SAR Sensors Acquisition Geometries The Interferometric Concept
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1 SAR Sensors Acquisition Geometries The Interferometric Concept Fabrizio Novali Tele-Rilevamento Europa Thursday, 2 December 2010 COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa 2010 Copyright - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
2 SAR Sensors COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
3 Satellite SAR: A Coherent Sensor A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) works Radar satellite R by illuminating the Earth with a beam of coherent microwave radiation such as a laser. Phase information is essential for SAR data processing. X-band 3 cm C-band 6 cm L-band 24 cm Earth COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
4 Why Radar Remote Sensing? 1. It s an active system: it does not require external illumination sources (Sun light) like optical systems 2. It operates at microwave frequencies: they can penetrate through the clouds 3. It is a coherent system: it allows to precisely measure changes in the satellite-target distance by means of interferometry COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
5 SAR vs. Optical data SAR Multi Image Reflectivity map (MIR) Optical image COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
6 Milan COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
7 X-band Resolution C-band What SAR Sensors are Available? Historical Analysis Monitoring Repeat Time (days) ERS Envisat 35 RADARSAT-1 24 RADARSAT-2 24 COSMO SkyMed 8 TerraSAR-X Present Day Future COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
8 Geometry of Acquisitions COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
9 Acquisition Geometry 7,5 km/s orbit 23 ~ 800 km ground range 100 km azimuth COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
10 Descending orbits N Rome S COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa 2010
11 Ascending orbits N Rome S COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa 2010
12 Satellite Images Distance from Radar (slant range) H ground range COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
13 Ground Range to Slant Range A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Ground Range COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
14 Geographic and SAR Coordinates Geographic coordinates SAR coordinates A z i m u t h Slope + Slope - A z i m u t h Slope + Slope - Ground range Slant-range foreshortening COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
15 Examples of Geometric Distortions FORESHORTENING LAYOVER, SHADOWING COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
16 Interferometric Concept COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
17 The Basic Interferometric Principle Satellite passes over an area of interest (AOI) Radar signals are reflected back to the satellite from high reflectivity ground objects The distance from the satellite to the ground object is represented here as R1 R 2 R 1 Ground deformation occurs The satellite re-passes over the same area Reflecting object ΔR The difference between R1 and R2 is the displacement (ΔR) along the satellite line-ofsight (LOS) Ground displacement is measured COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
18 InSAR for Displacement Detection The unit of length used in InSAR is the wavelength: R1 R2 R1 R2 DR = c Df Df Interferometry ΔR = 5.66 cm D r R 1 R 2 COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
19 SAR Data A SAR image is a set of pixels characterized by both amplitude and phase values Amplitude Phase (known modulo 2p) The phase is related to the sensor-target distance R COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
20 Single SAR image: Phase Contributions f 4p r Amplitude Y Reflectivity of the radar target 4pr/ Propagator : it depends on the sensor-radar target distance Atmospheric Phase Contribution Noise Phase COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
21 Interferogram: phase contributions If: 4p Df D Dr D noise nothing has changed: D = D = 0 for high SNR: = 0 4p f Dr The interferometric phase is proportional to range variations COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
22 Interferogram: Phase Contributions f f flat f elevation f displacement f atmosphere f noise Geometrical and/or temporal decorrelation B n 4p r R tan 4p B n R 0 Dq sin 4p d D COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
23 InSAR for DEM reconstruction Bn COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
24 Differential Interferogram Generation Interferogram - = Synthetic Interferogram generated from a DEM Differential Interferogram Df f ˆ f topo motion DEMerror noise atmosphere COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
25 Limits of Conventional DInSAR Analysis Thanks to ESA archive, since 1993 a growing gallery of examples of DInSAR interferometry started being available. While more and more InSAR were generated, the presence of atmospheric artefacts and problems due to phase decorrelation (temporal and/or geometrical) became more and more evident COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
26 Limits of Conventional DInSAR Analysis 4p Df D Dr D noise Amplitude data 1-day (Tandem) interferogram D 0 15-months... D 0 COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa 2010
27 Atmospheric Effects If the propagation medium changes in the time interval between two SAR acquisitions (e.g. humidity, temperature, pressure ), an additive phase term appears. Amplitude data Interferogram COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
28 Atmospheric Effects Two additive phase term appears: (1) topography dependent (2) due to turbulence phenomena 1-Aug-95 / 2-Apr-96 2-Aug-95 / 3-Apr-96 COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
29 Time PSI Understanding Displacement Satellite images are analysed using a multi image approach Images are acquired each time the satellite passes over the same area of ground As interferograms are acquired, they are stacked Consistent PS are identified in the data Individual displacement time-series is calculated for each PS Time-series of PS Stack of interferograms COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
30 COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
31 Close up on the cemetery COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
32 Measurements along the LOS Incidence angles are often very low high sensitivity to vertical displacement θ θ PS PS d PS d real d real d PS COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
33 Ascending and Descending: an example Ascending Vert Descending V D >0 East LOS Desce V A <0 LOS Asce COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa 2010
34 The importance of the reference point All PSI measurements are differential measurements with respect to the reference point COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
35 Synoptic Table Advantages Limitations Regular updates over large areas Cost-effective High PS density (up to 1,000 PS/km 2 ) Fast data processing / low user interaction High accuracy Data easily imported in GIS Vegetated and forested areas prevent any PSInSAR data processing. Low-reflectivity areas (e.g. smooth surfaces and certain materials). Temporal sampling limited by satellite repeat-cycles Only slow deformation can be measured (<10 cm/yr in LOS) COPYRIGHT - Tele-Rilevamento Europa
Detecting and Monitoring Ground Movement using Satellite Borne Radar - InSAR
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