SECEFPI Conference, March 2010

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1 SECEFPI Conference, March 2010 Date, 2009

Awards (CEFPI) Extensive Research and Publications 250 staff members with

2 Multi-market A/E Firm Education Libraries Sports and Recreation Religious Facilities Technology Engineering Community Planning 22 Impact on Learning Awards (CEFPI) Extensive Research and Publications 250 staff members with offices in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, North Carolina, New Orleans, and District of Columbia

3 Why Me????

4 Educational Facilities - Changing Society PART ONE: The History of Negro Schools in the United States

5 13 th Amendment 1865 The End of Slavery Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Proposal and Ratification The 13th amendment was ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States on the 18th of December, The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865.

6 14 th Amendment 1868 Citizenship Granted Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Proposal and Ratification Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868.

7 15 th Amendment 1870 The Right to Vote Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Proposal and Ratification The fifteenth amendment ratification was completed on February 17, The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Tennessee, November 16, 1869.

Jim Crow Era From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows).

8 Jim Crow Era From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race. enforced segregation The most common types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners and public institutions to keep their black and white clientele separated.

9 Public school segregation in the U.S.

10 Jim Crow Era Typical Laws Regarding Education Florida: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. Kentucky: The children of white and colored races committed to reform schools shall be kept entirely separate from each other. Mississippi: Separate schools shall be maintained for the children of the white and colored races. Missouri: Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school. New Mexico: Separate rooms shall be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent. North Carolina: School textbooks shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. Texas: [The County Board of Education] shall provide schools of two kinds; those for white children and those for colored children.

11 Typical Conditions Kentucky Colored School at Anthoston. Census 27, enrollment 12, attendance 7. Teacher expects 19 to be enrolled after work is over. "Tobacco keeps them out and they are short of hands. Location: Henderson County, Kentucky / Lewis W. Hine.

12 Typical Conditions Oklahoma 75 Sixth Grade children (colored) crowded into 1 small room in an old store building near Negro High School, with 1 teacher. Location: Muskogee, Oklahoma / Lewis W. Hine

13 Typical Conditions Georgia Veazy, Greene County, Georgia. The one-teacher Negro school in Veazy, south of Greensboro.

14 Typical Conditions Virginia Separate and unequal: At a white school in Winchester, Virginia, in 1921, students studied in a spacious classroom with desks, chairs, and blackboards. At a one-room schoolhouse for blacks in Brunswick County, Virginia, also in the early 20th century, children squeezed together on benches and teachers wrote lessons on the log walls and ceiling,

15 Typical Conditions Halifax County, Virginia African-American school Elementary school for whites African-American school

16 Typical Conditions, White Schools Arkansas

17 Typical Conditions, White Schools Arkansas Third Street School Erected 1888 Argenta High School Erected 1912 Argenta Public Schools Argenta, Arkansas

18 Two Men with a Dream The dismal state of African-American schools led Sears, Roebuck executive Julius Rosenwald to provide funds for new buildings throughout the rural South. A collaboration with Booker T. Washington at the Tuskeegee Institute led to the first Plan Book for Schools. (Jackson Davis Collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library) Going to a Rosenwald school initially meant being in the vanguard of education for African American children. The architecture of the schools made a visual assertion of the equality of all children, and the activities at the school made it a focal point of community identity and aspirations. NHT

19 "Julius Rosenwald's picture was the picture you saw when you came in the door," says Mildred Ridgley Gray, describing the Ridgley School, a two-room Rosenwald school she attended on land donated by her family before moving on to Highland Park in "Julius Rosenwald was the man who gave us public education.

20 Tuskegee Institute prepared plans for the earliest Rosenwald buildings. Designs were created for a 1 teacher school, two variations on a 5 teacher school, plus an industrial building, a privy (outdoor toilet), and two residences for teachers. Following the death of Booker T. Washington in 1915, control of the schoolbuilding program shifted to the new Rosenwald Foundation office in Nashville. Director S.L. Smith drew up a fresh set of designs. These first appeared in book form in 1924 as COMMUNITY SCHOOL PLANS and remained in print with revised editions into the 1940s. Smith made careful use of natural light, providing separate designs for buildings that faced east-west and buildings that faced north-south. Schools ranged in size from 1 to 7 teachers.

21 Architectural Concepts Building facades As simple as possible modest in comparison with white schools Simplicity denotes order, rationality, and functionalism. Color Interior paint schemes employed horizontal bands of color To reflect and intensify natural light entering from the windows Darker wainscot minimized glare at desk level for seated pupils. Window shades aided in controlling light levels. School equipment Blackboards along three walls for instruction and student use. Modern patent desks Replaced the rough wooden slabs and benches typical of many other black schools

22 Architectural Concepts Lighting The conservation of children s eyesight Windows placed to reduced eyestrain. Maximized natural light by using narrower window framing and taller windows Ventilation Breeze" windows provided cross ventilation Flexibility Sliding doors and removable blackboards to open up interior space Community Use Larger schools included auditoriums for school and community events. A restored classroom of Second Union School in Goochland, Va., which was built with aid from the Rosenwald Fund. Photo: Goochland County Historical Society

23 Design Manual Housing for two teachers Two-teacher Home Rosenwald Foundation

24 Design Manual Housing for three teachers Three-Teacher Home Rosenwald Foundation

25 Design Manual - Privy Privy Rosenwald Foundation

26 Design Manual One teacher One Teacher East or West Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation One Teacher North or South Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation

27 Design Manual Two teachers Two Teacher East or West Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation Two Teacher North or South Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation

28 Design Manual Two teachers Two Teacher North or South Facing Plan - Scheme B Rosenwald Foundation

29 Design Manual Three teachers Three Teacher East or West Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation Three Teacher North or South Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation

30 Design Manual Four teachers Four Teacher East or West Facing Plan with Auditorium Rosenwald Foundation

31 Design Manual Four teachers Four Teacher East or West Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation Four Teacher North or South Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation

Design Manual Four teachers Springfield School 1920-21 Original Acreage: 4 Number of Teachers: 4 Springfield Colored, Orangeburg County, SC http://www.state.sc.

32 Design Manual Four teachers Springfield School Original Acreage: 4 Number of Teachers: 4 Springfield Colored, Orangeburg County, SC Rosenwald Appropriation: $1,000 White Contribution: $0 Negro Contribution: $1,050 Public Contribution: $2,200 Total Cost: $4,250

33 Design Manual Five teachers Five Teacher East or West Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation Five Teacher North or South Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation

34 Design Manual Six teachers Six Teacher East or West Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation Six Teacher North or South Facing Plan Rosenwald Foundation

35 Design Manual Six teachers Six Teacher East or West Facing Plan with Auditorium Rosenwald Foundation

36 Seven Teacher East or West Facing Plan with Auditorium Rosenwald Foundation

37 Current Conditions Rosenwald School in Stanford, NC (Credit: Angelo Francheschina) A Rosenwald School in Columbia, TX

, where it will be renovated as a museum about the history of African American

38 Current Conditions The 1924 school in its original location outside Smithfield, Va. was moved about 20 miles to a new site in downtown Smithfield, Va., where it will be renovated as a museum about the history of African American education. (The School House Museum ) Ware Creek Rosenwald School, Beaufort, North Carolina

39 Current Conditions Russell School, Durham, NC Hopewell School Round Rock, Texas

Current Conditions In 1928, the Rosenwald Fund supported construction of the Highland Park School, the second school to educate black high-schoolers in

40 Current Conditions In 1928, the Rosenwald Fund supported construction of the Highland Park School, the second school to educate black high-schoolers in Prince George's County, Maryland. Highland Park is one of the few Rosenwald buildings still used as a public-school facility. (Fisk University Library)

41 Current Conditions Before Walnut Cove Stokes County, North Carolina

42 Current Conditions After Walnut Cove Stokes County, North Carolina

43 Current Conditions WASHINGTON, DC (April 7, 2008) Today, Lowe's and the National Trust for Historic Preservation announced that they are awarding nearly $100,000 in grants to fund restoration projects at two historic Rosenwald Schools in Kentucky. The Hickory Colored School in Hickory, and the May's Lick Negro School in May's Lick will be the beneficiaries of the grants.

44 Current Conditions Hickory Colored School (Hickory/Mayfield, KY) The Hickory Colored School is a one room schoolhouse, built in Currently abandoned in rural area, the grant funds will help to fund a complete restoration and relocation of the schoolhouse to the Graves County school campus in Mayfield. There it will serves as a museum for local educational memorabilia and a learning center for the Graves County students. May's Lick Negro School (May's Lick, KY) Built in 1916, the May's Lick Negro School remained in use until In order to again use the building, a rehabilitation of the structure, and restoration to the original design are planned and will be aided by the grant funding. Upon completion, the building will be used as a museum for the school and local history, a satellite library location for the local public library, as well as a community and meeting center.

45 Scope of the Initiative Rosenwald Funds:$4,400,000 Other foundations:$1,200,000 African American community $4,700,000 State and local government funds :$18,000,000

46 Scope of the Initiative State Schools Homes Shops Total Buildings Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia TOTAL 4, ,357 Though over one-third of black children in the South in the first half of the twentieth century passed through the doors of a Rosenwald school.

47 Current Conditions Panther Branch Rosenwald School, 9109 Sauls Road, Garner, NC On the National Register of Historic Places since April Owned by JLBC Community Alliance, Inc. 501(c)3

48 Current Conditions Free Hill Rosenwald School, Free Hill, TN

50 Educational Facilities As a Means to Societal Change PART TWO: Separate But Equal (Brown vs. The Board of Education)

51 Historical Perspective 40 years

52 Historical Perspective Public school segregation in the U.S

Historical Perspective - 1952 "Separate but Equal"

53 Historical Perspective "Separate but Equal" School Bus at Mt. Carmel School in Calhoun County: (1952)

Historical Perspective Clarendon County, SC - 1945 In a sermon entitled, "Go Forward," the Rev. J.A. De Laine Sr. preached that each man, woman and child is born into a life of "sacred opportunity.

54 Historical Perspective Clarendon County, SC In a sermon entitled, "Go Forward," the Rev. J.A. De Laine Sr. preached that each man, woman and child is born into a life of "sacred opportunity. For De Laine, educational inequalities in Clarendon County, S.C., were that opportunity. By the late 1940s, he championed the cause of the 20 plaintiffs who challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine in American education, which doomed their children to substandard treatment. White School Black School

55 Historical Perspective Clarendon County, SC The black parents' initial request to a white school board was simple enough: A bus to carry their children to school They also asked for updated books Qualified educators and Better school buildings Even though blacks were the majority of the county's populace, at the time, $170 a year was spent on each white child $43 on each black child

Historical Perspective Clarendon County, SC - 1950 Thurgood Marshall was retained as legal counsel. The Clarendon County, S.C., case was dismissed on a legal technicality.

DeLaine moved away and other SC plaintiffs fled the area.

56 Historical Perspective Clarendon County, SC Thurgood Marshall was retained as legal counsel. The Clarendon County, S.C., case was dismissed on a legal technicality. DeLaine was fired from his teaching job. Firefighters stood back and watched his house burn in DeLaine moved away and other SC plaintiffs fled the area. But, Thurgood Marshall re-filed the suit in the Supreme Court in 1952 in consolidation with Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and District of Columbia. This became known as Brown vs. Board of Education

57 Josephine Baker On February 3, 1952, Josephine Baker performed a benefit concert at Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis to draw attention to the plight of African-American children forced to attend separate schools that were inferior in quality to those attended by white students. The concert was sponsored by a group of parents who had formed the Citizens Protest Committee On Overcrowding in Negro Public Schools the previous year.

58 Historical Perspective 1954 Public school segregation in the U.S., In Brown vs. Board of Education, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled raced-based segregation in public schools to be illegal. The decision became the cornerstone of the civil rights movement in the South.

59 Is It Really About the Kids? May 17, 1954

60 Absolutely!

61 From two men with a dream to.???

62 Mr. and Mrs. Micah Wright

CULTURAL HISTORY The Columbia Rosenwald School

CULTURAL HISTORY The Columbia Rosenwald School by Teena Maenza Editor's note: This month's column was written by guest author Teena Maenza. Maenza is the Editor of the Brazoria County News and has written