Survey of Research and Development in Korea. -Key Figures of Korea R&D Activities-

Transcription

1 Survey of Research and Development in Korea -Key Figures of Korea R&D Activities-

2 Survey Outline 1 Key Figures 1.R&D Expenditure Total R&D expenditure 4 R&D expenditure per Capita and per Researcher 5 R&D Expenditure by Source of Funds 6 R&D Expenditure by Sector of Performance 8 R&D Expenditure by type of R&D 9 R&D Expenditure by Type of Costs 11 R&D Expenditure of 6Ts 14 R&D Expenditure by Technology Type 15 R&D Expenditure by Socioeconomic Objectives 16 R&D Expenditure by Field of Science 17 R&D Expenditure by Region 18 The Flow and Composition of R&D Expenditure 20

3 2. R&D Personnel Total Number of Researchers 21 Researchers per Thousand Population/ Labor Force 22 Researchers by Sector of Performance 23 Researchers by Degree 24 Researchers by Major Field of Study 26 Researchers by Gender 28 Researchers by Region R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector R&D Expenditure Relative to Sales 31 R&D Expenditure by Industry 33 Number of Researchers by Industry 36 R&D Activity by Company Type 38 R&D Intensity of Business Enterprises 41 R&D Expenditure by Type of Usage 44 Appendix Exchange rates by Country 46

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6 Ⅰ. Survey Outline The Purpose of the Survey The History and Basis of the Survey Survey Coverage and Methodology To supply basic data on Korea's R&D activities (R&D human resources and expenditure) that can be used in setting up the national R&D policy and to provide a reference to experts in various fields to help them better develop their R&D planning To provide the OECD with data on Korea's R&D activities that can be used in comparative studies among member countries, which contributes to enhancing the nation's credibility According to the Framework Act on Science and Technology Act Article 26, Act No. 2, Designated Statistics under the Statistics Law: No (July 16, 1982) Since initiated as a project titled "A Status Survey of Research Institutes" in 1963, the survey has annually announced the previous year's research and development performances. Research fields covered in the survey : natural sciences, engineering and technology, medical sciences, agricultural sciences, social sciences and humanities according to the "OECD Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development : FRASCATI MANUAL Methods used in the survey : self-reporting survey via mail or the Internet, supplemented by telephone survey Organizations covered in the survey : public research institutes, universities and colleges, medical institutes, business enterprises The number of surveyed organizations (as of 2014) Classification Number of the Surveyed Org. Number of the Retrieval Org. (Recovery Rate) Public Research Institutes Univ. and Colleges General Hospitals Business Enterprises Total ,594 48, (97.6%) 419 (98.8%) 507 (98.6%) 38,551 (82.7%) 40,306 (83.3%) Survey base period : the number of personnel/researchers and the amount of capital are based on the last calendar date (December 31) of the previous year while sales and R&D expenditure are based on the whole previous calendar year (January 1- December 31) Survey items : general information, researcher(gender, degree, major), R&D expenditure (type, stage, source of funds) 2

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8 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure 1. R&D Expenditure Korea's total R&D expenditure in 2014 has increased by trillion won or 7.5% from the previous year to trillion won. Total R&D expenditure Figure 1 R&D expenditure and as a percentage of GDP * Source: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, KISTEP(Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning), and Annual R&D surveys by Bank of Korea Figure 2 Total R&D expenditure by country R&D expenditure* of Korea accounts for 60,528 million dollars, ranking 6 th in the world. And its R&D to GDP ratio has risen by 0.14%p to 4.29%, the world s largest. * 2014 Exchange rate of 1, won per dollar are applied in accordance with OECD s application to R&D related data. * The world ranking was based on the latest data of its member and major non-member countries), compiled and released by the OECD (Main Science and Technology Indicators ) * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators

9 R&D expenditure per Capita and per Researcher Figure 3 R&D expenditure per capita/ per researcher Korea's R&D expenditure per capita is 1,264 thousand won and R&D expenditure per researcher is million won. R&D expenditure per capita has increased by 83.1 thousand won or 7.0%, and R&D expenditure per researcher has increased by 1.2 million won, a 0.8% increase from the previous year. The nation's R&D expenditure per capita (1,200 USD) and per FTE researcher* (175,000 USD) are both less than that of the major developed nations like US, Japan and Germany. The US records the highest R&D expenditure per capita (1,444 USD in 2013), followed by Japan (1,342 USD in 2013) and Germany (1,296 USD in 2013). Korea s R&D expenditure per researcher(fte-based) is one of the lowest with China (128,841 USD in 2013) and UK (167,837 USD in 2013). The US records the highest (344,708 USD in 2012) followed by Germany (295,366 UD in 2013) * Full Time Equivalent researcher refers to a researcher working in full time on R&D 5

10 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure Figure 4 R&D expenditure per capita/per researcher(fte) by country * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators * R&D expenditure per capita : U.S.A.(2013) R&D Expenditure by Source of Funds Figure 5 R&D expenditure by source of funds As for Korea s R&D expenditure by source of funds, the government and the public account for trillion won; the private sector, trillion won; and from abroad, billion won. That is an year-to-year increase of trillion or 7.3% for the government and the public, trillion won or 7.0% for the private sector, and billion won, or 150.4% from abroad. 6

11 In Korea's total R&D expenditure, public funds accounts for 24.0%, the private sector, 75.3%, and the foreign funds, 0.7%. Figure 6 R&D expenditure rate by source of funds The percentage of the public funds is almost the same with the previous year, but the foreign funds increased by 0.4%p. The percentage of the public funds of Korea is relatively lower than that of major countries except China. Figure 7 R&D expenditure rate by source of funds (major countries) Public funds of France(2012) took up 37.0%; the US(2013), 34.7%; UK(2013), 32.8%; Germany(2013), 30.1%; and China(2013), 21.1%. * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators * Total sum of Germany and China is less than 100.0% 7

12 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure R&D Expenditure by Sector of Performance Figure 8 R&D expenditure by sector of performance R&D expenditure by business enterprises is trillion won; public research institutes, trillion won; and universities & colleges, trillion won. That is an year-to-year increase of trillion or 7.1% for the business enterprises; billion won or 11.7% for the public research institutes; and billion won, or 5.2% for universities and colleges. Figure 9 R&D expenditure rate by sector of performance The rate of the R&D expenditure by business enterprises in Korea is 78.2%; and that of public research institutes, 12.7%; and that of universities and colleges, 9.0%. That is an year-to-year increase of 0.5%p for the public research institutes, but a decrease of 0.3%p for the businesses and 0.2%p for the universities and colleges respectively. 8

13 The private sector of Korea accounts for 78.2% of the total R&D expenditure, which is higher than 76.6% of China(2013), 76.1% of Japan(2013), and 70.6% of the US(2013). Figure 10 R&D expenditure rate by sector of performance (major countries) On the contrary, the rate of the R&D expenditure by universities and colleges is 9.0%, lower in comparison with major countries except China of 7.2% in * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators R&D Expenditure by type of R&D 2014 Korea s R&D expenditure on basic research, compared to the previous year, has grown by billion won or 5.4% to trillion won. R&D expenditure on applied research has increased by billion won or 6.6% to trillion won. R&D expenditure on development research has increased by trillion won or 8.3% to trillion won. 9

14 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure Figure 11 R&D expenditure by type of R&D The percentage of expenditure on basic research stands at 17.6%; applied research, 18.9%; and development research, 63.4%. Figure 12 R&D expenditure rate by type of R&D The percentage of spending on basic and applied research has dropped by 0.3%p and 0.2%p each from the previous year, but that on development research has recorded a 0.5%p increase. 10

15 Figure 13 R&D expenditure r ate by type of R&D (major countries) Korea s spending on basic research is relatively higher than major countries The percentage of Korea s R&D expenditure on basic research is higher, except France(24.2%, 2012), than the US of 16.5%(2012), Japan of 12.6%(2013), and UK of 15.5%(2012). * Source : OECD, R&D Statistics 2015 * Total sum of France and Japan is less than 100.0% 11

16 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure R&D Expenditure by Type of Costs Table 1 R&D expenditure by type of costs Of the total R&D expenditure in 2014, the current cost is trillion won and capital cost accounts for trillion won. The current cost is comprised of labor costs of trillion won and others* of trillion won. * Others include raw material cost, direct expenditure, indirect expenditure and other costs except labor costs. The current costs increased by trillion won, 8.0% compared to the previous year and capital cost by billion won, 2.4%. The current costs account for 91.1% of the total R&D expenditure and capital cost takes up 8.9%. This is a 0.4%p rise for current costs, but a 0.4%p drop for capital cost from the previous year. Compared to major countries, the percentage of expenditure on labor costs of Korea is higher than that of Japan(40.9%, 2013), and China(26.7 %, 2013), but lower than that of Germany(57.7%, 2011) and France(62.8%, 2012). Capital cost of Korea is lower than UK(17.9%, 2012) and China(14.1%, 2013), but higher than the US(0.2%, 2012) Current cost Capital cost (Unit : 0.1 billion won, %) R&D exp. 145, , , , , ,988 Labor cost rate(%) (38.3) (39.5) (39.4) (40.7) (41.7) (41.9) Other R&D exp. 198, , , , , ,453 current cost rate(%) (52.2) (50.7) (50.1) (49.0) (48.9) (49.2) Sub total R&D exp. 343, , , , , ,441 rate(%) (90.5) (90.2) (89.5) (89.7) (90.6) (91.1) Machinery R&D exp. 28,622 34,190 38,272 38,495 40,523 42,771 rate(%) (7.5) (7.8) (7.7) (6.9) (6.8) (6.7) Land, R&D exp. 4,609 5,182 10,334 13,615 10,868 9,269 Building rate(%) (1.2) (1.2) (2.1) (2.5) (1.8) (1.5) -Land R&D exp ,310 rate(%) (0.4) R&D exp ,959 -Building rate(%) (1.1) Computer R&D exp. 2,811 3,388 3,840 4,907 4,172 4,861 software rate(%) (0.7) (0.8) (0.8) (0.9) (0.7) (0.8) Sub total R&D exp. 36,042 42,759 52,447 57,018 55,562 56,900 rate(%) (9.5) (9.8) (10.5) (10.3) (9.4) (8.9) Total 379, , , , , ,341 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 12

17 Figure 14 R&D expenditure by type of costs Figure 15 R&D Expenditure rate by type of costs Figure 16 R&D expenditure rate by type of costs (major countries) * The US does not classify current costs into labor cost and other current costs. * Source : OECD, R&D Statistics

18 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure R&D Expenditure of 6Ts IT(Information technology) is the highest among 6Ts in terms of R&D expenditure, which is trillion won. Second highest is NT(Nano technology) of trillion won, followed by ET(Environment technology)of trillion won. Compared to the previous year, IT has risen by trillion won or 8.3%; NT by billion won or 6.9%; and ET by billion won or 8.6%. The percentage of the IT, NT, and ET expenditure is 34.4%, 13.1%, and 10.3% respectively. Table 2 R&D expenditure by 6Ts Compared to the previous year, IT and ET have risen by 0.3%p and 0.1%p each, but NT has dropped by 0.1%p. IT BT NT ST ET CT Others Total (Unit : 0.1 billion won) , , , , , ,391 (32.6) (33.6) (33.7) (34.2) (34.2) (34.4) 30,089 34,591 40,048 42,459 45,043 48,097 (7.9) (7.9) (8.0) (7.7) (7.6) (7.5) 45,994 55,891 62,200 71,193 78,193 83,587 (12.1) (12.7) (12.5) (12.8) (13.2) (13.1) 4,878 5,481 6,809 7,058 7,312 7,088 (1.3) (1.2) (1.4) (1.3) (1.2) (1.1) 34,651 48,196 54,371 59,189 60,359 65,577 (9.1) (11.0) (10.9) (10.7) (10.2) (10.3) 3,574 5,029 5,054 4,525 4,346 4,917 (0.9) (1.1) (1.0) (0.8) (0.7) (0.8) 136, , , , , ,683 (36.0) (32.4) (32.5) (32.6) (32.9) (32.7) 379, , , , , ,341 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 14

19 R&D Expenditure by Technology Type R&D expenditure by technology type of Korea is as follows Electricity & electronics of 27.18%, information & communication of 18.69%, and machinery of 17.34%, taking up 63.20% of the total R&D expenditure. Public research institutes spend the largest amount of R&D expenditure in machinery of 16.33%; universities/colleges in health science of 19.50%; and business enterprises in electricity & electronics of 32.36%. Table R&D expenditure rate by the National S&T Standard Classification System Mathematics Physics Chemistry Earth Science Life Science Agriculture, Fishery & food (Unit : %) Health Science Public Research Ins Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises Total Machinery Materials Chemical Eng. Electricity & Information/ Energy/ Electronics Communication Resources Nuclear Power Public Research Ins Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises Total Environment Construction/Tra nsportation History/ Archeology Philosophy/ Religion Linguistics Literature Cultural/ Arts/Sports Public Research Ins Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises Total Law Politics/Public Administration Economics/ Management Society, Anthropology, Welfare, Woman Human Ecology Geographical/ Region/Tourism Psychology Public Research Ins Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises Total Education Media/Communic ation/library & information Brain Sciences Cognitive/Emotion & Sensibility Sciences S&T and Society Manpower and Infra Public Research Ins Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises Total Total 15

20 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure R&D Expenditure by Socioeconomic Objectives Based on socioeconomic objectives, Korea's R&D expenditure by each sector in 2014 is as follows: The largest amount is devoted to industrial production and technology of 62.93%, followed by transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures of 7.75%, and health of 6.55%, and energy of 6.23%. Business enterprises spend a significant amount of R&D expenses of 74.53% in industrial production and technology, while universities and colleges invest relatively higher share of their R&D expenditure of 24.10% in health. And public research institutes spend heavily on industrial production and technology of 21.27%. Table R&D expenditure rate by each sector and socioeconomic objectives Exploration and Exploitation of the Earth Public Research Ins. Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises (Unit : %) Total Environment Exploration and Exploitation of Space Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures Energy Industrial production and technology Health Agriculture Education Culture, recreation, religion and mass media Political and social systems, structures and processes General advancement of knowledge Defence Total

21 R&D Expenditure by Field of Science In 2014, Korea's R&D expenditure for science and technology accounts for trillion won, and for humanities and social science for trillion won. As for R&D investment in science and technology, engineering and technology takes up trillion won; natural science, trillion won; medical & health science, trillion won, and agriculture science, trillion won. And social science accounts for trillion won, and humanities for billion won. Compared with the previous year, science and technology show an increase of trillion won, or 7.8%, and humanities and social science rose by 6.2 billion won, or 0.3% The share of R&D investment in science and technology is the largest of 96.4%, while humanities and social science takes up 3.6%. Compared with the previous year, science and technology recorded an increase of 0.3%p, but humanities and social science dropped by 0.3%p. (Unit : 0.1 billion won, %) Table 5 R&D expenditure by research field Science and Technology Humanities and Social Sciences Natural Science Engineering & Tech. Medical & Health Science Agricultural Science Sub-total Humanities Social Science Total Sub-total ,598 56,365 64,042 78,096 82,368 88,047 (12.5) (12.9) (12.8) (14.1) (13.9) (13.8) 266, , , , , ,269 (70.3) (69.8) (70.1) (68.8) (68.4) (68.6) 40,095 47,482 54,227 62,553 69,820 75,281 (10.6) (10.8) (10.9) (11.3) (11.8) (11.8) 9,201 10,822 11,419 11,686 12,577 14,048 (2.4) (2.5) (2.3) (2.1) (2.1) (2.2) 363, , , , , ,645 (95.9) (96.0) (96.1) (96.2) (96.2) (96.4) 5,147 5,326 6,935 8,020 9,335 8,915 (1.4) (1.2) (1.4) (1.4) (1.6) (1.4) 10,534 12,273 12,730 12,802 13,299 13,781 (2.8) (2.8) (2.6) (2.3) (2.2) (2.2) 15,681 17,599 19,665 20,822 22,634 22,697 (4.1) (4.0) (3.9) (3.8) (3.8) (3.6) 379, , , , , ,341 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 17

22 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure Table R&D expenditure by sector of performance and research field Science and Technology Humanities and Social Sciences (Unit : 0.1 billion won, %) Public Univ. & Business Research Ins. Colleges Enterprises Total exp. rate exp. rate exp. rate exp. rate Natural Science 10,609 (13.1) 9,113 (15.8) 68,324 (13.7) 88,047 (13.8) Engineering & Tech. 52,092 (64.2) 24,904 (43.2) 360,273 (72.3) 437,269 (68.6) Medical & Health 3,679 (4.5) 11,844 (20.5) 59,758 (12.0) 75,281 (11.8) Science Agricultural Science 6,952 (8.6) 3,452 (6.0) 3,644 (0.7) 14,048 (2.2) Sub-total 73,332 (90.4) 49,313 (85.5) 491,999 (98.7) 614,645 (96.4) Humanities 481 (0.6) 3,238 (5.6) 5,196 (1.0) 8,915 (1.4) Social Science 7,314 (9.0) 5,119 (8.9) 1,349 (0.3) 13,781 (2.2) Sub-total 7,795 (9.6) 8,356 (14.5) 6,545 (1.3) 22,697 (3.6) Total 81,127 (100.0) 57,670 (100.0) 498,545 (100.0) 637,341 (100.0) R&D Expenditure by Region Figure 17 R&D expenditure in Metropolitan and Daejeon areas R&D expenditure of the Seoul Metropolitan Area is trillion won including Gyeonggi of trillion won, Seoul of trillion won, and Incheon of trillion won. Compared with the previous year, Gyeonggi and Sejong have increased by trillion won, or 13.6% and billion won, or % each, but Seoul has dropped by trillion won, or 10.0%. 18

23 Table 7 R&D expenditure by region (Unit : 0.1 billion won, %) Seoul 73,042 82,430 92,313 99, ,027 96,356 Busan 8,111 8,395 9,068 10,306 9,655 11,048 Daegu 5,308 5,900 6,784 8,394 8,212 9,705 Incheon 14,407 16,624 19,832 21,319 21,328 22,829 Gwangju 5,269 5,209 6,901 6,728 5,937 6,798 Daejeon 43,567 50,122 55,700 55,709 59,401 63,330 Ulsan 3,945 4,522 7,475 7,214 7,405 8,153 Sejong ,881 3,925 Gyeonggi 155, , , , , ,330 Gangwon 2,772 2,847 3,400 3,514 3,565 3,705 Chungbuk 6,256 7,829 8,813 9,548 10,598 12,539 Chungnam 21,261 26,866 29,427 25,428 26,282 23,238 Jeonbuk 4,934 5,308 6,560 7,969 8,751 8,705 Jeonnam 3,898 4,826 5,329 5,640 6,456 7,485 Gyeongbuk 15,748 18,286 20,988 21,367 21,355 26,966 Gyeongnam 14,039 15,137 16,492 19,171 20,749 20,620 Jeju 1,095 1,118 1,354 1,209 1,313 1,609 Total 379, , , , , ,341 Figure 18 R&D expenditure rate in Metropolitan and Daejeon areas R&D expenditure of the Seoul Metropolitan Area accounts for 67.4% and Daejeon accounts for 9.9% of the total R&D investments. The percentage of R&D expenditure has decreased by 0.3%p in the Metropolitan area and 0.1%p in Daejeon, but other regions have increased by 0.4%p. 19

24 Ⅱ. Key Figures 1. R&D Expenditure The Flow and Composition of R&D Expenditure Table flow of R&D expenditure by sector of performance (Unit : million won, %) 20 Source Gov. Gov. & Other national sources Other national sources Industry Abroad Total Performance Gov. Govinvested institute National public univ. Sub-total Private univ. Non-profit corp. Total Sub-total Govinvested institute Private company Total Gov. Public Institute Public research institutes Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises Gov. supported Research institute Other nonprofit institute National Large Private univ. public univ. enterprises Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 743,090 5,332, ,488 1,923,548 2,353, ,358 1,256,701 13,058, % 83.4% 66.1% 73.0% 75.2% 2.1% 11.2% 20.5% 1, ,874 24, , , , ,686 1,576, % 11.1% 2.5% 7.0% 5.3% 0.4% 2.9% 2.5% 3,286 5, ,672 6,574 5,459 6, , % 0.1% 0.0% 7.8% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 747,819 6,045, ,889 2,313,471 2,525, ,903 1,585,798 14,869, % 94.6% 68.6% 87.8% 80.7% 2.6% 14.1% 23.3% 66 5, , , , , % 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 5.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% ,664 91,832 23,856 40, , , % 0.8% 9.5% 0.9% 1.3% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% ,201 92,159 29, ,167 1,402 13, , % 0.9% 9.5% 1.1% 6.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 748,585 6,104, ,048 2,343,121 2,735, ,305 1,599,124 15,275, % 95.5% 78.1% 88.9% 87.4% 2.6% 14.2% 24.0% ,907 4,071 19,367 14, ,030 11, , % 1.2% 0.4% 0.7% 0.5% 1.3% 0.1% 1.0% 4, , , , ,023 36,873,881 9,611,851 47,393, % 1.9% 17.8% 9.6% 11.5% 95.5% 85.5% 74.4% 4, , , , ,625 37,359,911 9,623,406 48,008, % 3.1% 18.3% 10.4% 11.9% 96.7% 85.6% 75.3% - 91,988 34,859 19,345 21, ,501 14, , % 3.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% 0.7% 753,142 6,393, ,260 2,635,650 3,131,311 38,617,717 11,236,748 63,734, % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Source of Funds : Government fund = central government+local governments+national and public research institutes+national and public universities+government funded institutions Public fund = private universities+other non-profit corporations Private fund = government investment organizations +private businesses * Beneficiary of the funds : National & public research institutes = National & public pilot research institutes + N&P hospitals Govt.-funded research institutes = central government-funded +local government-funded research institutes Other non-profit organizations = private hospitals+others National & public universities = N&P universities +their affiliated hospitals Private universities = private universities+their affiliated hospitals SMEs = small and medium-sized businesses and venture companies Total

25 2. R&D Personnel Total Number of Researchers The number of Korean researchers totals 437,447 and its R&D personnel including research assistants totals 605,604. Researchers have increased by 27,114, or 6.6% and R&D personnel including research assistants by 36,271, or 6.4% from the previous year. FTE researchers totals 345,463, and FTE R&D personnel totals 430,868. FTE researchers have increased by 23,622 or 7.3% and R&D personnel including research assistants by 29,424 or 7.3% from the previous year. Figure 19 Total number of researchers Figure 20 Total number of R&D personnel 21

26 Ⅱ. Key Figures 2. R&D Personnel The number of FTE researchers of Korea is world s 6 th largest. Figure 21 Total number of researchers(fte) by country China has the largest number of FTE researchers of 1,484,040 as of 2013 and the US comes next with 1,265,064 as of 2012, followed by Japan with 660,489 as of * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators Researchers per Thousand Population /Labor Force Figure 22 Researchers(FTE) per thousand population /labor force (major countries) The number of FTE researchers of Korea per 1,000 labor force in 2014 has risen by 0.6 to 13.0 The number of FTE researchers per 1,000 population has increased by 0.5 to 6.9. Among the major countries, Korea has the largest number of FTE researchers per 1,000 labor force, followed by Japan of 10.0 in 2013, and France of 9.3 in Also the number of FTE researchers per 1,000 population is the highest, followed by Japan of 5.2 in 2013, and by Germany of 4.4 in * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators

27 Researchers by Sector of Performance The number of researchers in business enterprises is 304,808; in public research institutes, 33,322; and in universities and colleges, 99,317. Compared with the previous year, researchers in business enterprises rose by 22,934, or 8.1%; in public research institutes by 2,182, or 7.0%; and in universities and colleges by 1,988, or 2.1%. As for the rate of researchers by sector of performance, business enterprises take up 69.7%, public research institutes 7.6%, and universities/colleges 22.7%. Figure 23 The number of researchers by sector of performance The rate for public research institutes remains the same as the previous year, but that for business enterprises has risen by 1.0%p and that for universities/colleges has dropped by 1.0%p. Figure 24 The rate of researchers by sector of performance 23

28 Ⅱ. Key Figures 2. R&D Personnel The share of FTE researchers in business enterprises of 79.5% is relatively high among the major economies. Other nations with a high percentage of researchers in the business sector are Japan of 73.5% in 2013, China of 62.2% in 2013, France of 60.3% in 2013, and Germany of 56.4% in Figure 25 The rate of researchers(fte) by sector of performance (major countries) Meanwhile, Korea percentage of researchers in universities & colleges of 12.1% is lower than major countries such as UK of 59.3% in 2013, France of 27.9% in 2013, Germany of 27.9% in 2013 and Japan of 20.7% in * Source : OECD, R&D Statistics 2015 Researchers by Degree As for researchers by degree, there are 92,155 researchers with doctorate degrees; 129,409 researchers with master's degrees; 190,415 researchers with bachelor's degrees; and 25,468 researchers with other degrees. The share of researchers with bachelor s degrees has increased sharply by 14,870, or 8.5%, whereas that with doctorate degrees has risen by 3,167, or 3.6% and that with master s degrees has risen by 6,303, or 5.1%. As for the rate of researchers by degree, doctors takes up 21.1%, masters 29.6%, bachelors 43.5%, and others 5.8%. The share of researchers with doctorate and master's degrees has dropped by 0.6%p and 0.4%p each, but that with bachelor s and other degrees has increased by 0.7%p and 0.3%p each. 24

29 Figure 26 The number of researchers by degree Figure 27 The rate of researchers by degree 56,492, or 56.9% of the researchers with doctorate degrees are working at universities and colleges. Universities/colleges and public research institutes record the highest percentage of researchers with doctorate degrees, followed by master s degrees and bachelor s degrees, but business enterprises has the highest percentage of bachelor s degrees, followed by master s degrees and doctorate degrees. Universities/colleges: doctors(56.9%), masters (37.1%), bachelors(4.5%), others(1.5%) Public research institutes: doctors(49.4%), masters(38.4%), bachelors(11.0%), others(1.2%) Business enterprises: doctors(6.3%), masters(26.2%), bachelors(59.8%), others(7.7%) 25

30 Ⅱ. Key Figures 2. R&D Personnel Figure distribution of researchers by sector of performance and degree Researchers by Major Field of Study 387,392 of all researchers in Korea have majored in science and technology, and 50,055 of them in humanities and social science. As for science and technology fields, 298,436 in engineering and 54,772 in natural science and 23,522 in medical & health science. As for humanities and social science fields, 22,870 in humanities and 27,185 in social science. Compared with the previous year, engineering majors have risen by 19,048 or 6.8%; natural science majors by 3,278 or 6.4%; and medical and health science majors by 230 or 1.0%. Compared with the previous year, humanities majors have risen by 2,036 or 9.8% and social science majors by 1,962 or 7.8%. The rate of science and technology majors of all researchers is 88.6%, and that of humanities and social science is 11.4% Compared with the previous year, science and technology majors have dropped by 0.2%p whereas that of humanities and social science have increased by 0.2%p. As for science and technology fields, engineering majors account for 68.2%; natural science majors, 12.5%; and medical & health science majors, 5.4%. As for humanities and social science fields, humanities majors account for 5.2% and social science majors 6.2%. 26

31 Table 9 The number of researchers by major field of study Science and Technology Humanities and Social Sciences Natural Science Engineering & Tech. Medical & Health Science Agricultural Science Sub-total Humanities Social Science Total Sub-total (Unit : person, %) ,687 46,023 48,544 53,654 51,494 54,772 (12.9) (13.3) (12.9) (13.4) (12.5) (12.5) 217, , , , , ,436 (67.4) (67.0) (67.6) (68.2) (68.1) (68.2) 17,227 18,926 20,473 19,945 23,292 23,522 (5.3) (5.5) (5.5) (5.0) (5.7) (5.4) 8,713 9,202 9,841 9,912 10,102 10,662 (2.7) (2.7) (2.6) (2.5) (2.5) (2.4) 285, , , , , ,392 (88.4) (88.5) (88.6) (89.0) (88.8) (88.6) 16,372 17,568 19,633 20,413 20,834 22,870 (5.1) (5.1) (5.2) (5.1) (5.1) (5.2) 21,265 22,280 23,240 23,961 25,223 27,185 (6.6) (6.4) (6.2) (6.0) (6.1) (6.2) 37,637 39,848 42,873 44,374 46,057 50,055 (11.6) (11.5) (11.4) (11.0) (11.2) (11.4) 323, , , , , ,447 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) Table Researchers by sector of performance and major field of study The Percentage of engineering majors working in business enterprises is the highest at 81.2%, which is 247,630. Science and Technology Humanities and Social Sciences Public Research Ins. Univ. & Colleges Business Enterprises (Unit : person, %) Total Num. rate Num. rate Num. rate Num. rate Natural 5,614 (16.8) 14,693 (14.8) 34,465 (11.3) 54,772 (12.5) Science Engineering 17,239 (51.7) 33,567 (33.8) 247,630 (81.2) 298,436 (68.2) & Tech. Medical & 1,868 (5.6) 18,674 (18.8) 2,980 (1.0) 23,522 (5.4) Health Science Agricultural 2,829 (8.5) 4,553 (4.6) 3,280 (1.1) 10,662 (2.4) Science Sub-total 27,550 (82.7) 71,487 (72.0) 288,355 (94.6) 387,392 (88.6) Humanities 570 (1.7) 11,068 (11.1) 11,232 (3.7) 22,870 (5.2) Social Science 5,202 (15.6) 16,762 (16.9) 5,221 (1.7) 27,185 (6.2) Sub-total 5,772 (17.3) 27,830 (28.0) 16,453 (5.4) 50,055 (11.4) Total 33,322 (100.0) 99,317 (100.0) 304,808 (100.0) 437,447 (100.0) 27

32 Ⅱ. Key Figures 2. R&D Personnel Researchers by Gender Figure 29 The number of researchers by gender The number of female researchers in Korea is 80,904 and that of male researchers is 356,543. Compared with the previous year, female researchers have increased by 6,287 or 8.4% and male researchers by 20,827 or 6.2%. The rate of female researchers in Korea stands at 18.5%. Compared with the previous year, female researchers has risen by 0.3%p, being on a constant increase. Figure 30 The number of female researchers (major countries) The rate of female researchers in Korea, which is 18.5%, is still lower than major countries except Japan of 14.6% as of UK records the highest among the surveyed, with 37.8% in 2012, and Germany records 26.8% in 2011 and France 25.6% in * Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators

33 Researchers by Region Table 11 The number of researchers by region 280,252 researchers are working in the Metropolitan areas including 156,871 in Gyeonggi, 107,474 in Seoul and 15,907 in Incheon. Compared with the previous year, Gyeonggi has added 12,896 researchers, a 9.0% increase; Seoul, 2,429, a 2.3% increase; and Incheon, 883, a 5.9% increase. (Unit : person, %) Seoul 86,852 91,193 96, , , ,474 Busan 10,107 10,763 12,237 15,564 13,335 13,632 Daegu 7,592 7,740 8,801 9,673 9,002 10,625 Incheon 11,629 12,767 13,573 14,396 15,024 15,907 Gwangju 6,651 6,788 7,072 7,128 7,182 7,885 Daejeon 25,014 25,277 27,909 28,285 29,806 32,185 Ulsan 3,678 3,982 4,919 5,505 5,600 6,678 Sejong ,551 3,049 Gyeonggi 105, , , , , ,871 Gangwon 4,354 4,818 5,412 5,607 5,594 6,157 Chungbuk 7,803 9,059 10,558 11,029 10,369 11,153 Chungnam 15,878 17,612 17,994 15,548 17,243 16,472 Jeonbuk 6,268 6,743 7,558 7,787 8,157 8,549 Jeonnam 3,093 3,606 3,784 3,838 3,945 4,361 Gyeongbuk 13,302 15,265 15,236 16,057 15,618 17,330 Gyeongnam 13,763 13,377 14,970 15,348 17,355 17,579 Jeju 1,731 2,064 2,332 1,901 1,532 1,540 Total 323, , , , , ,447 Figure 31 The number of researchers in metropolitan area 29

34 Ⅱ. Key Figures 2. R&D Personnel The rate of researchers working at the Metropolitan area takes up 64.1% and that of Daejeon 7.4%. The rate of researchers at the Metropolitan area has dropped by 0.3%p, but that of Daejeon and others has risen by 01.%p and 0.2%p each from the previous year. Figure 32 The rate of researchers in metropolitan area 30

35 3. R&D Activities of Business Enterprise Sector R&D Expenditure Relative to Sales Figure 33 R&D expenditure rate to sales of major industries In 2014, Korean companies' R&D expenditure relative to sales is 2.96%. That of the manufacturing sector is 3.63%, and that of the service sector, 1.97%. In the manufacturing industry, the highest R&D expenditure relative to sales is seen in the sectors of electronic components, computer, radio, television, and communication equipment and apparatuses, which is 8.09%, up by 0.77%p from the previous year. However, the sectors of medical, precision, optical instruments, watches and clocks has dropped to 6.59%, down by 0.43%p from the previous year. In the service industry, the research and development industry shows the highest R&D expenditure rate to sales of 17.74%, but it is a 5.07%p drop from the previous year. 31

36 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector Table 12 R&D expenditure rate to sales by industry (Unit : %) Industry Total Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products Manufacture of wood, paper, printing and reproduction Manufacture of Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products, chemicals and chemical products, Rubber and Plastic Products Manufacture of Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products except pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products Manufacture of Rubber and Plastic Products Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products Manufacture of Basic Metal Products Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Furniture Manufacture of Electronic Components, Computer, Radio, Television and Communication Equipment and Apparatuses Semiconductor and Electronic components Telecommunication and Broadcasting Apparatuses Electronic Video and Audio Equipment Manufacture of Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments, Watches and Clocks Manufacture of electrical equipment Manufacture of Other Machinery and Equipment Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semitrailers Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment Manufacture of Furniture & Other manufacturing Electricity, gas, steam and water supply Sewerage, waste management, materials recovery and remediation activities Construction Services Professional, scientific and technical activities Research and Development *The 9 th Korean Standard Industrial Classification Code is used. 32

37 R&D Expenditure by Industry Among the total R&D expenditure of the business enterprise sector in 2014, R&D investment of the manufacturing industry is trillion won, and that of the service is trillion won. Compared with the previous year, the manufacturing industry has increased by trillion won, 7.5%, and the service industry by 179 billion won, 4.5%. The manufacturing industry takes up 88.9% out of the total R&D investment in the business enterprise sector and the service industry takes up 8.3%. Compared with the previous year, the manufacturing industry has increased by 0.3%p but the service industry has decreased by 0.2%p. This percentage of R&D investment by the sectors of electronic components, computer, radio, television, and communication equipment and apparatuses is 51.9%. However, that of the service industry of Korea remains low at 8.3%, compared to major economies such as the US of 28.6% in 2012, UK of 58.1% in 2012, and France of 46.9% in Figure 34 R&D expenditure rate of major industries 33

38 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector Figure 35 R&D expenditure of major industries Figure 36 R&D expenditure rate of major industries (major countries) * Source : OECD, R&D Statistics

39 Table 13 R&D expenditure by industry (Unit : 0.1 billion won) Industry Total 281, , , , , ,545 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing 243, , , , , ,282 Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products 3,713 3,037 4,034 4,709 4,625 4,890 Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products 1,638 1,669 2,855 3,214 3,638 3,691 Manufacture of wood, paper, printing and reproduction ,205 1,038 1,088 Manufacture of Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products, chemicals and chemical 26,414 32,089 40,725 41,423 47,559 45,062 products, Rubber and Plastic Products Manufacture of Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products 1,373 2,307 3,379 2,716 2,914 2,384 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 21,446 24,715 31,953 33,284 37,397 34,980 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products except pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals 14,548 17,336 23,321 22,839 26,569 23,758 Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products 6,897 7,379 8,632 10,446 10,828 11,222 Manufacture of Rubber and Plastic Products 3,595 5,068 5,392 5,422 7,248 7,698 Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products 2,372 2,081 2,368 3,250 3,169 2,383 Manufacture of Basic Metal Products 5,519 5,586 6,168 7,339 6,195 6,487 Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Furniture 2,910 2,584 5,341 4,990 5,485 5,070 Manufacture of Electronic Components, Computer, Radio, Television and Communication Equipment and Apparatuses 128, , , , , ,506 Semiconductor and Electronic components 97, , , , , ,468 Telecommunication and Broadcasting Apparatuses 27,297 31,923 34,699 38,412 42,317 42,531 Electronic Video and Audio Equipment 2,153 2,254 1,898 2,273 2,350 2,224 Manufacture of Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments, Watches and Clocks 6,942 8,020 9,010 9,781 8,229 8,744 Manufacture of electrical equipment 7,692 8,344 9,197 10,818 10,328 11,140 Manufacture of Other Machinery and Equipment 16,026 18,366 20,627 27,223 26,648 28,240 Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semitrailers 35,325 39,997 45,373 48,935 52,764 58,763 Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment 5,195 5,807 6,235 7,621 7,350 7,603 Manufacture of Furniture & Other manufacturing ,666 1,262 1,361 1,615 Electricity, gas, steam and water supply 2,729 2,940 3,795 4,074 3,227 3,337 Sewerage, waste management, materials recovery and remediation activities Construction 8,493 7,455 9,086 9,883 9,601 9,919 Services 26,537 29,613 33,801 37,771 39,382 41,172 Professional, scientific and technical activities 7,271 7,035 8,414 8,921 10,409 10,531 Research and Development 1,504 1,702 2,609 2,349 3,536 2,983 *The 9th Korean Standard Industrial Classification Code is used. 35

40 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector Number of Researchers by Industry The number of researchers in the manufacturing industry is 236,429, and that of the service industry is 58,187. Compared with the previous year, the manufacturing industry has increased by 17,202 or 7.8% and the service industry by 4,968 or 9.3%. Researchers in the manufacturing industry takes up 77.6%, and those in the service sector accounts for 19.1%. Compared with the previous year, the manufacturing industry has dropped by 0.2%p and that of the service has risen by 0.2%p. Figure 37 The number of researchers by industry Figure 38 The rate of researchers by industry 36

41 Table 14 The number of researchers by industry (Unit : person) Industry Total 210, , , , , ,808 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing 165, , , , , ,429 Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products 3,638 3,491 4,242 5,003 5,005 5,648 Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products 1,823 1,959 3,213 3,629 4,026 4,506 Manufacture of wood, paper, printing and reproduction ,176 1,298 1,500 Manufacture of Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products, chemicals and chemical 19,988 21,621 24,252 26,821 27,954 29,148 products, Rubber and Plastic Products Manufacture of Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 16,728 17,630 19,433 21,908 22,489 23,226 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products except pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals 11,865 12,510 14,041 15,689 16,194 16,834 Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products 4,863 5,120 5,392 6,219 6,295 6,392 Manufacture of Rubber and Plastic Products 2,819 3,336 4,108 4,245 4,752 5,225 Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products 1,438 1,595 1,843 2,009 2,008 2,071 Manufacture of Basic Metal Products 2,164 2,137 2,679 3,017 3,024 3,021 Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Furniture 3,799 3,773 4,595 5,236 5,281 6,267 Manufacture of Electronic Components, Computer, Radio, Television and Communication Equipment and Apparatuses 75,304 83,803 89,703 93,716 93,269 99,608 Semiconductor and Electronic components 51,361 52,499 59,583 64,588 65,469 64,719 Telecommunication and Broadcasting Apparatuses 19,904 19,270 20,626 21,110 23,968 24,572 Electronic Video and Audio Equipment 3,049 2,054 2,085 2,244 2,420 2,185 Manufacture of Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments, Watches and Clocks 7,081 7,724 8,104 9,162 9,129 10,079 Manufacture of electrical equipment 7,100 7,285 8,361 10,313 10,565 11,421 Manufacture of Other Machinery and Equipment 14,951 15,737 18,195 21,098 21,971 23,738 Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semitrailers 20,890 22,191 24,724 27,582 28,261 30,842 Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment 5,546 5,373 5,608 6,033 5,729 6,648 Manufacture of Furniture & Other manufacturing 836 1,050 2,089 1,551 1,707 1,932 Electricity, gas, steam and water supply ,000 1,008 1,035 1,090 Sewerage, waste management, materials recovery and remediation activities Construction 6,272 6,317 6,861 7,755 7,720 8,378 Services 37,430 39,963 43,481 50,270 53,219 58,187 Professional, scientific and technical activities 9,735 9,857 11,398 11,936 12,965 14,181 Research and Development 1,878 1,819 2,743 2,390 2,611 2,845 *The 9th Korean Standard Industrial Classification Code is used. 37

42 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector R&D Activity by Company Type R&D expenditure of Korean large corporations in 2014 is trillion won and that of small & medium-sized businesses is trillion won and that of venture businesses is trillion won. Compared with the previous year, large corporations have risen by trillion won, 7.9%. Small & medium-sized businesses and venture businesses have increased as well by 82.4 billion won or 1.4% and billion won or 7.6% respectively. Figure 39 R&D expenditure by company type Figure 40 R&D expenditure rate by company type Large corporations account for 77.5%, and Small & medium-sized businesses, 11.9% and venture businesses, 10.6%. The rate of venture businesses remains almost the same with the previous year, but that of large corporations have risen by 0.6%p, and small & medium-sized businesses have fallen by 0.7%p. 38

43 R&D expenditure relative to sales of large corporation is 2.87%; that of small & medium sized corporations, 2.48%; and that of venture businesses is 5.51%. R&D expenditure relative to sales of large corporations has risen by 0.21%p, but that of small & medium sized corporations and that of venture business have dropped by 0.22%p and 0.37%p respectively. Figure 41 R&D expenditure rate relative to sales by company type Researchers working at large corporations total 157,430, and those at small & medium sized corporations, 77,596 and those at venture businesses, 69,782. Compared with the previous year, researchers at large corporations have increased by 10,307 or 7.0%; those at small & medium sized corporations, 5,612, or 7.8%; and those at venture businesses by 7,015 or 11.2%. Researchers at large corporations take up 51.6%, and those at small & medium sized corporations 25.5% and those at venture businesses 22.9%. Compared with the previous year, researchers at large corporations and small & medium sized corporations have decreased by 0.5%p and 0.1%p each, but those at venture businesses have increased by 0.6%p. 39

44 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector Figure 42 The number of researchers by company type Figure 43 The rate of researchers by company type 40

45 R&D Intensity of Business Enterprises Figure R&D intensity of the top sales companies Intensity of the nation s top 5 companies with the highest sales in terms of their R&D expenditure, number of researchers, and doctoral researchers has eased, but that of top 20 companies have gotten stronger in terms of R&D expenditure and doctoral researchers. Top 5 companies account for 33.5% of the total R&D expenditure of business enterprises, and employ 18.4% of the total researchers and 29.6% of doctoral researchers. Top 10 companies account for 44.1% of the total R&D expenditure of business enterprises, and employ 24.2% of the total researchers and 36.3% of doctoral researchers. Top 20 companies account for 51.6% of the total R&D expenditure of business enterprises, and employ 28.9% of the total researchers and 45.3% of doctoral researchers. Table 15 R&D Intensity of Korea s top sales companies by year R&D Expenditure Researcher Doctoral Researcher (unit : %) Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top

46 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector The survey results indicate that Korea's top sales companies are actively investing in R&D. Figure 45 R&D expenditure rate to sales of the top sales companies The top 5 companies 2014 R&D expenditure rate to sales of 5.34% is higher than the average R&D expenditure of the total business enterprises of 2.96% and has risen by 0.43%p from the previous year, and Analysis of R&D intensity by item* shows that intensity of largest R&D spending companies has been on a steady rise since Intensity of top 5 R&D spending companies is 46.2%; that of top 10 R&D spending companies, 52.1%; and that of top 20 R&D spending companies, 57.1%. They have risen by 1.0%p, 1.5%p and 1.6%p respectively from the previous year. * R&D intensity by item, different from R&D intensity of the top sales companies, refers to R&D intensity rate of the largest spending companies in terms of R&D expenditure, the number of researchers and doctoral researchers. Figure 46 R&D expenditure intensity of the top companies 42

47 In terms of the number of researchers, intensity of the top 5 companies account for 24.9%; that of the top 10 companies 28.8%; and that of the top 20 companies 32.3%, which have decreased by 1.4%p, 1.0%p, and 0.9%p respectively from the previous year. Figure 47 Researcher intensity of the top companies In terms of the number of doctoral researchers, intensity of the top 5 companies account for 37.1%; that of the top 10 companies 45.4%; and that of the top 20 companies 51.5% Figure 48 Doctoral researcher intensity of the top companies Notably, more than half of doctoral researchers are working at the top 20 companies. 43

48 Ⅱ. Key Figures 3. R&D Activities of the Business Enterprise Sector R&D Expenditure by Type of Usage As for R&D expenditure by type of usage, Korean business enterprises have invested trillion won in developing new products; trillion won in upgrading existing products; trillion won in developing new processes; and trillion won in upgrading existing processes. Compared with the previous year, investment in new products has risen by billion won or 4.6%; existing products by trillion won or 9.9%; new processes by billion won or 4.7%; existing processes by billion won, or 13.7%. The rate of R&D expenditure in developing new products takes up 42.8%; that of upgrading existing products, 22.6%; that of developing new processes, 19.6%; and that of upgrading existing processes, 14.9%. R&D investment for new products and new processes has dropped by 1.0%p and 0.4%p respectively compared with the previous year. R&D investment for existing products and existing processes has risen by 0.6%p and 0.9%p respectively compared with the previous year. Table 16 R&D expenditure by type of usage New product Existing product New process Existed process (Unit : 0.1 billion won, %) , , , , , ,582 (47.6) (46.9) (45.3) (44.4) (43.8) (42.8) 60,048 70,473 89, , , ,773 (21.3) (21.5) (23.5) (23.2) (22.0) (22.6) 51,393 60,292 69,891 80,530 93,333 97,709 (18.2) (18.4) (18.3) (18.6) (20.0) (19.6) 36,033 43,421 49,313 59,409 65,522 74,480 (12.8) (13.2) (12.9) (13.7) (14.1) (14.9) 44

49