GAINS SLOW. Salary. Advocate. NEA Higher Education ROAD THE

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1 NEA Higher Education Advocate VOL. 33, NO. 2 MAY 2017 THE SPECIAL SALARY ISSUE 2017 SLOW THE Salary ROAD TO GAINS Feeling rich? Probably (most definitely) not, but average salaries for full-time faculty are improving. The most recent U.S. faculty salary data, presented to NEA Higher Ed members in this special salary issue of the NEA Higher Education Advocate, show that full-time constant dollar faculty salaries are closing in on 2008 pre-recession levels. 1 In 2015, after three years of successive increases, constant dollar salaries were less than $100 from levels. But an in-depth look at the data, which you ll find in these pages, reflects a more nuanced picture of faculty salaries. Yes, full-time faculty salaries have almost recovered to pre-recessionary levels. But different ranks are faring better others. Professors are seeing improvements; instructors are not. And the gender gap? Color us red: It s still there. 1 Longitudinal salary analyses are conducted in constant dollars to adjust for inflation Illustration: Shutterstock

2 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS By Monika Arntz, Sue Clery, and Abby Miller of Coffey Consulting LLC, in partnership with NEA Research n , the average annual salary for all faculty at public institutions was $78,874. For those at private institutions, it was $90,206. Across all ranks and institutions, the highest paid faculty were full professors at private four-year institutions, with an average salary of $128,034. Their counterparts at public four-year institutions followed at $116,177. Figure 1 (below) shows the trend on faculty purchasing power from to , while Figure 2 (next page) shows average faculty salaries over the past two years. At both public and private institutions, faculty saw 3 percent and 2 percent increases last year, respectively. Among the various ranks and institutions, lecturers at community colleges saw the largest increase in average salaries between and (12 percent, compared with a 9 percent increase the previous year). This was followed by an 11 percent increase among no rank faculty at public four-year institutions, a group that had suffered a 2 percent decline the previous year. Figure 3 (next page) shows the percent change in full-time faculty salaries between and State Appropriations and Enrollment Shifts State funding for higher education often drives faculty salaries. Not surprisingly, the recent increase in faculty salaries is mirrored by a continued, although modest, increase in state higher education appropriations. Across the U.S., state funding increased an average of 2.7 percent from fiscal year (FY) 2016 to FY2017, compared with a 4.1 percent average increase from FY2015 to FY2016. Between FY2016 and FY2017, ten states showed a decline in higher education appropriations, roughly the same number as the previous year. Map 1 on pg. 4 shows the percentage change in higher education appropriations between and , while Map 2 on pg. 5 shows the percentage change between and Wyoming, which experienced the largest decrease in state funding, nearly a 9 percent decline, actually had a large increase the previous year, 11 percent. An additional seven states showed increases of less than one percent between FY2016 to FY2017. The largest increases were in Hawaii and Virginia, 11 percent and 10 percent, respectively. Both are states that also showed increases the previous year. State higher education funding represented 10 percent of all state funding in FY FIGURE 1. PURCHASING POWER OF FULL-TIME FACULTY, BY ACADEMIC RANK: FY08 TO FY15 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 0 Professor All Ranks Associate Assistant Instructor Lecturer No Rank SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Salary Survey, various years. 2 State Expenditure Report: Examining Fiscal State Spending, National Association of State Budget Offices. See: 2

3 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS FIGURE 2. AVERAGE SALARIES OF FULL-TIME, 9-10-MONTH CONTRACT FACULTY, BY ACADEMIC RANK AND INSTITUTIONAL TYPE, AND $150,000 $120,000 Public Private $90,000 $60,000 $30,000 0 Ave. Prof. Assoc. Asst. Inst. Lect. No Rank Ave. Prof. Assoc. Asst. Inst. Lect. No Rank 2-YEAR 4-YEAR AVE. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Salary Survey, and NOTE: There are very few private 2-year institutions; data are not reported here as the results are difficult to interpret. FIGURE 3. PERCENT CHANGE IN FULL-TIME, 9/10-MONTH FACULTY SALARIES, BY ACADEMIC RANK AND INSTITUTIONAL TYPE, TO % 10% n Public n Private 8% 6% 4% 2% 0 Ave. Prof. Assoc. Asst. Inst. Lect. No Rank Ave. Prof. Assoc. Asst. Inst. Lect. No Rank 2-YEAR 4-YEAR AVE. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Salary Survey, and NOTE: There are very few private 2-year institutions; data are not reported here as the results are difficult to interpret. 3

4 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS MAP 1. PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN HIGHER EDUCATION APPROPRIATIONS BY STATE: 2015 TO OR +16.2% CA +7.1% WA +12.0% NV +10.5% ID +4.4% UT +5.1% AZ -14.0% MT +3.5% WY +11.2% CO +11.1% NM +2.6% ND +9.0% SD +2.1% NE +4.1% KS -1.2% TX +8.7% OK -3.1% MN +6.0% IA +0.2% MO +0.4% WI -8.1% AR -0.4% LA +5.9% IL* MS +2.9% MI +2.3% IN +5.7% TN +3.8% AL +1.8% OH +4.8% KY +0.1% WV -3.8% PA -0.7% VA +2.9% NC +4.8% SC +5.8% GA +3.6% FL +3.6% VT -0.9% NY +1.2% ME +4.8% NH +0.6% MA +2.1% CT +7.3% RI +4.8% NJ -0.1% MD +0.7% DE +1.5% AK -6.1% : HI +5.5% SOURCE: GRAPEVINE: An Annual Compilation of Data on State Fiscal Support for Higher Education. llinois State University. Summary Tables, Fiscal Year (FY) *Percent changes are not reported for Illinois, because FY17 funding for Illinois has not yet been finalized. The FY17 budget passed by the Illinois legislature allocated monies to higher education through December 2016 only. These stopgap funds may or may not be augmented by future legislative actions. 4

5 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS BETWEEN 2016 AND 2017, OVERALL STATE FUNDING INCREASED AN AVERAGE OF 2.7% WITH TEN STATE SHOWING AN DECLINE. MAP 2. PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN HIGHER EDUCATION APPROPRIATIONS BY STATE: 2016 TO OR +5.0% CA +2.5% WA +6.1% NV +6.0% ID +9.9% UT +4.9% AZ +4.7% MT +1.6% WY -8.8% CO +0.2% NM -4.8% ND +3.4% SD +9.3% NE +3.4% KS +0.3% TX +2.5% OK -7.6% MN +0.7% IA +0.7% MO +5.2% WI +0.2% AR +1.1% MS -4.2% LA -7.2% IL* MI +2.8% IN +0.3% TN +5.6% AL +4.5% OH +3.5% KY -0.5% PA +2.8% WV VA -0.4% +10.3% NC +3.9% SC +6.7% GA +5.2% FL +4.8% VT +1.7% NY +2.8% ME +4.8% NH -0.6% MA +3.4% CT -4.1% RI +5.3% NJ +0.7% MD +5.5% DE +2.1% AK -6.9% HI +10.5% SOURCE: GRAPEVINE: An Annual Compilation of Data on State Fiscal Support for Higher Education. Illinois State University. Summary Tables, Fiscal Year (FY) *Percent changes are not reported for Illinois, because FY17 funding for Illinois has not yet been finalized. The FY17 budget passed by the Illinois legislature allocated monies to higher education through December 2016 only. These stopgap funds may or may not be augmented by future legislative actions. 5

6 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS As economies strengthen, people often return to the labor force and college enrollments tend to decline. Reflecting continued economic recovery, enrollments declined in 2015 for the fifth straight year. Between 2014 and 2015, full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollments decreased at a higher rate than in the past five years: -1.6 percent, compared with -0.2 percent last year and -0.7 percent in , the first post-recession year. Community colleges experienced the largest decline in enrollment, 3 percent, while private comprehensives experienced a large increase, 9 percent. Figure 4 (below) shows the percent change in equivalent fall enrollment by institution type. While full-time faculty appear to be realizing modest salary gains, faculty are increasingly less likely to be tenured. Between 2013 and 2015, the total number of faculty increased by 4 percent, while the number of faculty with tenure decreased by 4 percent. Faculty at public four-year institutions experienced a 5 percent increase in number of positions, and only a slight increase of tenured positions, 1 percent. Private institutions decreased their number of tenured faculty significantly over the two years, by 7 percent. Figure 5 (below) shows the percentage change in numbers of full-time faculty at different types of institutions. FIGURE 4. PERCENT CHANGE IN FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT FALL ENROLLMENT, BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE, 2014 TO FIGURE 5. PERCENT CHANGE IN FULL-TIME, 9/10-MONTH CONTRACT FACULTY AND FACULTY TENURED, BY INSTITUTION TYPE, 2013 TO % 8% 6% 4% 2% n Public n Private Full-time Faculty Tenured Faculty Total 4% -4% 2-Year Public 2% -1% 4-Year Public 5% 1% Private 3% -7% SOURCE: NCES, IPEDS, Salery Survey, , % -4% Total Doctoral SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Fall Enrollment Survey, Fall 2014 and Fall

7 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS Graduate Assistants During the last year, while institutions increased the number of nontenured faculty, they also increased the number of graduate assistants. The increased utilization of graduate assistants reflects higher education s increasing reliance on a contingent work force. In just one year, the number of graduate assistants increased by 10 percent, totaling 370,000 graduate assistants in The majority of graduate employees were teaching or research assistants: 50 percent and 37 percent, respectively. The remaining 13 percent support library, healthcare, computer/ engineering, community service/ legal, business/financial operations, and management. While there was an increase in teaching and research assistants, smaller groups of graduateassistants working in other areas experienced larger relative growth in the number of positions. Those working in library and instructional support; community service, legal, arts, and media; and management increased by 21 to 23 percent. Figure 6 (below) shows the number of graduate employees, and their percent change between Fall 2014 and Fall 2015, in a variety of fields. Interestingly, the number of graduate assistants working in an instructional capacity grew by nearly 16,000 in one year, or 9 percent, while the number of faculty positions increased by only FIGURE 6. NUMBER OF GRADUATE ASSISTANTS AND PERCENT CHANGE, BY OCCUPATION: FALL 2014 AND FALL Fall 2014 Fall 2015 Change Total 336, , % Teaching 167, , % Research 125, , % Library and Instructional Support 9,734 11, % Healthcare Practitioners and Technical 8,918 9, % Computer, Engineering, and Science 8,067 8, % Community Service, Legal, Arts, and Media 6,503 7, % Business and Financial Operations 5,619 6, % Management 4,277 5, % SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, HR Survey Fall 2014 and Fall

8 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS FIGURE 7. AVERAGE STIPENDS AND NUMBER OF 9/10 MONTH GRADUATE ASSISTANTS AT PUBLIC LAND GRANT INSTITUTIONS, BY DISCIPLINE, AND Average Graduate Average Graduate Discipline Stipend Assistants Stipend Assistants Physical Sciences $17,961 6,372 $18,512 8,060 Biological Sciences/Life Sciences $17,345 4,150 $17,858 5,094 Mathematics $17,312 2,404 $17,834 2,946 Health Professions And Related Sciences $16,554 1,469 $17,733 2,148 Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies $15, $17, Engineering $16,240 8,967 $17,249 12,815 Computer And Information Sciences $16,141 1,319 $16,901 1,988 All Fields $15,141 55,167 $16,198 71,979 Protective Services * * $16, All Fields-Without Medical $15,093 53,608 $16,144 69,752 Transportation & Materials Moving Workers * * $16, Public Administration And Services $12, $16, Agricultural Business And Production $15,356 1,947 $15,939 2,817 Social Sciences And History $14,749 2,920 $15,814 3,620 Psychology $14,079 2,549 $15,452 2,788 Parks, Recreation, Leisure, & Fitness Studies $13, $15, Conservation & Renewable Natural Resources $15,203 1,074 $15,293 1,238 Foreign Languages And Literatures $14,258 1,251 $15,278 1,383 Liberal Arts & Sciences, General Studies, & Humanities $12, $15, Philosophy And Religion $13, $15, Home Economics $13, $14,857 1,091 Area, Ethnic, And Cultural Studies $13, $14, English Language And Literature/Letters $14,166 2,394 $14,696 2,759 Communications $14, $14,401 1,137 Business Management & Administrative Services $12,979 2,261 $14,368 2,703 Education $12,410 2,053 $14,159 2,647 Engineering-Related Technologies $12, $13, Library Science * * $12, Visual And Performing Arts $11,029 2,533 $12,119 3,355 Architecture And Related Programs $11, $11, Law And Legal Studies $6, $9, Note: Ranked In descending order according to Salary. Source: Oklahoma State University (2014). Graduate Assistant Stipend Survey, and OSU: Stillwater, OK, 2011,

9 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS about 1,400 over the year. This highlights institutions increased reliance on instructors who are not full-time faculty. Data from Oklahoma State University s Graduate Assistant Stipend Survey showed that graduate employees working on 9/10- month contracts at public land-grant universities were paid an average stipend of just over $16,000 in , a 7 percent increase since At land-grant institutions, use of graduate employees expanded significantly between and by 30 percent, to about 72,000 in Figure 7 (on the previous page) shows the average stipends for graduate assistants at land-grant institutions, as well as their numbers, by discipline for and Stipends awarded to graduate employees varied substantially by discipline. Although law and legal studies showed the largest increase, 50 percent since , these graduate employees remained the lowest paid in , at just under $10,000 per year; this is noteworthy because faculty teaching in law and legal studies are among the highest paid faculty. Graduate employees in STEM fields were among the highest paid as are faculty in these disciplines with those in physical sciences paid the most in , $18,500. (See Figure 7.) Joining the top group in terms of numbers were graduate assistants in multi/interdisciplinary studies, which increased in numbers by 31 percent over the four years; multi/ interdisciplinary studies graduate employees also increased their average stipends by 14 percent over the same time. Graduate employees working in public administration experienced increases in their stipends (28 percent, and their number of positions, 33 percent), as did those in the engineering-related technologies (15 percent and 201 percent, respectively). (See Figure 7.) 160, , , ,186 36% 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 New Hires Institutions hired a total of 145,745 new full-time faculty and staff in 2015, of which 30 percent were instructional staff. While the number of new hires increased since 2013, the percentage of new hires that were faculty decreased slightly, 6 percent overall. Faculty at each institutional type experienced declines in their representation of new hires. Figure 8 (below) shows the number of new full-time staff hires, as well as the percent that are faculty, by institutional type. FIGURE 8: NUMBER OF NEW HIRE FULL-TIME STAFF AND PERCENT OF NEW HIRES THAT ARE FACULTY, BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE: 2013 AND ,745 30% 44% 39% 13,075 13,559 Full Time New Hire 37% 31% 75,226 70, TOTAL PUBLIC 2 YEAR PUBLIC 4 YEAR PRIVATE Source: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Staff Survey, 2015 Instructional Staff 35% 56,960 50,092 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 26% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2 Oklahoma State University, Graduate Assistant Stipend Survey, and OSU: Stillwater, OK, 2012 and Based on Coffey Consulting, LLC analysis of U.S. Department of Education, IPEDS Human Resources data, various years. 9

10 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS Generally, new hires comprise about 6 percent of all full-time faculty at postsecondary institutions. Figure 9 (below) shows the percentage of new tenured or tenure-track faculty by institution in 2013 and Across institutions, the percentage of new faculty hired with tenure or on-tenure-track held steady at 45 percent for the two most recent years of data available, 2013 and Noteworthy is the fact that community colleges saw an increase in the share of faculty new hires with tenure or on-tenure-track, increasing seven percentage points, from 37 percent to 44 percent. (See Figure 9.) FIGURE 9: PERCENTAGE OF NEW FACULTY HIRES WITH TENURE OR ON TENURE TRACK, BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE: 2013 AND % 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 45% 45% 37% 44% 50% 49% 40% 38% Because new hires comprise a relatively small share of all faculty, this change in hiring patterns between 2013 and 2015 had no effect on the distribution of tenure. However, if this is an ongoing trend, increasing shares of tenured or ontenure-track faculty may be seen in community colleges in the future. Both public four-year and private institutions experienced very slight decreases of tenured or on-tenuretrack faculty, one percentage point each. Public four-year institutions were more likely to hire faculty into tenured or on-track positions in 2015 (50 percent), compared with other sectors (44 percent in public twoyear and 38 percent in private institutions). For a look at new hires by occupation, this includes instructional staff, administrative support, and others, in 2012 and 2015, see Figure 10 (below). 2013/ / / /2015 TOTAL PUBLIC 2 YEAR PUBLIC 4 YEAR PRIVATE FIGURE 10. NUMBER OF NEW HIRES BY OCCUPATION, PERCENTAGE CHANGE: 2012 AND Change TAll full-time new hires 106, , % Instructional staff 35,406 43, % Research 5,151 7, % Public service 667 1, % Library and Student and Academic Affairs and Other Education Services 4,447 8, % Management Occupations 7,574 9, % Business and Financial Operations 6,274 9, % Computer, Engineering, and Science 10,128 11, % Community, Social Service, Legal, Arts,Design, Entertainment, Sports and Media 7,500 11, % Healthcare Practioners and Technical 5,990 9, % Service 9,279 11, % Office and Administrative Support 11,941 18, % Other (Sales, Construction/Maintenance, Production/Transportation) 2,379 3, % SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Staff Survey,

11 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS Women Faculty The salary advantage for men over women persisted at similar levels in and , across institutional type. In , women earned an average of 84 percent and 81 percent of men s salaries at public and private institutions, respectively. This represented a less than one percentage point change since the previous year in both sectors. See Figure 11 (below) for average salaries by gender, and the ratio of women s salaries to men s, by institutional type. Women have made the most progress at community colleges, where they earned 97 percent of men s salaries. However, this sector is heavily reliant on contingent and lower-paid faculty. Men continued to have the largest advantage at doctoral institutions, where faculty are most likely to be tenured and more highly-paid. In , women teaching in doctoral institutions earned only 81 percent and 78 percent of men s salaries at public and private institutions, respectively. See Figure 12 (next page) for average salaries for men and women by institutional type and gender for FIGURE 11. AVERAGE SALARIES FOR FACULTY 9/10-MONTH CONTRACTS BY GEN- DER, AND RATIO OF WOMEN S SALARIES TO MEN S, BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE: AND Womens Mens Womens Mens Women/ Salary Salary Salary Salary Men 2-Year Public 62,714 65,113 64,354 66,606 97% Liberal Arts Public* 64,477 71,963 64,764 71,980 90% Liberal Arts Private 69,416 75,725 70,944 76,459 93% Comprehensive Public 66,700 73,359 67,479 73,958 91% Comprehensive Private 65,924 71,870 67,045 73,029 92% Doctoral Public 74,505 92,471 76,562 94,647 81% Doctoral Private 84, ,132 85, ,524 78% Average Public 69,405 83,170 71,291 85,233 84% Average Private 77,718 95,736 79,361 97,989 81% *Due to the low number of public liberal arts (62), these results should be interpreted with caution. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Salary Survey, &

12 THE SLOW ROAD TOSalary GAINS FIGURE 12. AVERAGE SALARIES FOR 9/10-MONTH FACULTY, BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE AND GENDER, n Men n Women More on the Internet Average Private Average Public Doctoral Private Doctoral Public Comprehensive Private Comprehensive Public Liberal Arts Private Liberal Arts Public* 2-Year Private 2-Year Public $0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 *Due to the low number of public liberal arts (62), these results should be interpreted with caution. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, IPEDS, Salary Survey & The NEA Almanac of Higher Education provides an analysis of 20-year trends in faculty salaries and related topics: home/70231.htm For federal sources, including IPEDS: The American Association of University Professors Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession also is a good source. research/ The College and University Professional Association for Human Resources (CUPA HR) provides a number of salary reports based on their own college survey. asp The Chronicle of Higher Education publishes Fact Files, a compilation of data from various higher education agencies and collectors of information relating to higher education. Grapevine, at the Center for the Study of Education Policy at Illinois State University, annually compiles data related to state tax appropriations for higher education general operating expenses. 12

13 2016 Salary Review Faculty Salary Report The institutional faculty salary report provides salary and compensation information for the 1,570 public institutions in NEA s faculty salary universe. The data are organized by state, institutional type, and control. The data are provided by the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System s Preliminary Salary Data for The detailed data reported are for faculty on 9/10 month contracts only. Changes in average faculty salaries are reported only for institutions responding to the NCES Salary Surveys in both and All dollar amounts are reported in thousands of dollars. ALAMA Alabama Southern Community College Bevill State Community College Bishop State Community College Central Alabama Community College Chattahoochee Valley Community College Enterprise State Community College Gadsden State Community College George C Wallace State Community College Dothan George C Wallace State Community College Hanceville George C Wallace State Community College Selma H Councill Trenholm State Community College J F Drake State Community and Technical College J F Ingram State Technical College James H Faulkner State Community College Jefferson Davis Community College Jefferson State Community College John C Calhoun State Community College Lawson State Community College Birmingham Campus Lurleen B Wallace Community College Marion Military Institute Northeast Alabama Community College Northwest Shoals Community College Reid State Technical College Shelton State Community College Snead State Community College Southern Union State Community College Athens State University University of Montevallo University of North Alabama University of West Alabama Alabama A & M University Alabama State University Auburn University

14 Auburn University at Montgomery Jacksonville State University The University of Alabama Troy University University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Alabama in Huntsville University of South Alabama ALASKA - University of Alaska Southeast University of Alaska Anchorage University of Alaska Fairbanks ARIZONA Arizona Western College Central Arizona College Chandler Gilbert Community College Cochise County Community College District Coconino Community College Eastern Arizona College Estrella Mountain Community College GateWay Community College Glendale Community College Mesa Community College Mohave Community College Northland Pioneer College Paradise Valley Community ollege Phoenix College Pima Community College Rio Salado College Scottsdale Community College South Mountain Community College Yavapai College University of Arizona South Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix Arizona State University Polytechnic Arizona State University Skysong Arizona State University Tempe Arizona State University West Northern Arizona University University of Arizona ARKANSAS Arkansas Northeastern College Arkansas State University Mid South Arkansas State University Beebe Arkansas State University Mountain Home Arkansas State University Newport Black River Technical College College of the Ouachitas Cossatot Community College of the University of Arkansas East Arkansas Community College National Park Community College North Arkansas College NorthWest Arkansas Community College Ozarka College Phillips Community College of the University of Arkansas Pulaski Technical College Rich Mountain Community College South Arkansas Community College Southeast Arkansas College Southern Arkansas University Tech University of Arkansas Community College Batesville University of Arkansas Community College Hope University of Arkansas Community College Morrilton

15 Henderson State University Southern Arkansas University Main Campus University of Arkansas at Monticello University of Arkansas Fort Smith Arkansas State University Main Campus Arkansas Tech University University of Arkansas University of Arkansas at Little Rock University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences University of Central Arkansas CALIFORNIA Allan Hancock College American River College Antelope Valley College Bakersfield College Barstow Community College Berkeley City College Butte College Cabrillo College Canada College Cerritos College Cerro Coso Community College Chabot College Chaffey College Citrus College City College of San Francisco Coastline Community College College of Alameda College of Marin College of San Mateo College of the Canyons College of the Desert College of the Redwoods College of the Sequoias College of the Siskiyous Columbia College Contra Costa College Copper Mountain Community College Cosumnes River College Crafton Hills College Cuesta College Cuyamaca College Cypress College De Anza College Diablo Valley College East Los Angeles College East San Gabriel Valley Regional Occupational Program El Camino College Compton Center El Camino Community College District Evergreen Valley College Feather River Community College District Folsom Lake College Foothill College Fresno City College Fullerton College Gavilan College Glendale Community College Golden West College Grossmont College Hacienda La Puente Adult Education Hartnell College Imperial Valley College Irvine Valley College Lake Tahoe Community College Laney College Las Positas College Lassen Community College Long Beach City College Los Angeles City College Los Angeles Community College District Office Los Angeles County College of Nursing and Allied Health Los Angeles Harbor College Los Angeles Mission College Los Angeles Pierce College

16 Los Angeles Southwest College Los Angeles Trade Technical College Los Angeles Valley College Los Medanos College Mendocino College Merced College Merritt College MiraCosta College Mission College Modesto Junior College Monterey Peninsula College Moorpark College Moreno Valley College Mt San Antonio College Mt San Jacinto Community College District Napa Valley College Norco College Ohlone College Orange Coast College Oxnard College Palo Verde College Palomar College Pasadena City College Porterville College Reedley College Rio Hondo College Riverside City College Sacramento City College Saddleback College San Bernardino Valley College San Diego City College San Diego Mesa College San Diego Miramar College San Joaquin Delta College San Jose City College Santa Ana College Santa Barbara City College Santa Monica College Santa Rosa Junior College Santiago Canyon College Shasta College Sierra College Skyline College Solano Community College Southwestern College Taft College Ventura College Victor Valley College West Hills College Coalinga West Hills College Lemoore West Los Angeles College West Valley College Woodland Community College Yosemite Community College District Office Yuba College The California Maritime Academy California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California State University Bakersfield California State University Channel Islands California State University Chico California State University Dominguez Hills California State University Monterey Bay California State University San Marcos Humboldt State University Sonoma State University California State Polytechnic University Pomona California State University East Bay California State University Fresno California State University Fullerton California State University Long Beach California State University Los Angeles California State University Northridge California State University Sacramento

17 California State University San Bernardino California State University Stanislaus San Diego State University San Francisco State University San Jose State University University of California Berkeley University of California Davis University of California Irvine University of California Los Angeles University of California Merced University of California Riverside University of California San Diego University of California Santa Barbara University of California Santa Cruz University of California System Administration Central Office Colorado State University Global Campus Colorado State University Pueblo Fort Lewis College Metropolitan State University of Denver Western State Colorado University Adams State University Colorado Mesa University Colorado School of Mines Colorado State University Fort Collins University of Colorado Boulder University of Colorado Colorado Springs University of Colorado Denver/ Anschutz Medical Campus University of Northern Colorado COLORADO Aims Community College Arapahoe Community College Colorado Mountain College Colorado Northwestern Community College Community College of Aurora Community College of Denver Front Range Community College Lamar Community College Morgan Community College Northeastern Junior College Otero Junior College Pikes Peak Community College Pueblo Community College Red Rocks Community College Trinidad State Junior College United States Air Force Academy CONNECTICUT Asnuntuck Community College Capital Community College Gateway Community College Housatonic Community College Manchester Community College Middlesex Community College Naugatuck Valley Community College Northwestern Connecticut Community College Norwalk Community College Quinebaug Valley Community College Three Rivers Community College Tunxis Community College Eastern Connecticut State University Central Connecticut State University

18 Southern Connecticut State University University of Connecticut Western Connecticut State University DELAWARE Delaware Technical Community College Central Office Delaware Technical Community College Terry Delaware State University University of Delaware DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA University of the District of Columbia FLORIDA Broward College Chipola College College of Central Florida Daytona State College Eastern Florida State College Florida Gateway College Florida Keys Community College Florida SouthWestern State College Florida State College at Jacksonville Gulf Coast State College Hillsborough Community College Indian River State College Lake Sumter State College Miami Dade College North Florida Community College Northwest Florida State College Palm Beach State College Pasco Hernando State College Pensacola State College Polk State College Saint Johns River State College Santa Fe College Seminole State College of Florida South Florida State College St Petersburg College State College of Florida Manatee-Sarasota Tallahassee Community College Valencia College New College of Florida University of Florida Online Florida Polytechnic University University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee University of South Florida St Petersburg Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University Florida Atlantic University Florida Gulf Coast University Florida International University Florida State University The University of West Florida University of Central Florida University of Florida University of North Florida University of South Florida Main Campus GEORGIA Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Albany Technical College Athens Technical College Atlanta Metropolitan State College

19 Atlanta Technical College Augusta Technical College Bainbridge State College Central Georgia Technical College Chattahoochee Technical College Coastal Pines Technical College College of Coastal Georgia Columbus Technical College Darton State College East Georgia State College Georgia Highlands College Georgia Military College Georgia Northwestern Technical College Georgia Perimeter College Georgia Piedmont Technical College Gordon State College Gwinnett Technical College Lanier Technical College North Georgia Technical College Oconee Fall Line Technical College Ogeechee Technical College Savannah Technical College South Georgia State College South Georgia Technical College Southeastern Technical College Southern Crescent Technical College Southern Regional Technical College West Georgia Technical College Wiregrass Georgia Technical College Dalton State College Georgia Gwinnett College Middle Georgia State University Albany State University Clayton State University Fort Valley State University Georgia Southwestern State University Savannah State University Armstrong State University Augusta University Columbus State University Georgia College and State University Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus Georgia Southern University Georgia State University Kennesaw State University University of Georgia University of North Georgia University of West Georgia Valdosta State University HAWAII Hawaii Community College Honolulu Community College Kapiolani Community College Kauai Community College Leeward Community College University of Hawaii Maui College Windward Community College University of Hawaii West Oahu University of Hawaii at Hilo University of Hawaii at Manoa IDAHO College of Southern Idaho College of Western Idaho Eastern Idaho Technical College North Idaho College Lewis Clark State College

20 Boise State University Idaho State University University of Idaho ILLINOIS Black Hawk College Carl Sandburg College City Colleges of Chicago Harold Washington College City Colleges of Chicago Harry S Truman College City Colleges of Chicago Kennedy-King College City Colleges of Chicago Malcolm X College City Colleges of Chicago Olive-Harvey College City Colleges of Chicago Richard J Daley College City Colleges of Chicago Wilbur Wright College College of DuPage College of Lake County Danville Area Community College Elgin Community College Frontier Community College Heartland Community College Highland Community College Illinois Central College Illinois Valley Community College John A Logan College John Wood Community College Joliet Junior College Kankakee Community College Kaskaskia College Kishwaukee College Lake Land College Lewis and Clark Community College Lincoln Land Community College Lincoln Trail College McHenry County College Moraine Valley Community College Morton College Oakton Community College Olney Central College Parkland College Prairie State College Rend Lake College Richland Community College Rock Valley College Sauk Valley Community College Shawnee Community College South Suburban College Southeastern Illinois College Southwestern Illinois College Spoon River College Triton College Wabash Valley College Waubonsee Community College William Rainey Harper College Eastern Illinois University Northeastern Illinois University Chicago State University Governors State University Illinois State University Northern Illinois University Southern Illinois University Carbondale Southern Illinois University Edwardsville University of Illinois at Chicago University of Illinois at Springfield University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Western Illinois University INDIANA Ivy Tech Community College Vincennes University Indiana University East Indiana University Kokomo

21 Indiana University Northwest Indiana University South Bend Indiana University Southeast Purdue University North Central Campus Ball State University Indiana State University Indiana University Bloomington Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis Purdue University Calumet Campus Purdue University Main Campus University of Southern Indiana IOWA Des Moines Area Community College Eastern Iowa Community College District Ellsworth Community College Hawkeye Community College Indian Hills Community College Iowa Central Community College Iowa Lakes Community College Iowa Western Community College Kirkwood Community College Marshalltown Community College North Iowa Area Community College Northeast Iowa Community College Northwest Iowa Community College Southeastern Community College Southwestern Community College Western Iowa Tech Community College Iowa State University University of Iowa University of Northern Iowa KANSAS Allen County Community College Barton County Community College Butler Community College Cloud County Community College Coffeyville Community College Colby Community College Cowley County Community College Dodge City Community College Flint Hills Technical College Fort Scott Community College Garden City Community College Highland Community College Hutchinson Community College Independence Community College Johnson County Community College Kansas City Kansas Community College Labette Community College Manhattan Area Technical College Neosho County Community College North Central Kansas Technical College Northwest Kansas Technical College Pratt Community College Salina Area Technical College Seward County Community College and Area Technical School Wichita Area Technical College Fort Hays State University Emporia State University Kansas State University Pittsburg State University