First published 1991 Reprited 1992 (twice), 1993, 1994, 1995 Secod editio 1997 Reprited 1998 (twice) Reprited (with amedmets) 2000 (twice), 2003, 2006 Reprited 2008 ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this publicatio may be reproduced, stored i a retrieval system, or trasmitted i ay form or by ay meas (electroic, mechaical, photocopyig, recordig or otherwise) without the prior writte permissio of the copyright ower. Applicatios for reproductio should be made i writig to: The Office of Public Sector Iformatio, Iformatio Policy Team, Kew, Richmod, Surrey TW9 4DU or licesig@opsi.gov.uk This guidace is issued by the Health ad Safety. Followig the guidace is ot compulsory ad you are free to take other actio. But if you do follow the guidace you will ormally be doig eough to comply with the law. Health ad safety ispectors seek to secure compliace with the law ad may refer to this guidace as illustratig good practice. Page 2 of 98

3 Health ad Safety Cotets Foreword 5 Itroductio 6 Chapter 1 Summary 7 Policy 7 Orgaisig 7 Plaig 7 Measurig performace 8 Auditig ad reviewig performace 8 Chapter 2 Effective health ad safety policies 10 The importace of people to a orgaisatio 11 Avoidig loss - the total loss approach 12 Iset 1 Accidet ratio studies 13 Prime resposibility for accidet ad ill health prevetio rests with maagemet 14 The importace of orgaisatioal factors 14 Iset 2 Huma factors i idustrial health ad safety 15 Iset 3 Examples of health ad safety philosophy 16 A systematic approach 17 Iset 4 The impact of effective health ad safety policies o busiess thikig 18 Quality, eviromet ad health ad safety maagemet 19 Chapter 3 Orgaisig for health ad safety 21 Cotrol 23 Iset 5 Performace stadards 24 Iset 6 Supervisio 26 Co-operatio 28 Commuicatio 29 Iformatio iputs 29 Iformatio flows withi the orgaisatio 29 Visible behaviour 29 Writte commuicatio 30 Iset 7 A outlie for statemets of health ad safety policy 30 Face-to-face discussio 31 Iformatio flow from the orgaisatio 31 Competece 31 Iset 8 Traiig for health ad safety 33 Iset 9 Role ad fuctios of safety advisers 37 Chapter 4 Plaig ad implemetig 38 Plaig for health ad safety 39 Workplace precautios 39 Risk cotrol systems (RCSs) 41 Maagemet arragemets 42 Plaig the overall health ad safety maagemet system 44 Settig objectives 46 Devisig workplace precautios 46 Iset 10 Cotrollig health risks 47 Hazard idetificatio 49 Risk assessmet 49 Risk cotrol 50 Iset 11 So far as is reasoably practicable, So far as is practicable ad Best practicable meas 50 Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 3 of 98

4 Health ad Safety Cotets Policy 52 Devisig risk cotrol systems (RCSs) 51 Orgaisig 52 Implemetig 52 Measurig performace 52 Reviewig performace 52 Auditig 52 Iset 12 Framework for settig risk cotrol systems 53 Devisig maagemet arragemets 54 Settig performace stadards 55 Prioritisig health ad safety activities 55 Simple risk estimatio 56 Implemetig the health ad safety maagemet system 57 Chapter 5 Measurig performace 58 Active moitorig systems 59 Iset 13 Ispectio 61 Reactive moitorig systems 61 Ivestigatio ad respose systems for active ad reactive moitorig 63 Actios ecessary to deal with immediate risks 64 Level ad ature of ivestigatio 64 The form of ivestigatio 64 Collectig evidece 65 Assemblig ad cosiderig the evidece 66 Comparig coditios with relevat specificatios ad stadards 67 Implemetig fidigs ad trackig progress 67 Outputs ad aalysis 67 Iset 1 Key data to be covered i accidet, ill health ad icidet reports 68 Chapter 6 Auditig ad reviewig performace 69 Auditig performace 70 Collectig iformatio 71 Preparatio 71 O-site 71 Coclusio 72 Makig judgemets 72 Audit cotrols 72 Iset 15 Effective health ad safety audit systems 73 Reviewig performace 74 Appedices 76 Appedix 1 Termiology 76 Appedix 2 Orgaisig for health ad safety 78 Appedix 3 Reorgaisatio 80 Appedix 4 Implemetatio of health ad safety maagemet systems 83 Appedix 5 Aalysig the causes of accidets ad icidets 87 Appedix 6 Accidet icidece ad frequecy rates 94 Refereces 96 Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 43 of 97 98

5 Health ad Safety Foreword Successful health ad safety maagemet (HSG65) was first prepared by HSE s Accidet Prevetio Advisory Uit (ow Operatios Uit) i 1991 as a practical guide for directors, maagers, health ad safety professioals ad employee represetatives who wated to improve health ad safety i their orgaisatios. The message it coveys is a simple oe: orgaisatios eed to maage health ad safety with the same degree of expertise ad to the same stadards as other core busiess activities, if they are effectively to cotrol risks ad prevet harm to people. The publicatio has bee a best-seller for HSE, ad has bee well received as providig soud guidace o good practice i health ad safety maagemet. Some of the actios it advocates go beyod what is strictly required by legislatio. For example, although some specific health ad safety legislatio requires auditig, there is o geeral legal requiremet to audit. Similarly there is o legal requiremet to give tool-box talks. A cotiuig priority for HSE is to secure more effective maagemet of health ad safety by duty holders. Safety represetatives ad employees as well as maagers ca make key cotributios. Together with legal requiremets, the framework described here provides the basis for the approach which HSE ispectors take whe auditig a orgaisatio s arragemets for maagig health ad safety. I commed this guidace to you as a tried ad tested basis o which to build your health ad safety maagemet system. Justi McCracke, Deputy Director Geeral (Operatios), Health ad Safety Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 5 of 98

6 Health ad Safety Itroductio The Health ad Safety Commissio s iitiative to review HSE guidace has provided the opportuity to revise ad update this publicatio. The revisio does ot alter the basic framework for maagig health ad safety set out i earlier editios, which received widespread acceptace. The guidace is aimed at directors, maagers with health ad safety resposibilities, as well as health ad safety professioals. Employees represetatives should also fid it helpful. It: describes the priciples ad maagemet practices which provide the basis of effective health ad safety maagemet; sets out the issues which eed to be addressed; ad ca be used for developig improvemet programmes, self-audit or selfassessmet. The priciples are uiversal but how far actio is eeded will deped o the size of the orgaisatio, the hazards preseted by its activities, products or services, ad the adequacy of its existig arragemets. The format follows that of previous editios. Chapter 1 provides a overview, while other chapters cover each key elemet i detail. Chapter 4, o plaig ad implemetig, has bee extesively revised ad ew material preseted. Chapter 5, o measurig performace, icorporates ew material o accidet ad icidet ivestigatio. Chapter 6 has bee amplified to add more guidace o auditig. Withi each chapter, isets deal with a particular topic i more detail to avoid iterruptig the flow of the mai text. A short set of refereces is give at the ed. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 6 of 98

7 Health ad Safety Chapter oe: Summary The key elemets of successful health ad safety maagemet are set out i this summary. Diagram 1 outlies the relatioship betwee them. Policy Effective health ad safety policies set a clear directio for the orgaisatio to follow. They cotribute to all aspects of busiess performace as part of a demostrable commitmet to cotiuous improvemet. Resposibilities to people ad the eviromet are met i ways which fulfil the spirit ad letter of the law. Stakeholders expectatios i the activity (whether they are shareholders, employees, or their represetatives, customers or society at large) are satisfied. There are cost-effective approaches to preservig ad developig physical ad huma resources, which reduce fiacial losses ad liabilities. Orgaisig A effective maagemet structure ad arragemets are i place for deliverig the policy. All staff are motivated ad empowered to work safely ad to protect their log-term health, ot simply to avoid accidets. The arragemets are: uderpied by effective staff ivolvemet ad participatio; ad sustaied by effective commuicatio ad the promotio of competece which allows all employees ad their represetatives to make a resposible ad iformed cotributio to the health ad safety effort. There is a shared commo uderstadig of the orgaisatio s visio, values ad beliefs. A positive health ad safety culture is fostered by the visible ad active leadership of seior maagers. Plaig There is a plaed ad systematic approach to implemetig the health ad safety policy through a effective health ad safety maagemet system. The aim is to miimise risks. Risk assessmet methods are used to decide o priorities ad to set objectives for elimiatig hazards ad reducig risks. Wherever possible, risks are elimiated through selectio ad desig of facilities, equipmet ad processes. If risks caot be elimiated, they are miimised by the use of physical cotrols or, as a last resort, through systems of work ad persoal protective equipmet. Performace stadards are established ad used for measurig achievemet. Specific actios to promote a positive health ad safety culture are idetified. Measurig performace Performace is measured agaist agreed stadards to reveal whe ad where improvemet is eeded. Active self-moitorig reveals how effectively the health ad safety maagemet system is fuctioig. This looks at both hardware Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 7 of 98

8 Health ad Safety (premises, plat ad substaces) ad software (people, procedures ad systems) icludig idividual behaviour ad performace. If cotrols fail, reactive moitorig discovers why by ivestigatig accidets, ill health or icidets which could cause harm or loss. The objectives of active ad reactive moitorig are: to determie the immediate causes of sub-stadard performace; ad to idetify the uderlyig causes ad the implicatios for the desig ad operatio of the health ad safety maagemet system. Loger-term objectives are also moitored. Auditig ad reviewig performace The orgaisatio lears from all relevat experiece ad applies the lessos. There is a systematic review of performace based o data from moitorig ad from idepedet audits of the whole health ad safety maagemet system. These form the basis of self-regulatio ad of complyig with sectios 2 to 6 of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) ad other relevat statutory provisios. There is a strog commitmet to cotiuous improvemet ivolvig the costat developmet of policies, systems ad techiques of risk cotrol. Performace is assessed by: iteral referece to key performace idicators; ad exteral compariso with the performace of busiess competitors ad best practice, irrespective of employmet sector. Performace is also ofte recorded i aual reports. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 8 of 98

9 Health ad Safety Diagram 1 Key elemets of successful health ad safety maagemet Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 9 of 98

10 Health ad Safety Chapter two: Effective health ad safety policies Policy Orgaisig Auditig Plaig ad implemetig Measurig performace Reviewig performace Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 10 of 98

11 Health ad Safety KEY MESSAGES Effective health ad safety policies cotribute to busiess performace by: supportig huma resource developmet; miimisig the fiacial losses which arise from avoidable uplaed evets; recogisig that accidets, ill health ad icidets result from failigs i maagemet cotrol ad are ot ecessarily the fault of idividual employees; recogisig that the developmet of a culture supportive of health ad safety is ecessary to achieve adequate cotrol over risks; esurig a systematic approach to the idetificatio of risks ad the allocatio of resources to cotrol them; supportig quality iitiatives aimed at cotiuous improvemet. This chapter idetifies the mai characteristics of successful policies for health ad safety. A commo characteristic is that they accurately reflect the values ad beliefs of those who devise ad implemet them. Effective policies are ot simply examples of maagemet payig lip service to improved health ad safety performace but a geuie commitmet to actio. I this guidace, policy meas the geeral itetios, approach ad objectives the visio of a orgaisatio ad the criteria ad priciples upo which it bases its actio. These form the basis for maagig health ad safety which shape the writte statemet of policy required by sectio 2 of the HSW Act. The importace of people to a orgaisatio Work ca make a positive or egative cotributio to idividual health. Both physical ad metal health may be affected if people are exposed to harm (eg through the use of chemicals, by a risk of fallig, by carryig out repetitive tasks or beig exposed to violet behaviour). But if the workplace is safe ad if people are iterested ad ivolved i their work, job satisfactio ca icrease ad improvemets i health ad well-beig ca result. Orgaisatios that successfully maage health ad safety recogise the relatioship betwee the cotrol of risks, geeral health ad the very core of the busiess itself. Their health ad safety policies alig with other huma resource maagemet policies desiged to secure commitmet ad ivolvemet ad to promote the well-beig of employees. I the workplace, this may lead to iitiatives such as job restructurig to reduce mootoy ad icrease flexibility or to health promotio campaigs. I some cases, orgaisatios educate their employees about dagers outside the workplace (eg i the home) as part of a off-the-job accidet prevetio policy. The importat cotributio which employees ad their represetatives ca make to improve health ad safety is recogised ad ecouraged. So the best health ad safety policies do ot separate health ad safety ad huma resource maagemet, because they ackowledge that people are the key resource. Orgaisatios that wat to behave ethically ad resposibly: recogise the beefits of a fit, ethusiastic, competet ad committed workforce; realise that progressive huma resource maagemet policies ca be udermied by weak health ad safety policies; ad show that they are cocered ot simply with prevetig accidets ad ill health (as required by health ad safety legislatio) but also with positive health promotio. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 11 of 98

12 Health ad Safety The ultimate goal is a orgaisatio aimig to improve its health ad safety performace, so that accidets ad ill health are elimiated ad work forms part of a satisfyig life to the beefit of both the idividual ad the orgaisatio. This itegrated approach exteds to people outside the orgaisatio i policies for the cotrol of off-site risks, evirometal pollutio ad product safety. Avoidig loss the total loss approach Ijuries ad ill health cost moey but are oly oe compoet of fiacial loss. Accidetal damage to property, plat, products or the eviromet as well as productio losses or liabilities also impose costs. The total loss approach is based o research ito the causes of accidets which is summarised i Iset 1. This illustrates a importat relatioship. There are may more icidets or earmisses tha those which cause ijury or property damage. Effective prevetio ad loss cotrol has to focus o the causes of icidets because outcomes may be radom ad ucotrollable. For istace, if a perso slips o a patch of spilt oil they may be uhurt, damage clothig or equipmet, break a arm or fracture their skull ad die. Examiig the causes of all such outcomes ca provide valuable isights ito iadequacies i risk cotrol ad poit toward actio which ca prevet future ijuries or losses (see Chapter 5). The total loss approach emphasises that orgaisatios eed to lear from both accidets ad icidets to achieve effective cotrol. They should also look beyod their ow orgaisatio to draw lessos from elsewhere. Ivestmet i loss reductio cotributes directly to profits ad may prove to be particularly cost effective at times of high competitio it may yield a better retur tha a similar ivestmet to improve sales ad market share. Results from HSE studies 1 of the costs of accidetal loss cofirm their commercial sigificace. Reducig the fiacial costs of accidets ad ill health is importat i busiess terms, but there are other busiess imperatives for maagig health ad safety effectively. Employees beefit from workig i a orgaisatio committed to high stadards of health ad safety, but orgaisatios should also recogise that there are other stakeholders with a legitimate iterest i how they maage health ad safety. These ca iclude shareholders, customers, suppliers, isurace compaies, the eighbourig commuity, the public ad regulators. Orgaisatios that are successful at maagig health ad safety recogise the busiess case for health ad safety ad meet the differet, ad sometimes competig demads ad expectatios of their stakeholders i a balaced way. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 12 of 98

13 Health ad Safety Iset 1 Accidet ratio studies Several studies have tried to establish the relatioship betwee serious ad mior accidets ad other dagerous evets. The results of a study by HSE s Accidet Prevetio Advisory Uit (APAU) 1 are summarised here. The study cofirmed the geeral validity of earlier work by Bird (1969) ad Tye ad Pearso (1974/75). The most sigificat coclusios which ca be draw from this ad other research 2 are that: the detailed fidigs were differet because of the defiitios ad accidets data used, but there is a cosistet relatioship betwee the differet kids of evet; there are cosistetly greater umbers of less serious evets compared to more serious oes; it is ofte a matter of chace whether dagerous evets cause ill health, ijury or damage. However, o-ijury icidets or ear-misses could become evets with more serious cosequeces. Not all ear-misses, however, ivolve risks which might have caused fatal or serious ijury; all the evets (ot just those causig ijuries) represet failures i cotrol ad are therefore potetial learig opportuities. A key feature of a effective health ad safety policy is to examie all usafe evets ad the behaviours which give rise to them. This is a way of cotrollig risk ad measurig performace. From studies i five orgaisatios i the oil, food, costructio, health ad trasport sectors, APAU established the followig ratio: 1 major or over-3-day lost-time ijury 1 for every 7 mior ijuries 7 for every 189 o-ijury accidets 189 HSE is curretly (1997) coductig research to lik the costs of accidets with the model for health ad safety maagemet outlied i this guidace. The research aims to measure the cost of differet maagemet failures, so that orgaisatios may better target their effort ad moey. The research is based o a root-cause aalysis tool which matches icidet causes with elemets of the health ad safety maagemet structure i this guidace. The tool, ad fidigs from the research, are scheduled for publicatio. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 13 of 98

14 Health ad Safety Prime resposibility for accidet ad ill health prevetio rests with maagemet Accidets, ill health ad icidets are seldom radom evets. They geerally arise from failures of cotrol ad ivolve multiple cotributory elemets. The immediate cause may be a huma or techical failure, but they usually arise from orgaisatioal failigs which are the resposibility of maagemet. Successful policies aim to exploit the stregths of employees. They aim to miimise the cotributio of huma limitatios ad fallibilities by examiig how the orgaisatio is structured ad how jobs ad systems are desiged. Orgaisatios eed to uderstad how huma factors affect health ad safety performace. These are explaied i more detail i the HSE publicatio HSG48 Reducig error ad ifluecig behaviour 3 which also cotais guidace o how to develop suitable cotrol strategies i a systematic way (see Iset 2). The importace of orgaisatioal factors Orgaisatios that are good at maagig health ad safety create a effective framework to maximise the cotributio of idividuals ad groups. Health ad safety objectives are regarded i the same way as other busiess objectives. They become part of the culture ad this is recogised explicitly by makig health ad safety a lie maagemet resposibility. The approach has to start at the top. Visible ad active support, strog leadership ad commitmet of seior maagers ad directors are fudametal to the success of health ad safety maagemet. Seior maagers commuicate the beliefs which uderlie the policy through their idividual behaviour ad maagemet practice. Health ad safety is a boardroom issue ad a board member takes direct resposibility for the co-ordiatio of effort. The whole orgaisatio shares the maagemet perceptio ad beliefs about the importace of health ad safety ad the eed to achieve the policy objectives. Examples of statemets of health ad safety philosophy are show i Iset 3. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 14 of 98

15 Health ad Safety Iset 2 Huma factors i idustrial health ad safety Diagram 2 shows the relatioship betwee the three factors that ifluece behaviour i orgaisatios. Diagram 2 Orgaisatioal factors have the major ifluece o idividual ad group behaviour, yet it is commo for them to be overlooked durig the desig of work ad whe ivestigatig accidets ad icidets. Orgaisatios eed to establish their ow positive health ad safety culture which promotes employee ivolvemet ad commitmet at all levels. This culture should emphasise that deviatio from established health ad safety stadards is uacceptable. Job factors directly ifluece idividual performace ad the cotrol of risks. Tasks should be desiged accordig to ergoomic priciples to take accout of the limitatios of huma performace. Mismatches betwee job requiremets ad idividuals capabilities icrease the potetial for huma error. Matchig the job to the idividual esures that people are ot overloaded; this cotributes to cosistet performace. Physical matchig icludes how the whole workplace ad the workig eviromet are desiged. Metal matchig ivolves takig ito accout the idividual s iformatio ad decisio-makig requiremets as well as his or her perceptio of the task. Mismatches betwee job requiremets ad a idividual s capabilities icrease the potetial for huma error. Persoal factors the attributes which employees brig to their jobs may be stregths or weakesses i relatio to the demads of a particular task. They iclude both physical attributes, such as stregth ad limitatios arisig from disability or illess, ad metal attributes, such as habits, attitudes, skills ad persoality, which ifluece behaviour i complex ways. Negative effects o task performace caot always be mitigated by job desig solutios. Some characteristics, such as skills ad attitudes, ca be modified by traiig ad experiece; others, such as persoality, are relatively permaet ad caot be modified withi the work cotext. People may therefore eed to be matched to their jobs through appropriate selectio techiques. For more iformatio, see HSG48 Reducig error ad ifluecig behaviour. 3 Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 15 of 98

16 Health ad Safety Iset 3 Examples of health ad safety philosophy A good safety record goes had i had with high productivity ad quality stadards We believe that a excellet compay is by defiitio a safe compay. Sice we are committed to excellece, it follows that miimisig risk to people, plat ad products is iseparable from all other compay objectives Prevetio is ot oly better, but cheaper tha cure. There is o ecessary coflict betwee humaitariaism ad commercial cosideratios. Profits ad safety are ot i competitio. O the cotrary, safety is good busiess Health ad safety is a maagemet resposibility of equal importace to productio ad quality Experiece shows that a successful safety orgaisatio also produces the right quality goods at miimum costs Competece i maagig health ad safety is a essetial part of professioal maagemet I the field of health ad safety [we] seek to achieve the highest stadards. We do ot pursue this aim simply to achieve compliace with curret legislatio, but because it is i our best iterests. The effective maagemet of health ad safety, leadig to fewer accidets ivolvig ijury ad time take off work, is a ivestmet which helps us to achieve our purposes People are our most importat asset Total safety is the ogoig itegratio of safety ito all activities with the objective of attaiig idustry leadership i safety performace. We believe othig is more importat tha safety... ot productio, ot sales, ot profits Effective cotrol of health ad safety is achieved through co-operative effort at all levels i the orgaisatio The compay believes that excellece i the maagemet of health ad safety is a essetial elemet withi its overall busiess pla All accidets ad ill health are prevetable The idetificatio, assessmet ad cotrol of health ad safety ad other risks is a maagerial resposibility ad of equal importace to productio ad quality The preservatio of huma ad physical resources is a importat meas of miimisig costs Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 16 of 98

17 Health ad Safety A systematic approach The key to effective policy implemetatio is good busiess plaig. The logic ad rigour of busiess plaig are applied to the cotrol of risks, ad resources are allocated accordig to risk priorities. The orgaisatio is able to measure performace agaist plas by settig up suitable moitorig arragemets. A outlie of how effective health ad safety policies ca affect differet areas of busiess thikig is give i Iset 4. Successful orgaisatios ca demostrate effective cotrol i terms of improved performace. Health ad safety thikig is reflected i busiess activity. The practical implicatios of health ad safety policies are thought through to avoid coflict betwee the demads of policy ad other operatioal requiremets. Disasters such as the sikig of the Herald of Free Eterprise, the trai crash at Clapham Juctio ad the fire ad explosio o Piper Alpha provide vivid examples of the effect of givig isufficiet attetio or weight to health ad safety. I these cases, maagemet decisios led to: urealistic timescales for implemetig plas, which put pressure o people to cut corers ad reduce supervisio; work schedulig ad rosters which failed to take accout of the problems of fatigue; iadequate resources allocated to traiig; orgaisatioal restructurig which placed people i positios for which they had isufficiet experiece; jobs ad cotrol systems which failed to recogise or allow for the fact that people would be likely to make mistakes ad might have difficulties commuicatig with each other. The systematic approach also emphasises a commitmet to cotiuous improvemet. Learig from experiece is essetial. I may serious accidets, previous icidets foreshadowed the potetial for serious ijury. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 17 of 98

18 Health ad Safety Iset 4 The impact of effective health ad safety policies o busiess thikig The followig areas of busiess thikig are amog those iflueced by effective health ad safety policies: Corporate strategy ad social resposibility busiess missio, philosophy ad codes of ethics; compay image i the commuity; policy o evirometal impact; maagemet professioalism (for example, the applicatio of the Maagemet Charter Iitiative (MCI) competeces). Fiace loss-cotrol ad cost-reductio strategies; aspects of o-speculative risk maagemet, such as product liability, security, property damage, ad the cosequet potetial for fiacial loss ad legal liability; decisios o loss reductio, risk retetio or trasfer, risk fudig ad isurace; ivestmet decisios cocerig busiess acquisitios ad ew premises, plat ad processes; geeral fiacial plaig ad budgetary cotrol. Huma resources recruitmet, selectio, placemet, trasfer, traiig, developmet ad learig; structurig the orgaisatio to promote a positive health ad safety culture; work ad job structurig to achieve participatio ad ivolvemet; health promotio activities; commuicatios; Ivestors i People. Marketig, product desig ad product liability specificatio of product ad service health ad safety stadards; atioal legal requiremets, for example, sectio 6 of the HSW Act; iteratioal requiremets such as EC directives; atioal ad iteratioal cosesus stadards, for example, British Stadards, ANSI ad ISO Stadards; the Cosumer Protectio Act i the case of products for domestic use. Maufacturig ad operatig policy desig, selectio, costructio ad maiteace of premises, plat, equipmet ad substaces; procuremet policies icludig selectio of cotractors; desig of jobs ad the applicatio of ergoomic priciples ad appropriate strategies for risk elimiatio, reductio ad cotrol; quality maagemet; evirometal maagemet ad waste disposal. Iformatio maagemet ad systems the idetificatio of data critical to the maagemet of health ad safety; the selectio of appropriate performace idicators; the use of iformatio techology i the collectio ad aalysis of essetial data. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 18 of 98

19 Health ad Safety Quality, eviromet ad health ad safety maagemet The priciples ad approach to maagig health ad safety described i this ad the followig chapters are the same as those advocated for maagig quality or the eviromet. A well-developed approach to quality is icreasigly see as a essetial activity for the successful orgaisatio rather tha a optioal extra. Orgaisatios ofte fail to maage health ad safety effectively because they see it as somethig distict from other maagemet tasks. They coclude that it is too difficult. They do ot brig the same rigour to it as they do for quality or the eviromet. The traditioal approach to esurig quality emphasised quality cotrol at the ed of the maufacturig process: products were ispected ad sorted for defects before they reached the customer. This was costly ad iefficiet. The moder approach is process-based quality assurace - maagig quality i ot ispectig defects out. A similar case ca be made for health ad safety. May orgaisatios traditioally oly react to accidets ad ill health ( defects ) oce they have occurred. There is little emphasis o prevetio. If the desired output of the health ad safety effort is to be achieved - to cotrol risks - the the process to deliver it has to be properly assured through desigig ad implemetig a effective health ad safety maagemet system. I other words it is proactive ot reactive. This approach is applied i this guidace. It is also the basis for the ISO Evirometal Maagemet stadards, 4 BS 8800 Guide to occupatioal health ad safety maagemet systems 5 ad the volutary eco-maagemet auditig schemes. 6 A word of cautio is ecessary though. Adoptig ISO 9000 Quality Systems stadards 7 will ot automatically lead to appropriate attetio to health ad safety i the workplace. The stadards focus o quality of the goods or services that the orgaisatio produces or delivers - ot o health ad safety i the productio or delivery process. Diagram 3 Pla-Do-Check-Act for health ad safety Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 19 of 98

20 Health ad Safety Total quality maagemet (TQM) promotes cotiuous improvemet i all aspects of a orgaisatio s activities. It emphasises idetifyig the key processes, settig performace stadards, measurig achievemet agaist these stadards ad the takig corrective actio ad idetifyig opportuities for improvemet - all i a cotiuous cycle. This is ofte depicted as Pla-Do-Check-Act ad ca equally be applied to health ad safety (see Diagram 3). Other areas where there is crossover betwee TQM methods ad health ad safety iclude: the tools ad techiques of TQM (eg process flowcharts, Pareto aalysis, cause-ad-effect diagrams) which ca be applied to health ad safety; the developmet of a supportive orgaisatioal culture. The TQM philosophy stresses the importace of actively ivolvig all employees i the quality process. It also recogises the crucial importace of visible leadership ad the eed for cosistet emphasis o quality improvemet throughout the orgaisatio. The busiess excellece model produced by the Europea Foudatio for Quality Maagemet (EFQM) 8 is oe bechmark which orgaisatios ca use to assess their progress towards busiess excellece. Health ad safety is recogised i this model but may orgaisatios have yet to realise that they ca use it to iform ad improve their approach to the maagemet of health ad safety. HSE fuded a research study 9 which examied health ad safety activities i several orgaisatios that were at various stages i implemetatio of TQM. Oe of the key fidigs was that visible leadership ad emphasis o cotiual improvemet with respect to health ad safety lagged behid that for quality of a product or service. Oe reaso for this fidig was that seior people lacked appreciatio of the busiess case for health ad safety. Successful orgaisatios ca establish ad maitai a culture which supports health ad safety. Practical ways i which they ca desig, build, operate ad maitai the appropriate systems are examied i the followig chapters. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 20 of 98

21 Health ad Safety Chapter three: Orgaisig for health ad safety Policy Orgaisig Auditig Plaig ad implemetig Measurig performace Reviewig performace Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 21 of 98

22 Health ad Safety KEY MESSAGES Orgaisatios eed to defie the resposibilities ad relatioships which promote a positive health ad safety culture, ad secure the implemetatio ad cotiued developmet of the health ad safety policy. Structures ad processes are eeded which: establish ad maitai maagemet cotrol withi a orgaisatio; promote co-operatio betwee idividuals, safety represetatives ad groups so that health ad safety becomes a collaborative effort; esure the commuicatio of ecessary iformatio throughout the orgaisatio; ad secure the competece of employees. The policy sets the directio for health ad safety, but orgaisatios eed to create a robust framework for maagemet activity ad to detail the resposibilities ad relatioships which will deliver improved performace. A core elemet to cosider is the culture of the orgaisatio itself. There is a limit to the level of performace which ca be achieved by addressig the techological ad system elemets of health ad safety i isolatio. The shared commo kowledge or culture uique to each orgaisatio shapes the way it deals with health ad safety issues. This culture may take years to mature but it bears o all aspects of work, affectig idividual ad group behaviour, job desig ad the plaig ad executio of work activities. Evidece idicates that successful compaies have developed positive cultures which promote safe ad healthy workig. 10,11 Oe defiitio of health ad safety culture is: The safety culture of a orgaisatio is the product of idividual ad group values, attitudes, perceptios, competecies ad patters of behaviour that determie the commitmet to, ad the style ad proficiecy of, a orgaisatio s health ad safety maagemet. Orgaisatios with a positive safety culture are characterised by commuicatios fouded o mutual trust, by shared perceptios of the importace of safety ad by cofidece i the efficacy of prevetive measures. (ACSNI 3rd report) 11 Aother defiitio is the way we do thigs aroud here. By explicitly recogisig the advatages i lookig at their activities i this way, orgaisatios ca ofte achieve a step chage i their approach to the maagemet of health ad safety. I this chapter, the activities ecessary to promote a positive health ad safety culture are split ito: methods of cotrol withi the orgaisatio; meas of securig co-operatio betwee idividuals, safety represetatives ad groups; methods of commuicatio throughout the orgaisatio; competece of idividuals. Cotrol is the foudatio of a positive health ad safety culture. The maagemet techiques for exercisig cotrol are cosidered i more detail i Chapters 4 to 6. The four compoets are, however, iterrelated ad iterdepedet so Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 22 of 98

23 Health ad Safety that cosistet activity i each area is eeded to promote a climate i which a positive health ad safety culture ca develop. Take together, they provide the orgaisatioal framework eeded to maage health ad safety effectively. Cotrol Establishig ad maitaiig cotrol is cetral to all maagemet fuctios. Cotrol is achieved by gettig the commitmet of employees to clear health ad safety objectives. It begis with maagers takig full resposibility for cotrollig factors that could lead to ill health, ijury or loss. The arragemets start with omiatig a seior figure at the top of the orgaisatio to co-ordiate ad moitor policy implemetatio. Health ad safety resposibilities are allocated to lie maagers, with specialists appoited to act as advisers. If maagers provide clear directio ad take resposibility for the workig eviromet, it helps create a positive atmosphere ad ecourages a creative ad learig culture. Safety represetatives ca also make a importat cotributio. The emphasis is o a collective effort to develop ad maitai systems of cotrol before the evet - ot o blamig idividuals for failures afterwards. Key fuctios for successful health ad safety maagemet ca be classified ito three broad areas: Formulatig ad developig policy. This icludes idetifyig key objectives ad reviewig of progress agaist them. Plaig, measurig, reviewig ad auditig health ad safety activities to meet legal requiremets ad miimise risks. Esurig effective implemetatio of plas ad reportig o performace. Further details about these fuctios are give i Appedix 2. These fuctios may ot ecessarily be exclusive to specific idividuals or groups, so the boudaries of discretio should be established. Clear resposibilities ad co-ordiatio are particularly importat whe two or more orgaisatios work together, for example, whe cotractors are employed to provide goods or services withi a existig establishmet. If orgaisatios are forced, or choose, to alter their iteral structure i a fudametal way, there are potetial effects o health ad safety. HSE has carried out research 12 i this area ad the results are summarised i Appedix 3. Cotrol arragemets are very importat ad should form part of the orgaisatio s writte statemet o health ad safety. A key part of the process of establishig cotrol is to set performace stadards which lik resposibilities to outputs, recogisig that the achievemet of goals is based o specific, defied work with measurable outputs. It may be ecessary to draw up writte systems, rules or procedures to clarify the way jobs or tasks should be doe to achieve the desired results. Guidelies o drawig up performace stadards are give i Iset 5 with more detail i Chapter 4. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 23 of 98

24 Health ad Safety Iset 5 Performace stadards Performace stadards are the basis of plaig ad measurig health ad safety achievemet. The maxim what gets measured gets doe applies. If orgaisatios are to be efficiet ad effective i cotrollig risks, they eed to co-ordiate their activities to esure everyoe is clear about what they are expected to achieve. They eed to uderstad ad specify what has to be doe, both to cotrol the directio of the orgaisatio as a whole ad to deal with specific risks. Settig performace stadards is essetial if policies are to be traslated from good itetios ito a series of co-ordiated activities ad tasks. Stadards should: set out clearly what people eed to do to cotribute to a eviromet which is free of ijuries, ill health ad loss; help idetify the competeces which idividuals eed to fulfil their resposibilities; form the basis for measurig idividual, group ad orgaisatioal performace. Good performace stadards lik resposibilities to specific outputs. They should specify: Who is resposible? This will give a ame or positio. Nobody should be made resposible for a task uless they meet suitable competece criteria (ie, they have bee traied ad possess the ecessary skills ad kowledge). What are they resposible for? This should explai what is to be doe ad how. It may ivolve applyig specific procedures or systems of work ad the use of specific documets or equipmet because of legal duties. Some examples might be: preparig plas to implemet the health ad safety policy; carryig out risk assessmets i accordace with specific regulatios; periodic moitorig of health ad safety performace; checkig cotractors health ad safety performace before awardig cotracts; supervisor s weekly tool-box talks which may iclude, for example, a remider of importat health ad safety procedures or lessos from a recet accidet; providig traiig; providig first aid after a accidet. Whe should the work be doe? Some work occurs regularly (eg mothly ispectios) or oly whe particular tasks or jobs are beig doe (for example whe usig a particular chemical). A time frame should be set. What is the expected result? Some outputs may refer to legal requiremets (eg achievemet of a certai air quality stadard). Alteratively, the output may be a satisfactory completio of a specified procedure (eg traiig). Output stadards ca be used to specify how idividuals will be held accoutable for their health ad safety resposibilities. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 24 of 98

25 Health ad Safety People with specific resposibilities for health ad safety should be held accoutable. This may ivolve the use of existig persoel systems such as: idividual job descriptios cotaiig refereces to health ad safety resposibilities; performace review ad appraisal systems measurig ad rewardig idividual performace i health ad safety activities; procedures idetifyig ad actig upo failures by ay employee (icludig maagers) to achieve adequate health ad safety performace. These ca be itegrated with ormal discipliary arragemets ad be ivoked whe justified by the seriousess of the failure to comply. These cotrol arragemets are oly effective if health ad safety objectives get the same importace as other busiess aims, ad if good performace by supervisors ad maagers is see as vital i career progressio ad persoal developmet assessmets. A combiatio of rewards ad sactios is required to motivate all employees. There eeds to be emphasis o the reiforcemet of the positive behaviour which cotributes to risk cotrol ad the promotio of a positive health ad safety culture. The geeral paymet ad reward systems should support the achievemet of health ad safety objectives ad avoid coflict with output ad other commercial objectives. If safety award schemes are used, they eed to emphasise the attaimet of specific stadards of performace rather tha arbitrary targets or oes based solely o avoidig accidets or ill health. The better schemes reward group rather tha idividual effort ad support a collaborative approach to health ad safety maagemet. Effective supervisio is of critical importace ad further guidace is cotaied i Iset 6. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 25 of 98

26 Health ad Safety Iset 6 Supervisio I orgaisatios which emphasise effective teamworkig, the term supervisor may ot be used because it has commad ad cotrol overtoes. Here the term is used to iclude team leader, or ay other equivalet compay desigatio. Adequate supervisio complemets the provisio of iformatio, istructio ad traiig to esure that the health ad safety policy of a orgaisatio is effectively implemeted ad developed. Good supervisio regimes ca form a powerful part of a proper system of maagemet cotrol. There are two key aspects: Task maagemet Supervisors, by example ad disciplie, are uiquely placed to ifluece how well orgaisatios achieve health ad safety objectives ad what stadards of performace are maitaied. They ca pla, direct, help, trai, coach ad guide staff to develop idividual competece. They ca also moitor performace by formal (eg assessmet) ad iformal (spot checks) meas. Team buildig Supervisors ca ecourage idividuals to work together i pursuit of team objectives. This role ca iclude leadig team activities such as tool-box talks, team briefigs ad problem-solvig exercises. It ca also ivolve coachig ad cousellig to ecourage ad support the participatio ad ivolvemet of employees ad safety represetatives. A particularly importat objective is to improve uderstadig of the risks ivolved i the work ad how they ca be elimiated or better cotrolled. It is maagemet s job to decide o the appropriate level of supervisio for particular tasks. The level depeds o the risks ivolved as well as the competece of employees to idetify ad hadle them. I some cases, legal requiremets state miimum supervisio levels. I others, more supervisio may be eeded, for example employees ew to a job, employees udergoig traiig or doig jobs which preset special risks, eg workig aloe or at shift chageovers. But some supervisio of fully competet idividuals will always be eeded to esure that stadards are beig met cosistetly. Supervisors ad employees should exercise judgemet ad discretio, for example whe makig decisios o whe to seek help or guidace or whe to halt work because they cosider it too dagerous to cotiue. But they should exercise this discretio withi the framework of cotrol established at the top of the orgaisatio. Although authority to act ca be delegated to supervisors ad employees, the ultimate resposibility for complyig with the employer s legal duties caot be delegated. It follows that maagemet must esure that those exercisig discretio ad judgemet are competet to do so ad have clear guidelies. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 26 of 98

27 Health ad Safety Iset 6 (cotiued) New methods of team workig - ofte liked to wideig job cotet ad to more flexible workig arragemets - ca mea, for istace, that: some maiteace tasks become the resposibilities of the work group ad the maiteace workers will joi the productio team; there is icreased job variety for idividuals ad they have to become competet i ew tasks; supervisors become resposible for areas of work which are outside their established expertise or experiece. Team ad flexible workig arragemets ca icrease the discretio available to supervisors ad others. But where supervisors acquire wider resposibilities, they eed to become familiar with ew risks ad with how these relate to activities of the whole group ad to other groups. Diagram 4 Levels of supervisio Levels of supervisio are determied by the risk of the job ad the competece of the perso. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 27 of 98

28 Health ad Safety Co-operatio Participatio by employees supports risk cotrol by ecouragig their owership of health ad safety policies. It establishes a uderstadig that the orgaisatio as a whole, ad people workig i it, beefit from good health ad safety performace. Poolig kowledge ad experiece through participatio, commitmet ad ivolvemet meas that health ad safety really becomes everybody s busiess. It is a legal requiremet for all employees i Great Britai to be cosulted, ot just iformed, about those health ad safety issues i the workplace that affect them. Where trade uios are recogised, cosultatio must occur via the safety represetatives they appoit uder the Safety Represetatives ad Safety Committees Regulatios ad the Offshore Istallatios (Safety Represetatives ad Safety Committees) Regulatios All other employees ot represeted i this way must be cosulted, either directly or via represetatives elected by those employees that they represet, uder the Health ad Safety (Cosultatio with Employees) Regulatios All represetatives must be provided with paid time off to carry out their duties ad to udertake appropriate traiig; they must also be give adequate facilities o site. However, successful orgaisatios ofte go further tha strictly required by law ad actively ecourage ad support cosultatio i differet ways. Safety represetatives are traied which, i commo with all employees, eables them to make a iformed cotributio o health ad safety issues. They also ejoy the positive beefits of a ope commuicatios policy ad are closely ivolved i directig the health ad safety effort through the issues discussed at health ad safety committees. Effective cosultative bodies are ivolved i plaig, measurig ad reviewig performace as well as i their more traditioal reactive role of cosiderig the results of accidet, ill health ad icidet ivestigatios ad other cocers of the momet. Employees at all levels are also ivolved idividually or i groups i a rage of activities. They may, for example, help set performace stadards, devise operatig systems, procedures ad istructios for risk cotrol ad help i moitorig ad auditig. Supervisors ad others with direct kowledge of how work is doe ca make importat cotributios to the preparatio of procedures which will work i practice. Other examples of good co-operatio iclude formig ad hoc problemsolvig teams from differet parts of the orgaisatio to help solve specific problems - such as issues arisig from a accidet or a case of ill health. Such iitiatives are supported by maagemet ad there is access to advice from health ad safety specialists. Opportuities to promote ivolvemet also arise through the use of hazard report books, suggestio schemes or safety circles (similar to quality circles) where health ad safety problems ca be idetified ad solved. These too ca develop ethusiasm ad draw o worker expertise. Yet orgaisatios should recogise that ivolvig employees may iitially icrease the potetial for short-term coflict ad disagreemet about what costitutes safe ad healthy workig. They eed to aticipate such coflict by supportig the activities of supervisors ad maagers with procedures which establish whe ad how specialist advice ca be obtaied to resolve problems ad disputes. It may also be appropriate to idetify whe specific ivestigatios are appropriate ad ay circumstaces i which work should be suspeded. The potetial for coflict is likely to reduce i the loger term as participats develop more costructive workig relatioships ad shared objectives. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 28 of 98

29 Health ad Safety Commuicatio Commuicatio challeges orgaisatios geerally - ot just o health ad safety issues. It is ofte see as the sigle most importat area requirig improvemet. The messages seior maagemet wish to commuicate are ofte ot the oes employees receive. Two cetral elemets are clear visible leadership ad a commo appreciatio of how ad why the orgaisatio is tryig to improve health ad safety. Effective commuicatio about health ad safety relies o iformatio: comig ito the orgaisatio; flowig withi the orgaisatio; goig out from the orgaisatio. Iformatio iputs Good sources of health ad safety itelligece are as importat i developig health ad safety policy ad performace as market iformatio is for busiess developmet. Orgaisatios eed to moitor: legal developmets to esure they ca comply with the law; techical developmets relevat to risk cotrol; developmets i health ad safety maagemet practice. Iformatio flows withi the orgaisatio If the health ad safety policy is to be uderstood ad cosistetly implemeted, the followig key iformatio eeds to be commuicated effectively: the meaig ad purpose of the policy; the visio, values ad beliefs which uderlie it; the commitmet of seior maagemet to its implemetatio; plas, stadards, procedures ad systems relatig to implemetatio ad measuremet of performace; factual iformatio to help secure the ivolvemet ad commitmet of employees; commets ad ideas for improvemet; performace reports; lessos leared from accidets ad other icidets. Three iterrelated methods ca be used to provide a adequate flow of iformatio up, dow ad across the orgaisatio. They use both formal ad iformal meas, but they eed to be cosistet with each other, especially where key messages ca be reiforced by more tha oe method. Visible behaviour Maagers, particularly seior maagers, ca commuicate powerful sigals about the importace ad sigificace of health ad safety objectives if they lead by example. Equally, they ca udermie the developmet of a positive health ad safety culture through egative behaviour. Subordiates soo recogise what their superiors regard as importat ad act accordigly. Successful methods which sigal commitmet iclude: regular health ad safety tours. These are ot detailed ispectios but a way of demostratig maagemet commitmet ad iterest ad to see obvious examples of good or bad performace. They ca be plaed to cover the whole site or operatio progressively or to focus attetio o curret priorities i the overall safety effort; chairig meetigs of the cetral health ad safety committee or joit Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 29 of 98

30 Health ad Safety cosultative body; active ivolvemet i ivestigatios of accidets, ill health ad icidets. The level of seiority ca be determied by the potetial severity of the evet. Writte commuicatio Amog the most importat writte commuicatios are: health ad safety policy statemets; orgaisatio statemets showig health ad safety roles ad resposibilities; documeted performace stadards; supportig orgaisatioal ad risk cotrol iformatio ad procedures; sigificat fidigs from risk assessmets. I Chapter 2, examples were give of statemets of philosophy. They showed how orgaisatios try to make their values ad beliefs explicit. The formal health ad safety policy statemet is a key writte commuicatio i ay orgaisatio. Specific details are required ad a outlie is show i Iset 7. Iset 7 A outlie for statemets of health ad safety policy Writte statemets of health ad safety policy should at the very least: 1 Set the directio for the orgaisatio by: demostratig seior maagemet commitmet; settig health ad safety i cotext with other busiess objectives; makig a commitmet to cotiuous improvemet i health ad safety performace. 2 Outlie the details of the policy framework, showig how implemetatio will take place by: idetifyig the Director or key Seior Maager with overall resposibility for formulatig ad implemetig the policy; havig the documet siged ad dated by the Director or Chief ; explaiig the resposibilities of maagers ad staff; recogisig ad ecouragig the ivolvemet of employees ad safety represetatives; outliig the basis for effective commuicatios; showig how adequate resources will be allocated; committig the leaders to plaig ad regularly reviewig ad developig the policy; securig the competece of all employees ad the provisio of ay ecessary specialist advice. The policy provides the framework. Depedig o the type of orgaisatio ad the risks ivolved, it may eed to be supplemeted by more detailed statemets of orgaisatio ad the arragemets ecessary to implemet it. Health ad safety documetatio eeds to be tailored to the orgaisatio s busiess eeds, bearig i mid the requiremets of specific legislatio. I geeral the degree of detail should be proportioate to the level of complexity ad the hazards ad risks. The greater the risk, the more specific istructios eed to be. I some cases, formal systems may be eeded to keep track of key documetatio but material should always be writte accordig to the eeds of the user. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 30 of 98

31 Health ad Safety Orgaisatios ca use otices, posters, hadbills or health ad safety ewsletters to iform employees about particular issues or about progress i achievig objectives. These might iclude results of ispectios, compliace with stadards or the outcome of ivestigatios. Well-directed use of otices or posters ca support the achievemet of specific targets or improve kowledge of particular risks. For this reaso these thigs are likely to be more effective tha geeral poster campaigs. Face-to-face discussio Opportuities for employees to have face-to-face discussio support other commuicatio activities ad eable them to make a more persoal cotributio. Tours ad formal cosultatio meetigs are optios but others iclude: plaed meetigs (or team briefigs) at which iformatio ca be cascaded. These ca iclude targetig particular groups of workers for safety critical tasks; health ad safety issues o the ageda at all routie maagemet meetigs (possibly as the first item); mothly or weekly tool-box talks or tailgate meetigs at which supervisors ca discuss health ad safety issues with their teams, remid them of critical risks ad precautios ad supplemet the orgaisatio s traiig effort. These also provide opportuities for employees to make their ow suggestios (perhaps by braistormig ) about improvig health ad safety arragemets. Iformatio flow from the orgaisatio Orgaisatios may eed to pass health ad safety iformatio to others, icludig: accidet or ill health iformatio to eforcig authorities; iformatio about the safety of articles ad substaces supplied for use at work; emergecy plaig iformatio. The format for such iformatio is sometimes specified i, for istace, a accidet report form, a data sheet or a prescribed layout. It may be appropriate to seek professioal advice o how to preset less formal iformatio so that it ca be uderstood by the audiece to whom it is addressed. Special arragemets may also be ecessary for maitaiig lies of commuicatio wheever emergecies arise. Competece If all employees are to make a maximum cotributio to health ad safety, there must be proper arragemets i place to esure that they are competet. This meas more tha simply traiig them. Experiece of applyig skills ad kowledge is aother importat igrediet ad eeds to be gaied uder adequate supervisio. Maagers eed to be aware of relevat legislatio ad how to maage health ad safety effectively. All employees eed to be able to work i a safe ad healthy maer. It may also be ecessary to examie the abilities of cotractors where they work close to, or i collaboratio with, direct employees. Good arragemets will iclude: recruitmet ad placemet procedures which esure that employees (icludig maagers) have the ecessary physical ad metal abilities to do their jobs or ca acquire them through traiig ad experiece. This may require assessmets of idividual fitess by medical examiatio ad tests of physical fitess or aptitudes ad abilities; Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 31 of 98

32 Health ad Safety systems to idetify health ad safety traiig eeds arisig from recruitmet, chages i staff, plat, substaces, techology, processes or workig practices; the eed to maitai or ehace competece by refresher traiig; ad the presece of cotractors employees, self-employed people or temporary workers; systems ad resources to provide the iformatio, istructio, traiig ad supportig commuicatios effort to meet these eeds; arragemets to esure competet cover for staff abseces, particularly those with critical health ad safety resposibilities; geeral health promotio ad surveillace schemes which cotribute to the maiteace of geeral health ad fitess (this may iclude assessmets of fitess for work, rehabilitatio, job adaptatio followig ijury or ill health or a policy o drugs or alcohol). Iset 8 provides further guidace o traiig. Proper supervisio helps to esure the developmet ad maiteace of competece ad is particularly ecessary for those ew to a job or udergoig traiig. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 32 of 98

33 Health ad Safety Iset 8 Traiig for health ad safety Traiig helps people acquire the skills, kowledge ad attitudes to make them competet i the health ad safety aspects of their work. It icludes formal offthe-job traiig, istructio to idividuals ad groups, ad o-the-job coachig ad cousellig. But traiig is oly oe way of esurig satisfactory health ad safety performace. It is also helpful to itegrate health ad safety requiremets ito job specificatios. A typical traiig cycle is show here. Diagram 5 A typical traiig cycle cotiued overleaf Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 33 of 98

34 Health ad Safety Isert 8 (cotiued) Decide if traiig is ecessary Traiig should ot be a substitute for proper risk cotrol, for example to compesate for poorly desiged plat or iadequate workstatios. But it may be appropriate as a temporary meas of cotrol util improvemets ca be made. The key to effective traiig is to uderstad job requiremets ad idividual abilities. Idetify traiig eeds Traiig eeds ca be idetified by lookig explicitly at the health ad safety elemets i idividual jobs or tasks. For ew jobs, a little imagiatio may be eeded to compare them with existig jobs or to lear from other orgaisatios doig similar work. For existig jobs, you ca do the followig thigs: cosult job-specific accidet, ill health ad icidet records to see what caused losses of cotrol ad how you ca prevet them; gather iformatio from employees about how the work is doe; observe ad questio employees whe they are workig, to uderstad what they are doig ad why. This may be particularly relevat i complex process plat where ay aalysis has to take accout of all the possible cosequeces of huma error, some of which may be remote from the particular task i had. It could iclude formal task or error aalysis; cosult risk assessmets for the work. Whe you examie maagemet jobs, your aalysis also eeds to cosider the health ad safety supervisory elemets. You ca apply your aalysis to complete jobs or subsidiary tasks. Complete aalysis is essetial for ew starters but existig workers may eed to improve performace o particular tasks. These aalyses eed to be detailed ad thorough. They may be resource itesive. But the beefits go beyod just traiig. They ca ifluece other elemets of the health ad safety maagemet system icludig: recruitmet, selectio ad placemet; the idetificatio of critical tasks which eed careful plaig ad moitorig; idividual performace assessmet; assessmet of the suitability of a idividual for promotio or substitutio to a job where health ad safety factors are importat. There are three mai types of traiig eed: orgaisatioal, job related ad idividual. cotiued overleaf Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 34 of 98

35 Health ad Safety Isert 8 (cotiued) Orgaisatioal eeds Everyoe i the orgaisatio eeds to kow about: the orgaisatio s health ad safety policy ad the philosophy uderlyig it; the structure ad systems for deliverig the policy. People will also eed to kow which parts of the systems are relevat to them, to uderstad the major risks i the orgaisatio s activities ad how they are cotrolled. Job eeds These fall ito two mai types, maagemet eeds ad o-maagemet eeds. Maagemet eeds iclude: leadership skills; commuicatio skills; techiques of health ad safety maagemet; traiig, istructio, coachig ad problem-solvig skills relevat to health ad safety; uderstadig of the risks withi a maager s area of resposibility; kowledge of relevat legislatio ad appropriate methods of cotrol icludig risk assessmet; kowledge of the orgaisatio s plaig, measurig, reviewig ad auditig arragemets. Some maagers i key positios may have particular eeds. This would apply to those who devise ad develop the health ad safety maagemet system, ivestigate accidets or icidets, take part i review ad audit activity or have to implemet emergecy procedures. No-maagemet eeds iclude: a overview of health ad safety priciples; detailed kowledge of the health ad safety arragemets relevat to a idividual s job; commuicatio ad problem-solvig skills to ecourage effective participatio i health ad safety activities. Idividual eeds Idividual eeds are geerally idetified through performace appraisal. They may also arise because a idividual has ot absorbed formal job traiig or iformatio provided as part of their iductio. Traiig eeds vary over time, ad assessmets should cover: iductio of ew starters, icludig part-time ad temporary workers; maitaiig or updatig the performace of established employees (especially if they may be ivolved i critical emergecy procedures); cotiued overleaf Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 35 of 98

36 Health ad Safety Iset 8 (cotiued) job chages, promotio or whe someoe has to deputise; itroductio of ew equipmet or techology; follow-up actio after a icidet ivestigatio. Idetify objectives ad methods Based o job aalysis ad risk assessmet, you ca set objectives ad priorities. These ca be used as the basis for measurig the effectiveess of traiig. You will eed to devise traiig methods to suit the objectives. Some traiig eeds may have to be met through closely supervised o-the-job experiece. For some high-risk jobs ad tasks the traiig may iclude simulatio exercises. Distacelearig or computer-based iteractive material may also be available. Deliver traiig Traiig ca take place iterally or exterally, i either case usig iteral resources or cosultats. Timig, cost ad expertise geerally determie the fial choice. Evaluatio ad feedback You should formally evaluate traiig to see if it has led to the desired improvemet i work performace ad to help i targetig future traiig. Compaies achievig high stadards give high priority to systematic health ad safety traiig. Natioal ad Scottish Vocatioal Qualificatios Natioal Vocatioal Qualificatios (NVQs) ad Scottish Vocatioal Qualificatios (SVQs) are based o stadards developed by Lead Bodies (LBs) (made up of represetatives of employers, trade uios ad professioal groups). They idetify stadards of competece for particular occupatios ad the level of performace required to achieve them. NVQs ad SVQs reflect ot just the traiig give to idividuals, but their ability to perform activities i a occupatio to the stadard expected at work. For further guidace, see the HSE leaflet INDG345, Health ad safety traiig: What you eed to kow. 16 Competet employees ad their represetatives ca make far more effective cotributios to health ad safety, whether as idividuals or i groups, by participatig actively i iitiatives such as hazard spottig, problem solvig ad stadards improvemet. But, eve though maagers, supervisors ad other employees ca achieve high levels of competece, there may still be a eed for professioal health ad safety advice from withi the orgaisatio or outside. The roles ad fuctios of health ad safety advisers are outlied i Iset 9. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 36 of 98

37 Health ad Safety Iset 9 Role ad fuctios of health ad safety advisers Health ad safety advisers eed to have the status ad competece to advise maagemet ad employees or their represetatives with authority ad idepedece. They are well placed to advise o: formulatig ad developig health ad safety policies, ot just for existig activities but also with respect to ew acquisitios or processes; how orgaisatios ca promote a positive health ad safety culture ad secure the effective implemetatio of health ad safety policy; plaig for health ad safety icludig the settig of realistic short- ad log-term objectives, decidig priorities ad establishig adequate systems ad performace stadards; day-to-day implemetatio ad moitorig of policy ad plas icludig accidet ad icidet ivestigatio, reportig ad aalysis; review of performace ad audit of the whole health ad safety maagemet system. To do this properly, health ad safety advisers eed to: be properly traied ad suitably qualified; (the Health ad Safety Natioal Occupatioal stadards 17 offer oe route to demostratig competece); maitai adequate iformatio systems o topics icludig civil ad crimial law, health ad safety maagemet ad techical advaces; iterpret the law i the cotext of their ow orgaisatio; be ivolved i establishig orgaisatioal arragemets, systems ad risk cotrol stadards relatig to hardware ad huma performace, by advisig lie maagemet o matters such as legal ad techical stadards; establish ad maitai procedures for reportig, ivestigatig, recordig ad aalysig accidets ad icidets; establish ad maitai procedures, icludig moitorig ad other meas such as review ad auditig, to esure seior maagers get a true picture of how well health ad safety is beig maaged (where a bechmarkig role may be especially valuable); preset their advice idepedetly ad effectively. Relatioships withi the orgaisatio Health ad safety advisers: support the provisio of authoritative ad idepedet advice; have a direct reportig lie to directors o matters of policy ad the authority to stop work if it cotravees agreed stadards ad puts people at risk of ijury; have resposibility for professioal stadards ad systems. O large sites or i a group of compaies, they may also have lie maagemet resposibility for other health ad safety professioals. Relatioships outside the orgaisatio Health ad safety advisers liaise with a wide rage of bodies ad idividuals icludig: local authority evirometal health officers ad licesig officials, architects ad cosultats, the Fire Service, cotractors, isurace compaies, cliets ad customers, HSE, the public, equipmet suppliers, HM Coroer or the Procurator Fiscal, the media, the police, geeral practitioers, ad occupatioal health specialists ad services. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 37 of 98

38 Health ad Safety Chapter four: Plaig ad implemetig Policy Orgaisig Auditig Plaig ad implemetig Measurig performace Reviewig performace Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 38 of 98

39 Health ad Safety KEY MESSAGES Plaig is essetial for the implemetatio of health ad safety policies. Adequate cotrol of risks ca oly be achieved through co-ordiated actio by all members of the orgaisatio. A effective plaig system for health ad safety requires orgaisatios to establish ad operate a health ad safety maagemet system which: cotrols risks; reacts to chagig demads; sustais a positive health ad safety culture. Plaig for health ad safety The results of successful health ad safety maagemet are ofte expressed as a series of egative outcomes, such as a absece of ijuries, ill health, icidets or losses. But it is ofte a matter of chace whether dagerous evets cause ijury or loss (see Iset 1). Effective plaig is cocered with prevetio through idetifyig, elimiatig ad cotrollig hazards ad risks. This is especially importat whe dealig with health risks which may oly become apparet after a log latecy period. Prevetio ca oly stem from a effective health ad safety maagemet system, ad orgaisatios eed a framework or bechmark agaist which to judge the adequacy of the curret situatio. Although health ad safety maagemet systems vary i detail they have some geeral characteristics described here. Workplace precautios The ultimate goal of ay health ad safety maagemet system is to prevet ijury ad ill health i the workplace. Adequate workplace precautios have to be provided ad maitaied to prevet harm to people at the poit of risk. Risks are created i the busiess process as resources ad iformatio are used to create products ad services (see Diagram 6). Workplace precautios to match the hazards ad risks are eeded at each stage of busiess activity. They ca iclude machie guards, local exhaust vetilatio, safety istructios ad systems of work. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 39 of 98

40 Health ad Safety Diagram 6 The busiess process (Workplace precautios are eeded at each stage) This shows a maufacturig uit but the model also applies to other idustries icludig costructio, mies, uiversities, hospitals ad local authorities. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 40 of 98

41 Health ad Safety Risk cotrol systems (RCSs) Risk cotrol systems are the basis for esurig that adequate workplace precautios are provided ad maitaied. Diagram 7 shows a typical rage of activities for which risk cotrol systems may be eeded. Diagram 7 Risk cotrol systems At the iput stage, the aim is to miimise hazards ad risks eterig the orgaisatio. At the process stage, the focus is o cotaiig risks associated with the process. At the output stage, the RCSs should prevet the export of risks off-site, or i the products ad services geerated by the busiess. The activities i Diagram 7 are typical of those foud i may orgaisatios but this is ot a defiitive list. RCSs are eeded for them. The ature ad relative importace of RCSs will vary accordig to the ature ad hazard profile of the busiess ad the workplace precautios. For istace: Orgaisatios relyig o sigificat umbers of cotractors will eed a effective RCS to select ad cotrol cotractors. Wherever the cotaimet of hazardous materials is importat (eg where flammables or toxics are used), maiteace ad process chage procedures are ecessary to esure plat itegrity. Orgaisatios supplyig materials or substaces for others to use will focus o specific output issues such as storage, trasport, packagig ad labellig. Orgaisatios eed RCSs which are appropriate to the hazards arisig from their activities ad sufficiet to cover all hazards. The desig, reliability ad complexity of each RCS eeds to be proportioate to the particular hazards ad risks. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 41 of 98

42 Health ad Safety Maagemet arragemets A set of maagemet processes is ecessary to orgaise, pla, cotrol ad moitor the desig ad implemetatio of the RCSs. These are the key elemets of health ad safety maagemet which are described i this guidace. Here they are summarised as maagemet arragemets (see Diagram 8). Diagram 8 Maagemet arragemets The three compoets ca be assembled ito a sigle picture of a health ad safety maagemet system (see Diagram 9) which ca form a framework for plaig ad auditig. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 42 of 98

43 Health ad Safety Diagram 9 Health ad safety maagemet system Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 43 of 98

44 Health ad Safety This three-compoet framework ca be applied to ay orgaisatio. I multi-site busiesses, there eed to be sufficiet maagemet arragemets at the cetre to cotrol ad esure that a adequate health ad safety maagemet system is provided at each busiess uit ad site. The cetre may wish to establish miimum expectatios for maagemet arragemets, RCSs ad workplace precautios at each busiess uit ad site. Plaig the overall health ad safety maagemet system Orgaisatios have to build a effective health ad safety maagemet system. They eed to pla how to deal with each of the three compoets i Diagram 9 ad to co-ordiate the differet activities at each level. Plaig how to create ad operate a health ad safety maagemet system ought to be a collaborative effort ivolvig people throughout the orgaisatio. It ca also be a good way of demostratig ad gaiig commitmet to cotiuous improvemet ad promotig a health ad safety culture. Plaig a health ad safety maagemet system ivolves: desigig, developig ad istallig suitable maagemet arragemets, RCSs ad workplace precautios which are proportioate to the eeds, hazards ad risks of the orgaisatio; ad operatig, maitaiig ad improvig the system to suit chagig eeds ad process hazards/risks. A systematic approach is ecessary to aswer three key questios: Where are we ow? Where do we wat to be? How do we get there? These questios may eed to be asked at all levels or parts of a orgaisatio, depedig o the size ad complexity of the busiess. For istace, the aswers will be differet at the cetre of a large multi-site orgaisatio from those at a idividual site. Plaig has to be co-ordiated to esure cosistet implemetatio of policy, avoid duplicatio of effort ad avoid critical omissios. A effective plaig process (see Diagram 10) comprises three elemets: accurate iformatio about the curret situatio; suitable bechmarks agaist which to make comparisos; competet people to carry out the aalysis ad make judgemets. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 44 of 98

45 Health ad Safety Diagram 10 Summary of the plaig process To aswer the questio Where are we ow?, a orgaisatio has to compare the curret situatio agaist both the health ad safety maagemet framework described earlier (Diagram 9) ad specific legal requiremets. This aalysis provides a view of the curret state of the health ad safety maagemet system. Further judgemet may be ecessary to establish if the system is: adequate for the orgaisatio ad the rage of hazards/risks; workig as iteded ad achievig the right objectives; ad deliverig cost-effective ad proportioate risk cotrol i the workplace. Decidig where we wat to be? is partly determied by the law. The simplest objective will always be to achieve legal compliace. Some orgaisatios may, however, strive for higher stadards ad this will shape the way they build their maagemet system. They may wish, for example, to be a idustry leader i health ad safety ad its maagemet. Decidig how do we get there? ivolves practical decisios about how to move forward. For example, orgaisatios might decide to devise ew compoets of the health ad safety maagemet system or to improve existig oes. They may use risk assessmet to help them make decisios about improvig workplace precautios. They also have to make decisios about the desig of RCSs ad maagemet arragemets. Advice o devisig RCSs ad risk assessmet is provided later i this chapter. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 45 of 98

46 Health ad Safety It may ot be feasible to do all these jobs at oce. A overall pla is usually ecessary, settig out what is to be achieved i what timescale. This will deped o what resources are available ad the startig poit. To achieve world-class performace may take some time. Careful decisios over priorities will be eeded. I geeral, emphasis should be give to providig comprehesive ad adequate workplace precautios ad RCSs which meet miimum legal requiremets. Withi this framework the emphasis should be o high hazard/risk activities. If fudametal chages caot be made right away or withi a reasoable time, the short-term measures should be take to miimise risks. There are three complemetary outputs from the plaig process: health ad safety plas with objectives for developig, maitaiig ad improvig the health ad safety maagemet system, such as: requirig each site of a multi-site firm to have a aual health ad safety pla ad a accidet ad icidet ivestigatio system (to meet specific stadards); establishig a reliable risk assessmet process for COSHH; ivolvig employees i preparig workplace precautios; completig all maual hadlig assessmets by the ed of the curret year; providig a ew guard for a particular machie; specificatios for maagemet arragemets, RCSs ad workplace precautios; ad performace stadards for implemetig the health ad safety maagemet system, idetifyig the cotributio of idividuals to implemetig the system (this is essetial to buildig a positive health ad safety culture). Settig objectives Health ad safety objectives eed to be specific, measurable, agreed with those who deliver them, realistic ad set agaist a suitable timescale (SMART). Both short- ad log-term objectives should be set ad prioritised agaist busiess eeds (advice o prioritisig is give later i this chapter). Objectives at differet levels or withi differet parts of a orgaisatio should be aliged so they support the overall policy objectives. Persoal targets ca also be agreed with idividuals to secure the attaimet of objectives. If iitial diagosis reveals a poorly developed system, the early emphasis will probably be o traiig people so that a improved health ad safety plaig process ca be established as a basis for further developmet. Early decisios about the adequacy of workplace precautios ad compliace with the law will also be ecessary. As a foudatio of competece is established, a soud health ad safety plaig ad risk assessmet process should emerge which will lead to improved cotrol over sigificat risks. As improved cotrol is established, the emphasis ca shift to devisig more comprehesive risk cotrol systems ad more effective maagemet arragemets to establish a complete health ad safety maagemet system. As the specific compoets of the system are established ad embedded, the emphasis ca shift agai to maitaiig ad developig the system to esure there are o gaps or weakesses ad to cosolidate the health ad safety culture. The foudatio has ow bee laid for a programme of cotiuous improvemet. Devisig workplace precautios The cotrol of risks is ecessary to secure compliace with the requiremets of the HSW Act ad the relevat statutory provisios. There are three basic stages i establishig workplace precautios: hazard idetificatio - idetifyig hazards which could cause harm; risk assessmet - assessig the risk which may arise from hazards; Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 46 of 98

47 Health ad Safety risk cotrol - decidig o suitable measures to elimiate or cotrol risk. This approach applies both to the cotrol of health risks ad safety risks. Health risks do, however, preset distictive features which require a particular approach. Iset 10 provides further details. The approach uderpis legislatio which aims to improve the maagemet of health ad safety, eg the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 (MHSW Regulatios), 18 ad the Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulatios Iset 10 Cotrollig health risks Health ad safety at work law places a duty o employers to esure the health as well as the safety of their employees. The priciples for cotrollig health through risk assessmet are the same as those for safety. However, the ature of health risks ca make the lik betwee work activities ad employee ill health less apparet tha i the case of ijury from a accidet. Ulike safety risks, which ca lead to immediate ijury, the results of daily exposure to health risks may ot become apparet for moths, years ad i some cases, decades. Health may be irreversibly damaged before the risk is apparet. It is therefore essetial to develop a prevetive strategy to idetify ad cotrol risks before ayoe is exposed to them. Failure to do so ca lead to workers disability ad loss of livelihood. It ca also mea fiacial losses for the orgaisatio through sickess absece, lost productio, compesatio ad icreased isurace premiums. Risks to health from work activities iclude: ski cotact with irritat substaces, leadig to dermatitis etc; ihalatio of respiratory sesitisers, triggerig immue resposes such as asthma; badly desiged workstatios requirig awkward body postures or repetitive movemets, resultig i upper limb disorders, repetitive strai ijury ad other musculoskeletal coditios; oise levels which are too high, causig deafess ad coditios such as tiitus; too much vibratio, eg from had-held tools leadig to had-arm vibratio sydrome ad circulatory problems; exposure to ioisig ad o-ioisig radiatio icludig ultraviolet i the su s rays, causig burs, sickess ad ski cacer; ifectios ragig from mior sickess to life-threateig coditios, caused by ihalig or beig cotamiated by micro-biological orgaisms; stress causig metal ad physical disorders. Some illesses or coditios such as asthma ad back pai have both occupatioal ad o-occupatioal causes ad it may be difficult to establish a defiite lik with a work activity or exposure to particular agets or substaces. But, if there is iformatio which shows that the illess or coditio is prevalet amog the occupatioal group to which the sufferers belog or amog workers exposed to similar agets or substaces, it is likely that their work is at least a cotributory factor. cotiued overleaf Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 47 of 98

48 Health ad Safety Iset 10 (cotiued) Some aspects of maagig risks to health will eed iput from specialist or professioal advisers such as techical staff or occupatioal health hygieists, urses ad doctors. There is much that ca be doe to prevet or cotrol risks to health by takig straightforward measures such as: cosultig the workforce o the desig of workstatios; talkig to suppliers of substaces, plat ad equipmet about miimisig exposure; eclosig machiery to cut dow oise; researchig the use of less hazardous materials; esurig that employees are traied i the safe hadlig of all the substaces ad materials with which they come ito cotact. To assess health risks ad to make sure that cotrol measures are workig properly, you may eed for example to measure the cocetratio of substaces i air to make sure that exposures remai withi relevat maximum exposure limits or occupatioal exposure stadards. Sometimes surveillace of workers at risk of exposure will be eeded. This will eable data to be collected for the evaluatio of cotrols ad for early detectio of adverse chages to health. Health surveillace procedures available iclude biological moitorig for bodily uptake of substaces, examiatio for symptoms ad medical surveillace - which may etail cliical examiatios ad physiological or psychological measuremets. The procedure chose should be suitable for the case cocered. Sometimes a method of surveillace is specified for a particular substace, for example, i the COSHH Approved Code of Practice. Wheever surveillace is udertake, a health record has to be kept for the perso cocered. Health surveillace should be supervised by a registered medical practitioer or, where appropriate, it should be doe by a suitably qualified perso (eg a occupatioal urse). I the case of ispectios for easily detectable symptoms like chrome ulceratio or early sigs of dermatitis, health surveillace should be doe by a suitably traied resposible perso. If workers could be exposed to substaces listed i Schedule 6 of COSHH, medical surveillace uder the supervisio of a HSE employmet medical adviser or a doctor appoited by HSE is required. Although, as described, specialist help may be eeded to cotrol risks to health, employers themselves remai resposible for maagig work activities i a way that will prevet employees beig made ill by their work. For more iformatio, see Health risk maagemet: A practical guide for maagers i small ad medium-sized eterprises. 20 I practice may decisios at these three stages are simple ad straightforward ad are take together. Wherever the idetificatio stage reveals a well-kow hazard with a kow risk, the methods of cotrol ad cosequet maiteace may be well tried ad tested. For example, stairs preset a established risk of slippig, trippig ad fallig. They require traditioal methods of cotrol such as good costructio, the use of hadrails ad the provisio of o-slip surfaces alog with the eed to keep stairs free of obstructios. I other more complex situatios decisios are ecessary at each stage. These are outlied below. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 48 of 98

49 Health ad Safety Hazard idetificatio The essetial first step i risk cotrol is to seek out ad idetify hazards. Relevat sources of iformatio iclude: legislatio ad supportig Approved Codes of Practice which give practical guidace ad iclude basic miimum requiremets; HSE guidace; process iformatio; product iformatio provided uder sectio 6 of the HSW Act; relevat British ad iteratioal stadards; idustry or trade associatio guidace; the persoal kowledge ad experiece of maagers ad employees; accidet, ill health ad icidet data from withi the orgaisatio, from other orgaisatios or from cetral sources; expert advice ad opiio ad relevat research. There should be a critical appraisal of all routie ad o-routie busiess activities. People exposed may iclude ot just employees, but also others such as members of the public, cotractors ad users of the products ad services. Employees ad safety represetatives ca make a useful cotributio i idetifyig hazards. I the simplest cases, hazards ca be idetified by observatio ad by comparig the circumstaces with the relevat iformatio (eg sigle-storey premises will ot preset ay hazards associated with stairs). I more complex cases, measuremets such as air samplig or examiig the methods of machie operatio may be ecessary to idetify the presece of hazards from chemicals or machiery. I the most complex or high-risk cases (for example, i the chemical or uclear idustry) special techiques ad systems may be eeded such as hazard ad operability studies (HAZOPS) ad hazard aalysis techiques such as evet or fault-tree aalysis. Specialist advice may be eeded to choose ad apply the most appropriate method. Risk assessmet There is a geeral requiremet to carry out risk assessmet uder the MHSW Regulatios (Guidace is give i the HSE leaflet 5 steps to risk assessmet INDG ) Assessig risks to help determie workplace precautios ca be qualitative or quatitative. I the simplest cases, you ca refer to specific legal limits; for example, people are liable to fall a distace of 2 m from a ope edge or they are ot. I more complex situatios, you may eed to make qualitative judgemets withi a framework set by legal stadards ad guidace. The Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 2002 (COSHH) ad the accompayig Approved Code of Practice establish a decisio-makig framework if hazardous substaces are used. Quatitative risk assessmet (QRA) techiques may be used as a basis for makig decisios i more complex idustries. QRA is specifically referred to i the Offshore Istallatios (Safety Case) Regulatios To assess risks, you eed a similar kowledge of activities ad workig practices as to coduct hazard idetificatio. Agai, the kowledge of employees ad safety represetatives ca prove valuable. Risk assessmets should be doe by competet people. Professioal health ad safety advice may be eeded i some cases, especially whe choosig appropriate QRA techiques ad iterpretig results. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 49 of 98

50 Health ad Safety Risk cotrol Whe risks have bee aalysed ad assessed, you ca make decisios about workplace precautios. All fial decisios about risk cotrol methods must take ito accout the relevat legal requiremets which establish miimum levels of risk prevetio or cotrol. Some of the duties imposed by the HSW Act ad the relevat statutory provisios are absolute ad must be complied with. May requiremets are, however, qualified by the words, so far as is reasoably practicable, or so far as is practicable. These require a assessmet of cost, alog with iformatio about relative costs, effectiveess ad reliability of differet cotrol measures. Other duties require the use of best practicable meas - ofte used i the cotext of cotrollig sources of evirometal pollutio such as emissios to the atmosphere. Further guidace o the meaig of these three expressios is provided i Iset 11. Iset 11 So far as is reasoably practicable, So far as is practicable, ad Best practicable meas Although oe of these expressios are defied i the HSW Act, they have acquired meaigs through may iterpretatios by the courts ad it is the courts which, i the fial aalysis, decide their applicatio i particular cases. To carry out a duty so far as is reasoably practicable meas that the degree of risk i a particular activity or eviromet ca be balaced agaist the time, trouble, cost ad physical difficulty of takig measures to avoid the risk. If these are so disproportioate to the risk that it would be ureasoable for the people cocered to have to icur them to prevet it, they are ot obliged to do so. The greater the risk, the more likely it is that it is reasoable to go to very substatial expese, trouble ad ivetio to reduce it. But if the cosequeces ad the extet of a risk are small, isistece o great expese would ot be cosidered reasoable. It is importat to remember that the judgemet is a objective oe ad the size or fiacial positio of the employer are immaterial. So far as is practicable, without the qualifyig word reasoably, implies a stricter stadard. This term geerally embraces whatever is techically possible i the light of curret kowledge, which the perso cocered had or ought to have had at the time. The cost, time ad trouble ivolved are ot to be take ito accout. The meaig of best practicable meas ca vary depedig o its cotext ad ultimately it is for the courts to decide. Where the law prescribes that best practicable meas should be employed, it is usual for the regulatig authority to idicate its view of what is practicable i otes or eve agreemets with particular firms or idustries. Both these otes or agreemets ad the views likely to be take by a court will be iflueced by cosideratios of cost ad techical practicability. But the view geerally adopted by HSE ispectors is that a elemet of reasoableess is ivolved i cosiderig whether the best practicable meas had bee used i a particular situatio. Where legal requiremets demad a assessmet of cost, iformatio about the relative costs, effectiveess ad reliability of differet cotrol measures will be eeded to make decisios about acceptable levels of cotrol. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 50 of 98

51 Health ad Safety Decisios about the reliability of cotrols ca be guided by referece to the preferred hierarchy of cotrol which has ow bee icorporated ito regulatios such as MHSW ad COSHH. The followig is a summary of the preferred hierarchy of risk cotrol priciples: Elimiate risks by substitutig the dagerous by the iheretly less dagerous, eg: use less hazardous substaces; substitute a type of machie which is better guarded to make the same product; avoid the use of certai processes, eg by buyig from subcotractors. Combat risks at source by egieerig cotrols ad givig collective protective measures priority, eg: separate the operator from the risk of exposure to a kow hazardous substace by eclosig the process; protect the dagerous parts of a machie by guardig; desig process machiery ad work activities to miimise the release, or to suppress or cotai airbore hazards; desig machiery which is remotely operated ad to which materials are fed automatically, thus separatig the operator from dager areas. Miimise risk by: desigig suitable systems of workig; usig persoal protective clothig ad equipmet; this should oly be used as a last resort. The hierarchy reflects the fact that elimiatig ad cotrollig risk by usig physical egieerig cotrols ad safeguards is more reliable tha relyig solely o people. If a rage of precautios is available, the relative costs eed to be weighed agaist the degree of cotrol provided, both i the short ad log term. Some cotrol measures, such as elimiatig a risk by choosig a safer alterative substace or machie, provide a high degree of cotrol ad are reliable. However, physical safeguards such as guardig a machie or eclosig a hazardous process eed to be maitaied ad this imposes a extra loger-term cost. The desig of all workplace precautios should cosider the huma factors outlied i Iset 2. I successful orgaisatios the desig of precautios is fully itegrated ito plat ad work desig procedures so that specificatios simultaeously satisfy output, quality, ad health ad safety requiremets. Employee ivolvemet ecourages solutios which are relevat ad practical for those who have to implemet them. Devisig risk cotrol systems (RCSs) The purpose of RCSs is to make sure that appropriate workplace precautios are implemeted ad kept i place. HSE experiece suggests that orgaisatios ofte place isufficiet emphasis o this aspect of their health ad safety system. The cotrol systems should reflect the hazard profile of the orgaisatio; the greater the hazard or risk, the more robust ad reliable the cotrol systems eed to be. Iset 12 provides a framework for decidig which RCSs are ecessary. The plaig of RCSs requires decisios o what cotrol systems are ecessary, ad their desig. The basic elemets of policy, orgaisig, implemetig, measurig, reviewig ad auditig ca be used as a framework for desigig the systems. This defies a maagemet cotrol loop (Pla-Do-Check-Act). A practical example of how this ca be applied is show below for a permit-to-work system: Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 51 of 98

52 Health ad Safety Policy What is the purpose ad objective of the permit-to-work system ad what are its scope ad limitatios? For example, the purpose of the permit-to-work system is to establish cotrol over high-risk maiteace or other uusual work. Orgaisig Cotrol - who will be resposible for operatig ad ruig the system? For example, who will devise ad desig the system? Who will implemet it? Who will moitor ad review performace ad audit its operatio? Co-operatio - how will system users be ivolved i its developmet to esure its acceptace ad effective workig? How will deficiecies ad weakesses ad failigs i the system be reported? Commuicatio - what commuicatio is ecessary to esure the effective operatio of the system ad betwee the various parties issuig ad usig a permit? What documetatio is ivolved ad how ca it be desiged to be clear, effective ad simple to use? Competece - what traiig, qualificatios, skills ad level of competece are required for: those issuig permits? those doig work uder permits? those moitorig, reviewig performace etc? Implemetig What workplace precautios are ecessary for each type of permit? What are the rules of the system ad how does it work? Are the rules simple so that they ca always be easily applied? Are there sufficiet resources to esure that the system ca be applied i full? What are the performace stadards for the various idividuals ivolved - who does what, whe, ad how (see Iset 5)? Measurig performace How will the implemetatio ad effectiveess of the system be measured? For example, will there be a periodic ispectio of the work activity ad of a sample of permits to esure proper completio ad effective use? Reviewig performace How will the fidigs from the measurig activities be used to review ad improve the system? Auditig How will the system be idepedetly audited ad verified? Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 52 of 98

53 Health ad Safety Iset 12 Framework for settig risk cotrol systems This iset states i geeral terms the rage of possible activities for which RCSs may be eeded. The RCSs should match the hazard profile of the busiess; more resources will be ecessary for the more sigificat hazards. First stage cotrols Cotrol of iputs Objective: To miimise hazards eterig the orgaisatio. RCSs are eeded to cotrol the flows of resources ad iformatio through the orgaisatio. At the iput stage the goal is to elimiate ad miimise hazards ad risks eterig the orgaisatio. RCSs may be eeded for: physical resources icludig: the desig, selectio, purchase ad costructio of workplaces; the desig, selectio, purchase ad istallatio of plat ad substaces used by the orgaisatio; the plat ad substaces used by others, such as cotractors o site; the acquisitio of ew busiesses; huma resources icludig: the recruitmet ad selectio of all employees; the selectio of cotractig orgaisatios; iformatio icludig: iformatio relatig directly to health ad safety, such as stadards, guidace ad aspects of the law, ad ay revisios; other techical ad maagemet iformatio relatig to risk cotrol ad the developmet of a positive health ad safety culture. Secod stage cotrols Cotrol of work activities Objective: To elimiate ad miimise risks withi the busiess process. At the process stage, hazards are created where people iteract with their jobs, ad the goal is to elimiate or miimise risks arisig iside the orgaisatio. RCSs may eed to cover the four areas cocered with work activities ad risk creatio, amely: premises - icludig the place of work, etraces ad exits, the geeral workig eviromet, welfare facilities, ad all plat ad facilities which are part of the fixed structure, such as permaet electrical istallatios; plat ad substaces - icludig the arragemets for their hadlig, trasport, storage ad use; procedures - icludig the desig of jobs ad work procedures ad all aspects of the way the work is doe; people - icludig the placemet of employees, their competece for the job ad ay health surveillace eeded. cotiued overleaf Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 53 of 98

54 Health ad Safety Iset 12 (cotiued) Whe specifyig RCSs it is ecessary i each case to cosider: the operatio of the busiess process i the steady state, icludig routie ad o-routie activities; the busiess process i the steady state durig maiteace, icludig the maiteace activity itself, whether udertake by cotractors or o-site staff; plaed chages from the steady state, arisig from ay chage i the orgaisatio structure, premises, plat, process, substaces, procedures, people or iformatio; foreseeable emergecies givig rise to serious ad immiet dager, such as fire, ijuries, ill health, icidets or the failure of cotrol equipmet (icludig first aid, emergecy plaig ad procedures for the maagemet of emergecies, ad idetificatio ad cotrol of dager areas); decommissioig, dismatlig ad removal of facilities, plat, equipmet or substaces. Third stage cotrols Cotrol of outputs Objective: To miimise risks outside the orgaisatio arisig from the busiess process, products ad services. At the output stage the goal is to miimise the risks to people outside the orgaisatio whether from work activities themselves or from the products or services supplied. RCSs may eed to cover: products ad services, ad iclude cosideratio of: desig ad research o the health ad safety ad safe use of products ad services, icludig surveillace of users to idetify evidece of harm; the delivery ad trasport of products icludig packagig, labellig ad itermediate storage; the istallatio, settig up, cleaig ad maiteace of products udertake by employees or cotractors; by-products of the work activities, such as: off-site risks which might arise from the orgaisatio s work activities both at fixed or trasiet sites; outputs to the eviromet - particularly wastes ad atmospheric emissios; the disposal of plat, equipmet ad substaces (icludig wastes); iformatio, for example: the health ad safety iformatio provided to those trasportig, hadlig, storig, purchasig, usig or disposig of products; the iformatio provided to those who may be affected by work activities, such as members of the public, other employers ad their employees, the emergecy services ad plaig authorities. Devisig maagemet arragemets The framework i this guidace provides a basis for makig judgemets o how to desig maagemet arragemets to suit a orgaisatio. The scope ad complexity of the maagemet arragemets should reflect the busiess eeds ad hazard profile. What is suitable for a large multi-site orgaisatio will ot be Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 54 of 98

55 Health ad Safety appropriate for a small firm, but there eeds to be appropriate activity across all six key elemets of the framework (policy, orgaisig, plaig ad implemetig, measurig performace, review ad audit). Settig performace stadards Performace stadards are eeded to idetify the cotributio that people make to operatig the health ad safety maagemet system. Stadards for people at all levels are eeded to esure: the effective desig, developmet ad istallatio of the health ad safety maagemet system; the cosistet implemetatio ad improvemet of the health ad safety maagemet system, ie the maagemet arragemets, RCSs ad workplace precautios; ad that positive rewards ca be provided for idividuals i recogitio of the effort put ito accidet ad ill health prevetio. Performace stadards are the foudatio for a positive health ad safety culture. The format of stadards was cosidered earlier (see Iset 5). At the plaig stage, decisios are eeded about the appropriate stadards to match the eeds of the busiess ad the health ad safety maagemet system. Performace stadards could cover the followig: policy formulatio ad developmet; methods of accoutability; health ad safety committee ad similar cosultatio meetigs; ivolvemet of people i risk assessmets ad writig procedures; collectio ad dissemiatio of iformatio from exteral sources; the ivolvemet of seior maagers i safety tours ad accidet ad icidet ivestigatios; preparatio of health ad safety documetatio, performace stadards, rules ad procedures; health ad safety plas ad objectives; the risk assessmet process; implemetatio of RCSs ad workplace precautios; the active moitorig arragemets icludig ispectios; the accidet ad icidet reportig ad ivestigatio system; audit ad review. Prioritisig health ad safety activities Systems of assessig relative hazard ad risk ca cotribute to decisios about priorities. They are also a useful aid to aswerig questios of importace ad urgecy arisig at other stages i plaig ad implemetig a health ad safety maagemet system, for example: prioritisig differet health ad safety objectives; decidig o the hazard profile of the busiess to reveal those areas where more robust ad reliable workplace precautios ad RCSs will be eeded; decidig moitorig priorities; establishig priorities for traiig ad improvig levels of competece; what, if ay, immediate actio is eeded to prevet further ijury followig a accidet; what, if ay, immediate actio is ecessary to prevet ijury followig a icidet or the discovery of a hazard; Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 55 of 98

56 Health ad Safety whe reviewig the results of moitorig activities ad the results of ijury, ill health ad icidet ivestigatios; decidig the extet of the resources eeded ad the speed of the respose which should be made followig a particular accidet or icidet. While there is o geeral formula for ratig hazards ad risks, several techiques ca help i decisio-makig. These differ from the detailed risk assessmets eeded to establish workplace precautios to satisfy legal stadards. The techiques ivolve a meas of rakig hazards ad risks. Some systems rak hazards, others rak risks. Assessig relative risk ivolves some meas of estimatig the likelihood of occurrece ad the severity of a hazard. A simple form of risk estimatio is described below to illustrate the geeral priciples. Simple risk estimatio Hazard - the potetial to cause harm will vary i severity. The likely effect of a hazard may, for example be rated: Major Death or major ijury (as defied i RIDDOR 23 ) or illess causig log-term disability. Serious Ijuries or illess causig short-term disability. Slight All other ijuries or illess. Harm may ot arise from exposure to a hazard i every case. I practice the likelihood ad severity of harm will be affected by how the work is orgaised, how effectively the hazard is cotrolled, ad the extet ad ature of exposure to it. I the case of health risks, the latet effects ad the susceptibility of idividuals will also be relevat. Judgemets about likelihood will also be affected by experiece of workig with a hazard; for example, the aalysis of accidet, ill health ad icidet data may provide a clue. The likelihood of harm may be rated: High Where it is certai or ear certai that harm will occur. Medium Where harm will ofte occur. Low Where harm will seldom occur. I this case risk ca be defied as the combiatio of the severity of harm with the likelihood of its occurrece, or: Risk = Severity x Likelihood of of harm occurrece This simple computatio eables a rough ad ready compariso of risks. If hazards could affect more tha oe perso you could assig a relative weightig to reflect this. This example presets the most simplified method of estimatig relative risk. I practice, orgaisatios eed to use systems suited to their ow eeds. Hazard ratig systems have bee developed by Dow 24 ad ICI (the Mod Idex). Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 56 of 98

57 Health ad Safety Implemetig the health ad safety maagemet system If workplace precautios, RCSs ad maagemet arragemets are well desiged ad recogise existig busiess practice ad huma capabilities ad fallibilities, they will be easier to implemet. Adequate documetatio ca also cotribute to cosistet applicatio. I some cases the law requires suitable records to be maitaied (eg a record of risk assessmets uder the MHSW Regulatios 18 ad COSHH 19 ). Safety case regulatios coverig offshore istallatios 22 ad railways 25 require you to keep more detailed records of process hazards, risks ad precautios. You should documet other health ad safety system iformatio so that it is proportioate to busiess eeds, hazards ad risks. The cotrol of relatively mior hazards affectig all employees (such as esurig passages ad gagways remai free from obstructio) ca be dealt with by a umber of simply stated geeral rules. The cotrol of more hazardous activities may eed more detailed workplace precautios ad RCSs. The cotrol of high hazard activities may demad detailed workplace precautios ad a RCS which eeds to be strictly followed, such as a permit-to-work system. All the compoets of the health ad safety maagemet system eed to be adequately ispected, maitaied ad moitored to secure cotiued effective operatio. Risk assessmets ad workplace precautios should be reviewed i the light of chages ad techological developmets. The type, frequecy ad depth of maiteace should reflect the extet ad ature of the hazard ad risks revealed by risk assessmet. The balace of resources devoted to the various RCSs will also reflect the hazard profile of the busiess. For a summary of recet research by HSE ito the experieces of orgaisatios that have implemeted ew maagemet systems, see Appedix 4. Eve i a well-desiged ad well-developed health ad safety maagemet system there is still the challege of esurig that all requiremets are complied with cosistetly. The mai way of achievig this is by rewardig positive behaviour accordig to the maxim of what gets rewarded gets doe. After a accidet or case of ill health, may orgaisatios fid that they already had systems, rules, procedures or istructios which would have preveted the evet but which were ot complied with. There are may reasos why such violatios occur. The uderlyig causes ofte lie i systems which are desiged without takig proper accout of huma factors, or violatios are codoed implicitly or explicitly by maagemet actio or eglect (see Reducig error ad ifluecig behaviour 3, ad Improvig compliace with safety procedures: Reducig idustrial violatios 26 ). Maagers eed to take positive steps to address huma factors issues ad to ecourage safe behaviour. They eed to recogise that the prevailig health ad safety culture is a major ifluece i shapig people s safetyrelated behaviour. 11 Some orgaisatios have applied performace maagemet techiques ad behaviour modificatio to promote ad reward safe behaviour ad reduce usafe behaviour. 28,29 Such techiques ca play a importat part i accidet ad ill health prevetio ad promotig a positive health ad safety culture. However, they are o substitute for a soud health ad safety maagemet system. They achieve their best effect where the health ad safety system is relatively well developed ad where employees are actively ivolved i the behavioural safety process. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 57 of 98

58 Health ad Safety Chapter five: Measurig performace Policy Orgaisig Auditig Plaig ad implemetig Measurig performace Reviewig performace Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 58 of 98

59 Health ad Safety KEY MESSAGES Measuremet is essetial to maitai ad improve health ad safety performace. There are two ways to geerate iformatio o performace: active systems which moitor the achievemet of plas ad the extet of compliace with stadards; reactive systems which moitor accidets, ill health ad icidets. Effective procedures are eeded to capture both sorts of iformatio. Orgaisatios eed to measure what they are doig to implemet their health ad safety policy, to assess how effectively they are cotrollig risks, ad how well they are developig a positive health ad safety culture. A low accidet rate, eve over a period of years, is o guaratee that risks are beig effectively cotrolled ad will ot lead to ijuries, ill health or loss i the future. This is particularly true i orgaisatios where there is a low probability of accidets but where major hazards are preset. Here the historical record ca be a ureliable or eve deceptive idicator of safety performace. Like plaig, moitorig health ad safety performace agaist pre-determied plas ad stadards should be a lie maagemet resposibility. Moitorig also reiforces maagemet s commitmet to health ad safety objectives i geeral ad helps i developig a positive health ad safety culture by rewardig positive work doe to cotrol risk. Two types of system are required: active systems which moitor the desig, developmet, istallatio ad operatio of maagemet arragemets, RCSs ad workplace precautios; reactive systems which moitor accidets, ill health, icidets ad other evidece of deficiet health ad safety performace. Orgaisatios eed to have procedures to allow them to collect the iformatio to adequately ivestigate the causes of substadard performace. Active moitorig systems Active moitorig gives a orgaisatio feedback o its performace before a accidet, icidet or ill health. It icludes moitorig the achievemet of specific plas ad objectives, the operatio of the health ad safety maagemet system, ad compliace with performace stadards. This provides a firm basis for decisios about improvemets i risk cotrol ad the health ad safety maagemet system. There are additioal beefits, however. Active moitorig measures success ad reiforces positive achievemet by rewardig good work, rather tha pealisig failure after the evet. Such reiforcemet ca icrease motivatio to achieve cotiued improvemet. Orgaisatios eed to decide how to allocate resposibilities for moitorig at differet levels i the maagemet chai ad what level of detail is appropriate. The decisios will reflect the orgaisatio s structure. Maagers should be give the resposibility for moitorig the achievemet of objectives ad compliace with stadards for which they ad their subordiates are resposible. Maagers ad supervisors resposible for direct implemetatio of stadards should moitor compliace i detail. Above this immediate level of cotrol, moitorig eeds to be more selective, but provide assurace that adequate first-lie moitorig is takig place. This should reflect ot oly the quatity but the quality of subordiates moitorig activity. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 59 of 98

60 Health ad Safety Multi-site orgaisatios eed to satisfy themselves that differet satellites are meetig corporate plas ad objectives as well as cotrollig risks. There eed to be performace stadards for maagers to idicate how they will moitor. The various forms ad levels of active moitorig iclude: routie procedures to moitor specific objectives, eg quarterly or mothly reports or returs; periodic examiatio of documets to check that systems relatig to the promotio of the health ad safety culture are complied with. Oe example might be the way i which suitable objectives have bee established for each maager; regular review of performace; assessmet ad recordig of traiig eeds; ad delivery of suitable traiig; the systematic ispectio of premises, plat ad equipmet by supervisors, maiteace staff, maagemet, safety represetatives or other employees to esure the cotiued effective operatio of workplace precautios (see Iset 13); evirometal moitorig ad health surveillace to check o the effectiveess of health cotrol measures ad to detect early sigs of harm to health; systematic direct observatio of work ad behaviour by first-lie supervisors to assess compliace with RCSs ad associated procedures ad rules, particularly those directly cocered with risk cotrol; the operatio of audit systems (see Chapter 6); cosideratio of regular reports o health ad safety performace by the board of directors. The key to effective active moitorig is the quality of the plas, performace stadards ad specificatios which have bee established ad which were described i Chapter 4. These provide the yardstick agaist which performace ca be measured. Active moitorig should be proportioal to the hazard profile (see Iset 12). Activity should cocetrate o areas where it is likely to produce the greatest beefit ad lead to the greatest cotrol of risk. Key risk cotrol systems ad related workplace precautios should therefore be moitored i more detail or more ofte (or both) tha low-risk systems or maagemet arragemets. Regular moitorig may also be usefully supplemeted by: radom observatio icludig seior maagers o health ad safety tours (see uder Commuicatio i Chapter 3); periodic surveys of employees opiios o key aspects of health ad safety. HSE has published a tool to help orgaisatios assess such aspects of their health ad safety climate; 29 ispectios by safety represetatives or other employee represetatives. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 60 of 98

61 Health ad Safety Iset 13 Ispectio A system for ispectig workplace precautios is importat i ay active moitorig programme. It ca form part of the arragemets for the prevetive maiteace of plat ad equipmet which may also be covered by legal requiremets. Equipmet i this category icludes pressure vessels, lifts, craes, chais, ropes, liftig tackle, power presses, scaffolds, trech supports ad local exhaust vetilatio. But ispectios should iclude other workplace precautios, such as those coverig the use of premises, other places of work ad systems of work. A suitable programme will take all risks ito accout but should be properly targeted. For example, low risks might be dealt with by geeral ispectios every moth or two coverig a wide rage of workplace precautios such as the coditio of premises, floors, passages, stairs, lightig, welfare facilities ad first aid. Higher risks eed more frequet ad detailed ispectios, perhaps weekly or eve, i extreme cases, daily or before use. A example of a pre-use check would be the operatio of mobile plat. The ispectio programme should satisfy ay specific legal requiremets ad reflect risk priorities. Suitable schedules ad performace stadards for the frequecy ad cotet of ispectio ca help. The schedules ca be supplemeted with ispectio forms or checklists, both to esure cosistecy i approach ad to provide records for follow-up actio. Ispectios should be doe by people who are competet to idetify the relevat hazards ad risks ad who ca assess the coditios foud. Whe shortcomigs are discovered, the decisio processes ad actios show i Diagram 11 should be followed. A properly thought-out approach to ispectio will iclude: well-desiged ispectio forms to help pla ad iitiate remedial actio by requirig those doig the ispectio to rak ay deficiecies i order of importace; summary lists of remedial actio with ames ad deadlies to track progress o implemetig improvemets; periodic aalysis of ispectio forms to idetify commo features or treds which might reveal uderlyig weakesses i the system; iformatio to aid judgemets about ay chages required i the frequecy or ature of the ispectio programme. Reactive moitorig systems Reactive systems, by defiitio, are triggered after a evet ad iclude idetifyig ad reportig: ijuries ad cases of ill health (icludig moitorig of sickess absece records); other losses, such as damage to property; icidets, icludig those with the potetial to cause ijury, ill health or loss; hazards; weakess or omissios i performace stadards. Each of the above provides opportuities for a orgaisatio to check performace, Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 61 of 98

62 Health ad Safety lear from mistakes, ad improve the health ad safety maagemet system ad risk cotrol. I certai cases, it must sed a report of the circumstaces ad causes to the appropriate eforcig authority. Statutorily appoited safety represetatives are etitled to ivestigate. Evets also cotribute to the corporate memory. Iformatio gathered from ivestigatios is a useful way to reiforce key health ad safety messages. Commo features or treds ca be discussed with the workforce, particularly safety represetatives. Employees ca idetify jobs or activities which cause the greatest umber of ijuries where remedial actio may be most beeficial. Ivestigatios may also provide valuable iformatio i the evet of a isurace claim or legal actio. Collectig iformatio o serious ijuries ad ill health should ot preset major problems for most orgaisatios, but learig about mior ijuries, other losses, icidets ad hazards ca prove more challegig. As show i Iset 1, there is value i collectig iformatio o all actual ad potetial losses to lear how to prevet more serious evets. Accurate reportig ca be promoted by: traiig which clarifies the uderlyig objectives ad reasos for idetifyig such evets; a culture which emphasises a observat ad resposible approach ad the importace of havig systems of cotrol i place before harm occurs; ope, hoest commuicatio i a just eviromet, rather tha a tedecy merely to allocate blame ; cross-referecig ad checkig first-aid treatmets, health records, maiteace or fire reports ad isurace claims to idetify ay otherwise ureported evets. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 62 of 98

63 Health ad Safety Ivestigatio ad respose systems for active ad reactive moitorig A commo set of steps ca be idetified for respodig to both active ad reactive moitorig. These are summarised i Diagram 11. Diagram 11 Respose systems Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 63 of 98

64 Health ad Safety Actios ecessary to deal with immediate risks Urget actio may eed to be take if immediate risks become apparet durig active moitorig. Regulatio 8 of the MHSW Regulatios 18 requires every employer to have appropriate procedures to deal with evets ivolvig serious ad immiet dager to people at work. If a accidet or icidet occurs, immediate actio may be ecessary before ay ivestigatio begis, to: help, treat ad if ecessary rescue the ijured; make the situatio safe ad prevet further ijury or damage. I some cases, for example a major icidet, established emergecy procedures or disaster maagemet plas may be implemeted. (I some idustries, eg miig ad offshore, specific legislatio says that i the case of certai accidets ad dagerous occurreces the site must be left udisturbed for a specified time uless disturbace is ecessary to make it safe or to rescue people.) Level ad ature of ivestigatio Not all evets eed to be ivestigated to the same extet or depth. Orgaisatios eed to assess each evet (for istace, usig a simple risk-based approach) to idetify where the most beefit ca be obtaied. The greatest effort should cocetrate o sigificat evets where there has bee serious ijury, ill health or loss as well as those which had the potetial to cause widespread or serious ijury or loss. Ivestigatios should: idetify reasos for substadard performace; idetify uderlyig failures i health ad safety maagemet systems; lear from evets; prevet recurreces; satisfy legal ad reportig requiremets. The form of ivestigatio Ivestigatios should be led by someoe with the status ad kowledge to make authoritative recommedatios. Usually, this will be a lie maager. A health ad safety adviser, a medical or ursig adviser, techical staff or equipmet suppliers may eed to provide assistace ad seior maagers may eed to be ivolved if evets have serious or potetially serious cosequeces. Adequate traiig i the relevat techiques eeds to be provided. Safety represetatives may also make a valuable cotributio. A good ivestigatio is prompt ad thorough. It recommeds ad assigs remedial actios. If it is ot doe as soo as practicable after the evet, coditios ad people s memories ca fade. There are four igrediets: collect evidece about what has happeed; assemble, ad cosider the evidece; compare the fidigs with the appropriate legal, idustry ad compay stadards ad draw coclusios; implemet the fidigs ad track progress. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 64 of 98

65 Health ad Safety Collectig evidece Diagram 12 Sources of evidece Diagram 12 shows the sources of iformatio ad methods which ivestigators ca use ad emphasises three useful poits: direct observatio is importat to avoid losig importat evidece about the scee, cofiguratio, relatioships betwee parts etc; documets help establish what should have happeed as well as providig evidece of prior risk assessmet, ispectios, tests etc; iterviews provide both direct testimoy as well as a opportuity to check back o ay issues arisig from examiatio of the physical ad documetary evidece. Although these are distict ad importat elemets of a thorough ivestigatio, they complemet each other. They provide a opportuity to read across from oe part of the process to aother to check reliability ad accuracy as well as to resolve differeces ad gaps i evidece. Elsewhere i this guidace, we have emphasised that accidets ad icidets seldom arise from a sigle cause: there are usually uderlyig failures i the maagemet system itself which have helped create the circumstaces leadig to the evet. Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 65 of 98

66 Health ad Safety Assemblig ad cosiderig the evidece Good ivestigatios idetify both immediate ad uderlyig causes, icludig huma factors. Immediate causes iclude the job beig doe ad the people ivolved. Uderlyig causes are the maagemet ad orgaisatioal factors which explai why the evet occurred. Examples of both are show i Diagram 13. The uderlyig causes show correspod to the maagemet model outlied i this guidace. Appedix 5 cotais a sequece which you ca follow to idetify uderlyig causes more systematically. Diagram 13 A framework for aalysig accidet ad icidet causatio Successful health ad safety maagemet Page 66 of 98

edited r c Ac Pas sio a ssioal Profe Frie dly te Expe ETHOS ri e c e le d Mo x Fl e i t o re d ib What traiig do we deliver: Educatio ad Traiig courses Assessor ad Iteral Verifier courses Maagemet ad Leadership

More information

Summary: The state of medical education and practice in the UK: 2012

Summary: The state of medical education and practice in the UK: 2012 Summary: The state of medical educatio ad practice i the UK: 2012 The state of medical educatio ad practice i the UK: 2012 uses data from the Geeral Medical Coucil (GMC) ad from others to provide a picture

More information

Instructions for administering GMC colleague and patient questionnaires

Instructions for administering GMC colleague and patient questionnaires Istructios for admiisterig GMC colleague ad patiet questioaires The followig istructios relate to the GMC s colleague ad patiet questioaires. If you are usig a differet questioaire to collect feedback,

More information

Imaging Services Accreditation Scheme (ISAS) Delivering quality imaging services

Imaging Services Accreditation Scheme (ISAS) Delivering quality imaging services Imagig Services Accreditatio Scheme (ISAS) Deliverig quality imagig services What is ISAS? The Royal College of Radiologists ad The College of Radiographers have developed the Imagig Services Accreditatio

More information

NPDES ANNUAL REPORT Phase II MS4 Permit ID # FLR05G857

NPDES ANNUAL REPORT Phase II MS4 Permit ID # FLR05G857 PHASE II MS4 ANNUAL REPORT for Permit Year: X 1 2 3 4 5 Other: Istructios for completig this form: Complete Sectios I through V of this Aual Report form ad submit it to the Departmet to fulfill the aual

More information

Baan Warehousing Inventory Planning

Baan Warehousing Inventory Planning Baa Warehousig Ivetory Plaig Module Procedure UP074A US Documetiformatio Documet Documet code : UP074A US Documet group : User Documetatio Documet title : Ivetory Plaig Applicatio/Package : Baa Warehousig

More information

The GMC s role in continuing professional development: Annexes

The GMC s role in continuing professional development: Annexes The GMC s role i cotiuig professioal developmet: Aexes Cotets Aex A: Review of the GMC s role i doctors cotiuig professioal developmet: fial report Executive summary Sectio 1: Backgroud Sectio 2: Defiig

More information

The Children s Hospital Aurora, Colorado. Total Program Management for Healthcare

The Children s Hospital Aurora, Colorado. Total Program Management for Healthcare The Childre s Hospital Aurora, Colorado Total Program Maagemet for Healthcare ORGANIZE Makig Order Out of Chaos Sortig the requiremets, fidig the right resources, aligig the capabilities, ad creatig a

More information

Developing teachers and trainers in undergraduate medical education

Developing teachers and trainers in undergraduate medical education Supplemetary advice Developig teachers ad traiers i udergraduate medical educatio Advice supplemetary to Tomorrow s Doctors (2009) Cotets Page Key poits 02 Itroductio 02 Backgroud to the GMC s productio

More information

National training survey 2013: summary report for Wales

National training survey 2013: summary report for Wales Natioal traiig survey 2013: summary report for Wales Who aswered the survey i Wales? This year, 2,237 doctors i traiig completed the survey out of 2,287 who were eligible, givig a respose rate of 97.8%.

More information

Complaint form. Helpline:

Complaint form. Helpline: Helplie: 0161 923 6602 1 Complait form The quickest ad easiest way to complai about a doctor is to use our olie form at www.gmc-uk.org/complait. Whe you submit your complait olie, we will email you with

More information

Professional behaviour and fitness to practise:

Professional behaviour and fitness to practise: Professioal behaviour ad fitess to practise: guidace for medical schools ad their studets About this guidace The Geeral Medical Coucil (GMC) ad the Medical Schools Coucil (MSC) have published this documet

More information

new york state department of health the hiv quality of care program new york state department of health aids institute

new york state department of health the hiv quality of care program new york state department of health aids institute the HIV quality of care program ew york state departmet of health aids istitute the hiv quality of care program ew york state departmet of health aids istitute February 0 Dear Healthcare Provider: We are

More information

Tour Operator Partnership Program. Guidelines, Applications, and Forms

Tour Operator Partnership Program. Guidelines, Applications, and Forms Tour Operator Partership Program Guidelies, Applicatios, ad Forms Guidelies 2017/2018 Tour Operator Partership Program Itroductio / Objective Eligible Activities/Projects Strategic tour operator parterships

More information

Managed Care Pharmacy Best practices that offer quality care and cost-effective coverage to patients, payers, employers, and government

Managed Care Pharmacy Best practices that offer quality care and cost-effective coverage to patients, payers, employers, and government Maaged Care Pharmacy Best practices that offer quality care ad cost-effective coverage to patiets, payers, employers, ad govermet Pharmacists are Medicatio Experts Electroic Prior Authorizatio (epa) Step

More information

A Safer Place for Patients: Learning to improve patient safety

A Safer Place for Patients: Learning to improve patient safety departmet of health A Safer Place for Patiets: Learig to improve patiet safety REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 456 Sessio 2005-2006 3 November 2005 The Natioal Audit Office scrutiises

More information

An event is also considered sentinel if it is one of the following:

An event is also considered sentinel if it is one of the following: Setiel Evets (SE) I. Setiel Evets The Joit Commissio adopted a formal Setiel Evet Policy i 1996 to help critical access hospitals that experiece serious adverse evets improve safety ad lear from those

More information

Improving Quality in Physiological Services, IQIPS. Delivering quality physiological services

Improving Quality in Physiological Services, IQIPS. Delivering quality physiological services Improvig Quality i Physiological Services, IQIPS Deliverig quality physiological services What is IQIPS? IQIPS is a professioally led programme with the aim of improvig services, care ad safety for patiets

More information

group structure. It also might need to be recorded as a relevant legal entity on a PSC register. How to identify persons with significant control

group structure. It also might need to be recorded as a relevant legal entity on a PSC register. How to identify persons with significant control Cliet Briefig March 2016 The PSC Register Requiremets: All UK icorporated compaies (that are ot exempt) ad LLPs will eed to keep a register of people with sigificat cotrol over them (PSC register) from

More information

Achieving good medical practice:

Achieving good medical practice: Achievig good medical practice: guidace for medical studets Achievig good medical practice: guidace for medical studets The duties of a doctor registered with the Geeral Medical Coucil Patiets must be

More information

TAE Course. Information. The Certificate IV in Training and Assessment

TAE Course. Information. The Certificate IV in Training and Assessment TAE40110 Course Iformatio v1-5 The Certificate IV i Traiig ad Assessmet FREECALL: 1800 287 246 EMAIL: cotactus@mrwed.edu.au WEB: www.mrwed.edu.au What is TAE40110? The Certificate IV i Traiig ad Assessmet

More information

Ministry of Defence. Reserve Forces. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 28 March LONDON: The Stationery Office 12.

Ministry of Defence. Reserve Forces. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 28 March LONDON: The Stationery Office 12. Miistry of Defece Reserve Forces LONDON: The Statioery Office 12.25 Ordered by the House of Commos to be prited o 28 March 2006 REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 964 Sessio 2005-2006 31

More information

Preventing Violence to Retail Staff

Preventing Violence to Retail Staff Health ad Safety Prevetig Violece to Retail Staff This is a free-to-dowload, web-friedly versio of HSG133 (First editio, published 1995). This versio has bee adapted for olie use from HSE s curret prited

More information

The MISP is not just kits of equipment and supplies; it is a set of activities that must be implemented

The MISP is not just kits of equipment and supplies; it is a set of activities that must be implemented Miimum Iitial Service Package 11 This Chapter describes a series of actios eeded to respod to the reproductive health (RH) eeds of populatios i the early phase of a refugee situatio (which may or may ot

More information

PAPER PLANT SAFETY. wrong. You re doing it. if you don t do these. things.

PAPER PLANT SAFETY. wrong. You re doing it. if you don t do these. things. PAPER PLANT SAFETY You re doig it wrog if you do t do these 7 thigs. A Safer Day Esurig employee safety at your plat is oe of the most importat thigs you do. It ca be really difficult to get your head

More information

Workforce, Income and Food Security. Working to improve the financial and social well-being of America s children, families and workers.

Workforce, Income and Food Security. Working to improve the financial and social well-being of America s children, families and workers. Workforce, Icome ad Food Security Workig to improve the fiacial ad social well-beig of America s childre, families ad workers. CONTENT KNOWLEDGE Family Support ad Child/Youth Developmet Workforce Developmet

More information

HCR MANORCARE NOTICE OF INFORMATION PRACTICES

HCR MANORCARE NOTICE OF INFORMATION PRACTICES HCR MANORCARE NOTICE OF INFORMATION PRACTICES THIS NOTICE ( Notice ) DESCRIBES HOW MEDICAL INFORMATION ABOUT YOU MAY BE USED AND DISCLOSED AND HOW YOU CAN GET ACCESS TO THIS INFORMATION. PLEASE REVIEW

More information

National trainer survey Key findings

National trainer survey Key findings Natioal traier survey 2011 Key fidigs Natioal traier survey 2011 Key fidigs Published by: Geeral Medical Coucil 3 Hardma Street Machester M3 3AW Telephoe: 0161 923 6602 Website: www.gmc-uk.org This iformatio

More information

CLINICAL GUIDELINE FOR RESTARTING OF ANTIPLATELET / ANTICOAGULATION MEDICATIONS Aim/Purpose of this Guideline

CLINICAL GUIDELINE FOR RESTARTING OF ANTIPLATELET / ANTICOAGULATION MEDICATIONS Aim/Purpose of this Guideline CLINICAL GUIDELINE FOR RESTARTING OF ANTIPLATELET / ANTICOAGULATION MEDICATIONS Aim/Purpose of this Guidelie This guidelie is desiged to safely maage the restartig of the followig medicatios. The aim is

More information

JOIN AMCP. The First Step to Your Career in Managed Care Pharmacy. Student Pharmacist Membership

JOIN AMCP. The First Step to Your Career in Managed Care Pharmacy. Student Pharmacist Membership JOIN AMCP The First Step to Your Career i Maaged Care Pharmacy Studet Pharmacist Membership Explore all that maaged care pharmacy ad AMCP have to offer! Explore the Possibilities of Maaged Care Pharmacy.

More information

Standards of Excellence for Family-Run Organizations

Standards of Excellence for Family-Run Organizations Family Ru Executive Director Leadership Associatio Stadards of Excellece for Family-Ru Orgaizatios INTRODUCTION Family-ru orgaizatios are uique orgaizatios established by parets carig for childre or youth

More information

Regional review of medical education and training in Kent, Surrey and Sussex:

Regional review of medical education and training in Kent, Surrey and Sussex: Regioal review of medical educatio ad traiig i Ket, Surrey ad Sussex: 2014 15 Geeral Medical Coucil 1 Itroductio This report draws together the overall themes of medical educatio ad traiig across Ket,

More information

COMBINED FEDERATED BATTLE LABORATORIES NETWORK (CFBLNet)

COMBINED FEDERATED BATTLE LABORATORIES NETWORK (CFBLNet) UNCLASSIFIED COMBINED FEDERATED BATTLE LABORATORIES NETWORK (CFBLNet) PUBLICATION 1 ANNEX H CFBLNet INFORMATION MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE Versio 8.0 July 2015 UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT CONTROL AND TRACKING METADATA

More information

COMPETENCIES FOR ETHICS CONSULTATION: Preparing a Portfolio

COMPETENCIES FOR ETHICS CONSULTATION: Preparing a Portfolio COMPETENCIES FOR ETHICS CONSULTATION: Preparig a Portfolio Harvard Cliical Bioethics Course 8 Jue, 2016 Christie Mitchell RN, MS, MTS, FAAN Executive Director, HMS Ceter for Bioethics Objectives p Review

More information

The checklist on law and disaster risk reduction

The checklist on law and disaster risk reduction The checklist o law ad disaster risk reductio Pilot Versio, March 2015 Uited Natios Developmet Programme About the IFRC Disaster Law Programme The IFRC s Disaster Law Programme seeks to reduce huma vulerability

More information

invest in your futuretoday. Certified Public Finance Officer (CPFO) Program.

invest in your futuretoday. Certified Public Finance Officer (CPFO) Program. ivest i your futuretoday. Grow your professioal skills ad advace your career with GFOA s atioally recogized Certified Public Fiace Officer (CPFO) Program. i cojuctio with T he Govermet Fiace Officers Associatio

More information

Job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses

Job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses Origial Articles Job satisfactio ad orgaizatioal commitmet for urses Ahmed S. Al-Aameri, PHD. ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study is to fid out the extet to which urses i public hospitals are

More information

First, do no harm. Enhancing patient safety teaching in undergraduate medical education

First, do no harm. Enhancing patient safety teaching in undergraduate medical education First, do o harm Ehacig patiet safety teachig i udergraduate medical educatio A joit report by the Geeral Medical Coucil ad the Medical Schools Coucil Geeral Medical Coucil 1 A shared commitmet Medical

More information

S trive for L. I. F. E News

S trive for L. I. F. E News S trive for L. I. F. E News Issue 2 2012 I this editio we explore Busiess 3 Safety Commuicatio Iitiatives >> Message From The MD It gives me great pleasure to itroduce you all to our Leighto Welspu busiess

More information

Skills and Training for a. Green New Deal. Conclusions and Recommendations

Skills and Training for a. Green New Deal. Conclusions and Recommendations Skills ad Traiig for a Gree New Deal Coclusios ad Recommedatios SEPTEMBER 2010 Table of Cotets Foreword 2 Ackowledgmets 4 Coclusios Ad Recommedatios 5 1. Traiig for the Uemployed 7 2. Research ad Educatio

More information

CMA Physician Workforce Survey, National Results for Anesthesiologists.

CMA Physician Workforce Survey, National Results for Anesthesiologists. CMA Physicia Workforce Survey, 2017. atioal Results for Aesthesiologists. Q2. Geder Geder Female Male Other R All Physicias 29.1% 70.1% 0.6% 0.3% 100% 3590 otes: R=o respose. These demographics represet

More information

A Systematic Review of Public Health Emergency Operations Centres (EOC) December 2013

A Systematic Review of Public Health Emergency Operations Centres (EOC) December 2013 A Systematic Review of Public Health Emergecy Operatios Cetres (EOC) WHO/HSE/GCR/2014.1 December 2013 Ackowledgemets This report was prepared by the World Health Orgaizatio (WHO) Departmet of Global

More information

STUDENT STEM ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (SSEP) Proposal deadline: April 18, 2018 (4:00 pm EDT)

STUDENT STEM ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (SSEP) Proposal deadline: April 18, 2018 (4:00 pm EDT) STUDENT STEM ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (SSEP) Proposal deadlie: April 18, 2018 (4:00 pm EDT) TABLE OF CONTENTS Key Dates ad Program Backgroud 3 Program Backgroud 3 Guidelies 4 Eligibility Requiremets 5 Selectio

More information

Healthcare Learning Consortium. Recognizing and Rewarding the Role of Entry-level Healthcare Workers

Healthcare Learning Consortium. Recognizing and Rewarding the Role of Entry-level Healthcare Workers SkillUp Washigto Healthcare Learig Cosortium executive summary Recogizig ad Rewardig the Role of Etry-level Healthcare Workers May 2017 Writte by: Busiess Govermet Commuity Coectios Photos by: Rya Castoldi

More information

2018 SQFI Quality Achievement Awards proudly endorsed and sponsored by Exemplar - Global

2018 SQFI Quality Achievement Awards proudly endorsed and sponsored by Exemplar - Global 2018 SQFI Quality Achievemet Awards proudly edorsed ad sposored by Exemplar - Global The SQFI Quality Achievemet Awards Program recogizes the outstadig commitmet, support ad performace of idividuals who

More information

Prevention Summit 2013 November Chicago, Illinois. PreventionSummit Advancing America s Oral Health

Prevention Summit 2013 November Chicago, Illinois. PreventionSummit Advancing America s Oral Health Prevetio Summit 2013 November 18-20 Chicago, Illiois PrevetioSummit 2013 Advacig America s Oral Health Welcome PrevetioSummit 2013 Advacig America s Oral Health From the Executive Director of the America

More information

The Six-Step Parity Compliance Guide for Non-Quantitative Treatment Limitation (NQTL) Requirements

The Six-Step Parity Compliance Guide for Non-Quantitative Treatment Limitation (NQTL) Requirements The Six-Step Parity Compliace Guide for No-Quatitative Treatmet Limitatio (NQTL) Requiremets KENNEDY FORUM ISSUE BRIEF (SEPTEMBER 2017) About the Publishers The America Psychiatric Associatio is a orgaizatio

More information

VSSM Swiss Association of Carpenters and Furniture Manufacturers Liechtenstein

VSSM Swiss Association of Carpenters and Furniture Manufacturers Liechtenstein VSSM Swiss Associatio of Carpeters ad Furiture Maufacturers Liechtestei 2,556 compaies with 3,426 employees belog to VSSM (Swiss Associatio of Carpeters ad Furiture Maufacturers) ad it is oe of the largest

More information

National Association of Social Workers New York State Chapter 188 Washington Avenue Albany, NY Karin Moran, MSW Director of Policy

National Association of Social Workers New York State Chapter 188 Washington Avenue Albany, NY Karin Moran, MSW Director of Policy Social Work Licesure ad Practice Natioal Associatio of Social Workers New York State Chapter 188 Washigto Aveue Albay, NY 12210 Kari Mora, MSW Director of Policy 1 Licesed Professios 48 professios established

More information

Person-Centered Care Coordination. December 8, 2016

Person-Centered Care Coordination. December 8, 2016 Perso-Cetered Care Coordiatio December 8, 2016 Preseters Departmet of Social Services (DSS) Perso-Cetered Medical Home (PCMH) Program Lead Erica Garcia-Youg, MPH Commuity Health Network of Coecticut, Ic.

More information

entrepreneurship & innovation THE INNOVATION MATCHMAKER Venture Forum The Collaborative Innovation Service Benefit from start-up innovations

entrepreneurship & innovation THE INNOVATION MATCHMAKER Venture Forum The Collaborative Innovation Service Benefit from start-up innovations etrepreeurship & iovatio Veture Forum The Collaborative Iovatio Service Beefit from start-up iovatios Veture Forum The Collaborative Iovatio Service Coects your eterprise with the best ad most ambitious

More information

CHOOSE. Young People at Work. student text REVISED

CHOOSE. Young People at Work. student text REVISED REVISED CHOOSE studet text Youg People at Work A educatio programme o the priciples of health ad safety i the workplace for seior cycle ad studets i further educatio Published i August 2014 by the Health

More information

Clinical Research Training Specialists

Clinical Research Training Specialists Cliical Research Traiig Specialists 11555 Hero Bay Blvd, Ste 102, Coral Sprigs, FL 33076 Ph: (877) 633-3322 Fax: (800) 763-4103 email: ifo@cra-traiig.com Website: www.cra-traiig.com MRMCourse Catalog CRA

More information

ABORIGINAL FAMILY HEALTH STRATEGY Responding to Family Violence in Aboriginal Communities

ABORIGINAL FAMILY HEALTH STRATEGY Responding to Family Violence in Aboriginal Communities ABORIGINAL FAMILY HEALTH STRATEGY 2011 2016 Respodig to Family Violece i Aborigial Commuities Artwork NSW Departmet of Health would like to ackowledge Adam Igram of the Wiradjuri atio, whose artwork appears

More information

Data-Driven Healthcare

Data-Driven Healthcare PRODUCT BROCHURE Data-Drive Healthcare Poit of Care Electroic Health Records Mobile Health Practice Maagemet Software HomeSolutios.NET has bee such a time saver for our compay, decreasig admiistrative

More information

Corrigendum No. V: Part-B Date: Addendum

Corrigendum No. V: Part-B Date: Addendum Corrigedum V: -B Date:- 21.07.16 Addedum Teder Notice N1C-05/2016. (NCB), Dt.14.05.2016Date of Pre-Bid Meetig: - 10 th Jue 2016 Teder No (As uploaded i the e-teder portal) 46 Name of work: Costructio of

More information

The South Eastern Passenger Rail Franchise

The South Eastern Passenger Rail Franchise LONDON: The Statioery Office 11.25 Ordered by the House of Commos to be prited o 28 November 2005 REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 457 Sessio 2005-2006 2 December 2005 Part oe Summary 1.1

More information

Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling & Psychotherapy

Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling & Psychotherapy Ethical Framework for Good Practice i Cousellig & Psychotherapy This Ethical Framework for Good Practice i Cousellig ad Psychotherapy is published by the British Associatio for Cousellig ad Psychotherapy,

More information

Complaints about doctors

Complaints about doctors Complaits about doctors This chapter sets out the types of complait received by the GMC ad how these complaits are resolved. Over the five years from 2010 14, complaits about doctors to the GMC icreased

More information

Visionary Solutions for Global Communities. Opportunities. Register Today at mhli.org!

Visionary Solutions for Global Communities. Opportunities. Register Today at mhli.org! Visioary Solutios for Global Commuities MHLI Traiig Opportuities Register Today at mhli.org! Military Housig ad Lodgig Educatio Programs for Govermet ad Private Sector Professioals GENERAL OVERVIEW MHLI

More information

Integrating Physical & Behavioral Health: Planning & Implementation

Integrating Physical & Behavioral Health: Planning & Implementation Itegratig Physical & Behavioral Health: Plaig & Implemetatio March 31, 2016 A Departmet of Social Services PCMH Presetatio Hosted by Commuity Health Network of CT, Ic. 1 Learig Objectives Idetify the importace

More information

Policy with guidance notes church health and safety policy

Policy with guidance notes church health and safety policy Policy with guidace otes church health ad safety policy Cotets Policy Itroductio 3 Our Health ad Safety Policy 4 Sectio A Geeral statemet of policy 5 Sectio B Orgaisatio ad resposibilities 6 Sectio C Arragemets

More information

The Accreditation Process (ACC)

The Accreditation Process (ACC) The Accreditatio Process (ACC) Notices The Joit Commissio Coect extraet site is the primary meas of commuicatio by The Joit Commissio. Ay required otices to be give to a orgaizatio shall be set to the

More information

The Pharmacist Preceptor Education Program

The Pharmacist Preceptor Education Program x The Pharmacist Preceptor Educatio Program developed by The Pharmacist Preceptor Educatio Program Advisor Cythia J. Boyle, PharmD, FAPhA Professor ad Chair Departmet of Pharmacy Practice ad Admiistratio

More information

The Provision of Out-of-Hours Care in England

The Provision of Out-of-Hours Care in England The Provisio of Out-of-Hours Care i Eglad REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 1041 Sessio 2005-2006 5 May 2006 The Natioal Audit Office scrutiises public spedig o behalf of Parliamet. The

More information

Work Organisation and Innovation - Case Study: Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK

Work Organisation and Innovation - Case Study: Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK Corell Uiversity ILR School DigitalCommos@ILR Iteratioal Publicatios Key Workplace Documets 2013 Work Orgaisatio ad Iovatio - Case Study: Nottigham Uiversity Hospitals NHS Trust, UK Beth Foley Istitute

More information

Reproductive Health. in refugee situations. an Inter-agency Field Manual

Reproductive Health. in refugee situations. an Inter-agency Field Manual Reproductive Health i refugee situatios a Iter-agecy Field Maual Reproductive Health i refugee situatios a Iter-agecy Field Maual This Iter-agecy Field Maual replaces the above field-test versio. Additioal

More information

UNDERGRADUATE NON-DEGREE ENROLLMENT FORM

UNDERGRADUATE NON-DEGREE ENROLLMENT FORM UNDERGRADUATE NON-DEGREE ENROLLMENT FORM UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ONLY: You WILL NOT be eligible for o-degree erollmet if ay of the followig statemets apply to you. If you have: Previously atteded T.U. as

More information

Planning for Your Spine Surgery

Planning for Your Spine Surgery Plaig for Your Spie Surgery About Our Uit Welcome to Sata Moica-UCLA Medical Ceter ad Orthopaedic Hospital ad thak you for puttig your trust i us for your spie surgery ad rehabilitatio. This brochure is

More information

The medication use process is one of the

The medication use process is one of the focus Medicatio Maagemet Safely Automatig the Medicatio Use Process Not as Easy as It Looks By Dave Troiao, RPh; Julie Morriso, RN; Frak Federico, RPh; ad David Classe, MD Keywords Computerized provider

More information

Sharing Health Records Electronically: The Views of Nebraskans

Sharing Health Records Electronically: The Views of Nebraskans Uiversity of Nebraska - Licol DigitalCommos@Uiversity of Nebraska - Licol Publicatios of the Uiversity of Nebraska Public Policy Ceter Public Policy Ceter, Uiversity of Nebraska 12-11-2008 Sharig Health

More information

Development and Utility of the Front Line Manager s Quick Reference Guide

Development and Utility of the Front Line Manager s Quick Reference Guide Federal Aviatio Admiistratio DOT/FAA/AM-13/10 Office of Aerospace Medicie Washigto, DC 20591 Developmet ad Utility of the Frot Lie Maager s Quick Referece Guide Daredia McCauley L. Sarah Peterso Civil

More information

. There are no partnering anangements.. Approximate number of completions in past year for CPC10108 = 418

. There are no partnering anangements.. Approximate number of completions in past year for CPC10108 = 418 31822 f!vt-f lvlfr-\r TRIM No: 09/182321 Versio 11.2-12 March 2012 Traiig ad lteratioal Quality Orgafi'i$atiio,,:u -1**t* Regisatio epiry 30 September 20013 Pricipal address 3 Skye Close, Edge Hill CAIRNS

More information

New For Critical Topics Added, Including Cyber Security!

New For Critical Topics Added, Including Cyber Security! New For 2017... Critical Topics Added, Icludig Cyber Security! CREDIT UNION SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTOR S CONFERENCE The Defiitive Process To Develop, Maitai Ad Maage A Istitutio-Wide Baselie Security

More information

CREDIT UNION SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTOR S CONFERENCE

CREDIT UNION SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTOR S CONFERENCE New Critical Topics Added Icludig Up-To-The-Miute Cyber Security Iformatio! CREDIT UNION SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTOR S CONFERENCE The Defiitive Process To Develop, Maitai Ad Maage A Istitutio-Wide

More information

The Medical Assessment of Incapacity and Disability Benefits. REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 280 Session : 9 March 2001

The Medical Assessment of Incapacity and Disability Benefits. REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 280 Session : 9 March 2001 The Medical Assessmet of Icapacity ad Disability Beefits REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 280 Sessio 2000-2001: 9 March 2001 The Medical Assessmet of Icapacity ad Disability Beefits REPORT

More information

AAAHC Quality Roadmap Accreditation Survey Results

AAAHC Quality Roadmap Accreditation Survey Results AAAHC Quality Roadmap 215 Accreditatio Survey Results FROM THE PRESIDENT AND CEO This report is a chace to pause, take stock, ad tell the story of AAAHC-accredited orgaizatios at a poit i time. We do this

More information

Macroecoomics ad Health A Summary There is growig iteratioal acceptace that effective ivestmets i health are vital to huma developmet ad ecoomic growt

Macroecoomics ad Health A Summary There is growig iteratioal acceptace that effective ivestmets i health are vital to huma developmet ad ecoomic growt MACROECONOMICS AND HEALTH: AN UPDATE Icreasig Ivestmets i Health Outcomes for the Poor Secod Cosultatio o Macroecoomics ad Health October 2003 World Health Orgaizatio Macroecoomics ad Health A Summary

More information

Financial Management in the NHS

Financial Management in the NHS Fiacial Maagemet i the NHS NHS (Eglad) Summarised Accouts 2004-05 REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL PREPARED JOINTLY BY THE NATIONAL AUDIT OFFICE AND THE AUDIT COMMISSION HC 1092-I Sessio 2005-2006

More information

Psychological best practice in inpatient services for older people

Psychological best practice in inpatient services for older people Faculty of the Psychology of Older People Psychological best practice i ipatiet services for older people Edited by Kate Ross & Sarah Dexter-Smith November 2017 The British Psychological Society 2017 All

More information

Compliance and Federally Qualified Health Centers. Jacqueline C. Leifer, Esq. Senior Partner AGENDA. PIN : Sliding Fee Discount Program

Compliance and Federally Qualified Health Centers. Jacqueline C. Leifer, Esq. Senior Partner AGENDA. PIN : Sliding Fee Discount Program Compliace ad Federally Qualified Health Ceters Jacquelie C. Leifer, Esq. Seior Parter AGENDA I. Key Policy Updates OMB Supercircular PIN 2014-02: Slidig Fee Discout Program FTCA Proposed Rule o De-Deemig

More information

GRADUATE DIVERSITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (GDEP) Proposal deadline: May 30, 2017 (4:00 pm ET)

GRADUATE DIVERSITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (GDEP) Proposal deadline: May 30, 2017 (4:00 pm ET) GRADUATE DIVERSITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (GDEP) Proposal deadlie: May 30, 2017 (4:00 pm ET) TABLE OF CONTENTS Key Dates ad Program Backgroud 3 Graduate Diversity Erichmet Award 4 Eligibility Requiremets 4

More information

Authorization for Verification of Academic Records/Transcripts

Authorization for Verification of Academic Records/Transcripts Credetial Verificatio Service for New York State Authorizatio for Verificatio of Academic Records/Trascripts CGFNS Iteratioal P.O. Box 8628, Philadelphia, Pesylvaia 19104-8628 USA Phoe: +1 (215) 222 8454

More information

The attached brochures explain a number of benefits for logging on and creating your account with Medical Mutual.

The attached brochures explain a number of benefits for logging on and creating your account with Medical Mutual. OPEC-HC Medical Mutual My Health Pla Dear Member. The attached brochures explai a umber of beefits for loggig o ad creatig your accout with Medical Mutual. Not oly ca you access etwork providers, claims

More information

Transforming the Patient Experience: Engaging Patients Through Access to Information and Services

Transforming the Patient Experience: Engaging Patients Through Access to Information and Services Trasformig the Patiet Experiece: Egagig Patiets Through Access to Iformatio ad Services Empowerig patiets with direct access to their health iformatio right at the bedside Today s automated world has created

More information

Home Care Partners. Annual Report 2017

Home Care Partners. Annual Report 2017 Home Care Parters Aual Report 2017 Dear Frieds, I 2017 we celebrated Home Care Parters 60th aiversary i style. All staff, Board ad recet retirees were feted at our aual meetig i May where we recogized

More information

Football Kicking Camp

Football Kicking Camp Football Kickig Camp REGISTER AND PAY ONLINE AT WWW.BEARCATFOOTBALLCAMPS.COM REGISTRATION AT 9 A.M. Camp begis at 10 a.m. JUNE 2, 2018 BRANDON CLAYTON Northwest s Special Teams have played a importat role

More information

FLSA Classification: Non Exempt

FLSA Classification: Non Exempt Job Descriptio Job Details Title: Versio #: 1.0 Employer: Mercy Hospital Job Code: J02 FLSA Classificatio: No Eempt Pay Grade: J Basic Job Fuctio ad Resposibilities To receive, sort, fold, store ad distribute

More information

Ethical & Professional Obligations for RDs When Completing SDA Forms

Ethical & Professional Obligations for RDs When Completing SDA Forms P r o f e s s i o a l P r a c t i c e Ethical & Professioal Obligatios for RDs Whe Completig SDA Forms Deborah Cohe, M.HSc., RD Practice Advisor & Policy Aalyst cohed@cdo.o.ca 416-598-1725/ 800-668-4990,

More information

** FINAL ** NIGP PAPPA CHAPTER PENNSYLVANIA PUBLIC PURCHASING ASSOCIATION. GENERAL MEETING May 18, 2015

** FINAL ** NIGP PAPPA CHAPTER PENNSYLVANIA PUBLIC PURCHASING ASSOCIATION. GENERAL MEETING May 18, 2015 ** FINAL ** NIGP PAPPA CHAPTER PENNSYLVANIA PUBLIC PURCHASING ASSOCIATION GENERAL MEETING May 18, 2015 Members i Attedace: Price Morris, Lacaster City Housig Authority; Kelly Laubach, Berks Couty; Mauree

More information

The relationship between primary medical qualification region and nationality at the time of registration

The relationship between primary medical qualification region and nationality at the time of registration The relatioship betwee primary medical qualificatio regio ad atioality at the time of registratio Workig paper 2 March 2017 Cotets Executive summary... 3 Itroductio... 4 Statemet of problem... 5 PMQ regio...

More information

GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES

GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES version 1 joit UNEP/OCHA eviromet uit GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES version 1 joit UNEP/OCHA eviromet uit i New York ad Geeva, 2009 ii FOREWORD BY THE

More information

Nurses have told the patient s story for

Nurses have told the patient s story for FEATURE: Nursig Essetial Elemets of Nursig Notes ad the Trasitio to Electroic Health Records The Migratio from Narrative Chartig Will Require Creativity to Iclude Essetial Elemets i EHRs. By Marjorie M.

More information

Using CareAnalyzer Reports to Manage HUSKY Health Members

Using CareAnalyzer Reports to Manage HUSKY Health Members Usig CareAalyzer Reports to Maage HUSKY Health Members A Departmet of Social Services PCMH Presetatio hosted by Commuity Health Network of CT, Ic. Learig Objectives Use CareAalyzer reports to idetify:

More information

Inniswood Village. The Blendon Assisted Living Apartments

Inniswood Village. The Blendon Assisted Living Apartments Iiswood Village The Bledo Assisted Livig Apartmets For a settig that offers freedom combied with the comfort of kowig supportive services are available, choose assisted livig at Iiswood Village. Create

More information

guidance notes CHURCH FUNCTIONS Version 5

guidance notes CHURCH FUNCTIONS Version 5 guidace otes CHURCH FUNCTIONS Versio 5 Cotets Itroductio 3 Plaig a evet 4 Boucy castles 12 Bofires ad firework displays 14 Hirig agreemets ad sigig idemities 16 Sources of iformatio 17 Attachmets Lettig

More information

Applications to the GP and Specialist Registers

Applications to the GP and Specialist Registers Applicatios to the GP ad Specialist Registers 2015 Itroductio This is our third aual report, which gives a overview of decisios we made o applicatios for specialist or GP registratio i 2015. It covers

More information

Ministry of Defence. Recruitment and Retention in the Armed Forces: Detailed Survey Results and Case Studies

Ministry of Defence. Recruitment and Retention in the Armed Forces: Detailed Survey Results and Case Studies Miistry of Defece Recruitmet ad Retetio i the Armed Forces: Detailed Survey Results ad Case Studies REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL HC 1633-II Sessio 2005-2006 3 November 2006 The Natioal

More information

Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account

Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account Marshall Aid Commemoratio Commissio Accout 2012-13 LONDON: The Statioery Office HC 388 6.25 Marshall Aid Commemoratio Commissio Accout 2012-13 Preseted to Parliamet pursuat to Sectio 2(7) of the Marshall

More information

The Center for Juvenile Justice Training and Research: Improving the Practice of Juvenile Justice

The Center for Juvenile Justice Training and Research: Improving the Practice of Juvenile Justice Juveile Justice Achievemets of the Pesylvaia Commissio o Crime ad Deliquecy April 1996 Vol. 3, No. 2 The Ceter for Juveile Justice Traiig ad Research: Improvig the Practice of Juveile Justice by Mega Clouser

More information